Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000246
A. Asamatdinov
Superabsorbent polymer hydrogels can swell to absorb huge volumes of water or aqueous solutions. This property has led to many practical applications of these new materials, particularly in agriculture for improving the water retention of soils and the water supply of plants. This article reviews the methods of polymeric hydrogels, measurements and treatments of their properties, as well as their effects in soil and on plant growth. The thermodynamic approach used to describe the swelling behaviour of polymer networks proves to be quite helpful in modelling the hydrogel efficiency of water-absorbing additives. The paper presents the results of a study of the physical and chemical properties of hydrogels based on of the production of "Nitron" (Polyacrylonitrile) wastes fibre and salts of the 3rd transition metals and formalin. The developed hydrogels HG-Al, HG and HG-Cr have been tested for water holding capacity of sand. Such conclusion was also confirmed by data from the method of determining the wilting point by vegetative thumbnails. In the entering process using a dose of 0.1% of the swelling polymeric hydrogel in sand with a culture of barley the difference between the wilting point in comparison with the control was negligible. This indicates that the moisture which was contained in the hydrogel is involved in moisture availability for plant growth, to the same extent as that in the capillaries.
{"title":"New Water-Keeping Soil Additives","authors":"A. Asamatdinov","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000246","url":null,"abstract":"Superabsorbent polymer hydrogels can swell to absorb huge volumes of water or aqueous solutions. This property has led to many practical applications of these new materials, particularly in agriculture for improving the water retention of soils and the water supply of plants. This article reviews the methods of polymeric hydrogels, measurements and treatments of their properties, as well as their effects in soil and on plant growth. The thermodynamic approach used to describe the swelling behaviour of polymer networks proves to be quite helpful in modelling the hydrogel efficiency of water-absorbing additives. The paper presents the results of a study of the physical and chemical properties of hydrogels based on of the production of \"Nitron\" (Polyacrylonitrile) wastes fibre and salts of the 3rd transition metals and formalin. The developed hydrogels HG-Al, HG and HG-Cr have been tested for water holding capacity of sand. Such conclusion was also confirmed by data from the method of determining the wilting point by vegetative thumbnails. In the entering process using a dose of 0.1% of the swelling polymeric hydrogel in sand with a culture of barley the difference between the wilting point in comparison with the control was negligible. This indicates that the moisture which was contained in the hydrogel is involved in moisture availability for plant growth, to the same extent as that in the capillaries.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74114611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000263
C. Raril, J. G. Manjunatha
{"title":"Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode for the Determination of Some Neurotransmitters: A Cyclic Voltammetric Study","authors":"C. Raril, J. G. Manjunatha","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000263","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"241 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74962873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000250
Prakash Prajapat
Drug design is a creative act of the same magnitude as composing, sculpting, or writing. The results can touch the lives of millions and bring dollars of millions. Drug design, sometimes referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. Similarly, drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes pre-clinical research (microorganisms/animals) and clinical trials (on humans) and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval to market the drug. This review helps in the development of newer molecules for future drug discovery.
{"title":"Utility of Synthetic, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry in Drug Design","authors":"Prakash Prajapat","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000250","url":null,"abstract":"Drug design is a creative act of the same magnitude as composing, sculpting, or writing. The results can touch the lives of millions and bring dollars of millions. Drug design, sometimes referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. Similarly, drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes pre-clinical research (microorganisms/animals) and clinical trials (on humans) and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval to market the drug. This review helps in the development of newer molecules for future drug discovery.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81382676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000257
L. Gurchumelia, M. Tsarakhov, T. Machaladze, Salome Tkemaladze, F. Bejanov, O. Chudakova
The aim of the presented investigation is the development of technology for production of novel, halogen-free, environmentally safe, highly efficient fire-extinguishing powders based on local mineral raw materials, which does not require modification with expensive, halogen-inclusive, hydrofobizing additives, providing low-cost production of fire-extinguishing powders in comparison with imported analogues. The optimal dispersity was selected in such way, that caking capacity be minimal and a homogeneous action of combustion products on the flame as well as a heterogeneous inhibition of combustion process must take place. The evaluation of powder efficiency is carried out with consideration of the both effects. Experimental data confirm that the developed fire-extinguishing powders are characterized with high performance characteristics, as well as high fire-extinguishing capacity. At the same time, it should be noted, that the efficiency of the obtained powders is practically the same as of standard imported powders, but do not contain any halogens, is environmentally safe and 1.5-2 times cheaper than the imported analogues. For obtained powders, the conditions of extinguish optimum and effective use of powder are stated. Optimum extinguishing condition means the selection of optimum intensity of powder supply into seat of fire when minimum consumption of powder provides fire extinguishing in minimum time. Thus, in order to determine optimum conditions of extinguishing it is necessary to study the dependence of powder specific consumption and extinguishing time to supply intensity. For our powders optimum condition of extinguish is: powder supply intensity I-0.6-1.0 kg/m2sec to fire center when powder specific consumption does not exceed G=0.8-1.2 kg/m2. Therefore, we can assume that the use of fire-extinguishing powders of our preparation is possible at extinguishing all types of fires over ground, as well as, underground constructions and does not need additional antiseptic measures.
{"title":"Elaboration of New Types, Environmentally Safe Fire- Extinguishing Powders and Establish the Conditions of Extinguish Optimum and Effective Use of Such Powders","authors":"L. Gurchumelia, M. Tsarakhov, T. Machaladze, Salome Tkemaladze, F. Bejanov, O. Chudakova","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000257","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the presented investigation is the development of technology for production of novel, halogen-free, environmentally safe, highly efficient fire-extinguishing powders based on local mineral raw materials, which does not require modification with expensive, halogen-inclusive, hydrofobizing additives, providing low-cost production of fire-extinguishing powders in comparison with imported analogues. The optimal dispersity was selected in such way, that caking capacity be minimal and a homogeneous action of combustion products on the flame as well as a heterogeneous inhibition of combustion process must take place. The evaluation of powder efficiency is carried out with consideration of the both effects. Experimental data confirm that the developed fire-extinguishing powders are characterized with high performance characteristics, as well as high fire-extinguishing capacity. At the same time, it should be noted, that the efficiency of the obtained powders is practically the same as of standard imported powders, but do not contain any halogens, is environmentally safe and 1.5-2 times cheaper than the imported analogues. For obtained powders, the conditions of extinguish optimum and effective use of powder are stated. Optimum extinguishing condition means the selection of optimum intensity of powder supply into seat of fire when minimum consumption of powder provides fire extinguishing in minimum time. Thus, in order to determine optimum conditions of extinguishing it is necessary to study the dependence of powder specific consumption and extinguishing time to supply intensity. For our powders optimum condition of extinguish is: powder supply intensity I-0.6-1.0 kg/m2sec to fire center when powder specific consumption does not exceed G=0.8-1.2 kg/m2. Therefore, we can assume that the use of fire-extinguishing powders of our preparation is possible at extinguishing all types of fires over ground, as well as, underground constructions and does not need additional antiseptic measures.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90943804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000262
Aziza Sarwar, M. Shamsuddin, Hendrick Lingtang
Metal complexes have attracted great interest due to their potential application as luminescent materials in organic light emitting diodes (OLED) in the present technological displays. Through systematic study on the variation of ligands, structural and bonding modes of different metal centers, the structure-property relationships of the various classes of luminescent transition metal complexes can be obtained. The present research reports the synthesis and luminescence studies of some metal-diimine complexes. A diimine ligand namely N,Nʹ-bis-(salycylidene)-4,4ʹ-diaminodiphenylether (3a) was prepared through enamination reaction between diaminodiphenylether with salicyldehyde in a 1:2 molar ratio. Subsequently, the corresponding Zn(II) (4a) and Cd(II) (4b) complexes were prepared in the presence of base according to a stoichiometric ratio of metal:ligand:NaOH=1:1:2. The synthesized ligand and all the complexes were characterized by CHN elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR, UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopic data and molar conductivity measurements. The spectroscopic data suggested that the ligands acted as N2O2-tetradentate, coordinating to the metal atom through both the azomethine N atoms and hydroxyl O atoms. The fluorescence properties of the synthesized metal complexes were investigated. The metal- diimine complexes displayed emission bands centered in the range of 465-490 nm with higher luminescence intensity due to ligand metal-metal charge transfer transitions (LMCT). The relatively large Stoke’s shift observed probably indicates that the energy absorbed by the organic ligands was transferred efficiently to the metal ions and merits them to be used as promising emitters in OLED.
{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Luminescence Studies of Metal-Diimine Complexes","authors":"Aziza Sarwar, M. Shamsuddin, Hendrick Lingtang","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000262","url":null,"abstract":"Metal complexes have attracted great interest due to their potential application as luminescent materials in organic light emitting diodes (OLED) in the present technological displays. Through systematic study on the variation of ligands, structural and bonding modes of different metal centers, the structure-property relationships of the various classes of luminescent transition metal complexes can be obtained. The present research reports the synthesis and luminescence studies of some metal-diimine complexes. A diimine ligand namely N,Nʹ-bis-(salycylidene)-4,4ʹ-diaminodiphenylether (3a) was prepared through enamination reaction between diaminodiphenylether with salicyldehyde in a 1:2 molar ratio. Subsequently, the corresponding Zn(II) (4a) and Cd(II) (4b) complexes were prepared in the presence of base according to a stoichiometric ratio of metal:ligand:NaOH=1:1:2. The synthesized ligand and all the complexes were characterized by CHN elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR, UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopic data and molar conductivity measurements. The spectroscopic data suggested that the ligands acted as N2O2-tetradentate, coordinating to the metal atom through both the azomethine N atoms and hydroxyl O atoms. The fluorescence properties of the synthesized metal complexes were investigated. The metal- diimine complexes displayed emission bands centered in the range of 465-490 nm with higher luminescence intensity due to ligand metal-metal charge transfer transitions (LMCT). The relatively large Stoke’s shift observed probably indicates that the energy absorbed by the organic ligands was transferred efficiently to the metal ions and merits them to be used as promising emitters in OLED.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77673338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000245
H. Babayi, R. Alabi, Edache Daniel Amali, E. Baba
The haematological indices (haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean Corpsular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), platelets, neutrophil, lymphocytes, basophil, monocytes and eosinophil) following oral administration of aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens leaves at doses of 25 mg/kgbw, 50 mg/kgbw and 100 mg/kgbw in albino rats were evaluated progressively on daily basis for 28 days. The acute toxicity value of oral administration of aqueous extract was greater than 5000 mg/kgbw. Extract administration at 25 mg/kgbw significantly (P 0.05) toxic effects on differential counts, RBC, WBC and MCHC. In the first week of treatment with the extract at 25 mg/kgbw and 500 mg/ kgbw, feed and fluid intake of rats were not significantly (P>0.05) altered while 100 mg/kgbw significantly reduced these parameters when compared with the control. These results indicate that aqueous extract of T. procumbens leaves exhibit low toxicity in rats and may be safe for use as therapeutic for managing clinical conditions.
{"title":"Effects of Oral Administration of Aqueous Extract of Tridax procumbens Leaves on Some Haematological Variables in Rats","authors":"H. Babayi, R. Alabi, Edache Daniel Amali, E. Baba","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000245","url":null,"abstract":"The haematological indices (haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean Corpsular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), platelets, neutrophil, lymphocytes, basophil, monocytes and eosinophil) following oral administration of aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens leaves at doses of 25 mg/kgbw, 50 mg/kgbw and 100 mg/kgbw in albino rats were evaluated progressively on daily basis for 28 days. The acute toxicity value of oral administration of aqueous extract was greater than 5000 mg/kgbw. Extract administration at 25 mg/kgbw significantly (P 0.05) toxic effects on differential counts, RBC, WBC and MCHC. In the first week of treatment with the extract at 25 mg/kgbw and 500 mg/ kgbw, feed and fluid intake of rats were not significantly (P>0.05) altered while 100 mg/kgbw significantly reduced these parameters when compared with the control. These results indicate that aqueous extract of T. procumbens leaves exhibit low toxicity in rats and may be safe for use as therapeutic for managing clinical conditions.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88587901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000254
R. N. Yadav, S. N. Newaz, A. Bose, B. Banik
Beta lactams and products obtained from them through rearrangement reactions are extremely useful compounds of diverse interests. During the course of study of vinyl beta lactams and rearrangement of beta lactams, it has been observed that elimination reaction becomes much faster than rearrangement when substituted bromo beta lactam alcohol is exposed under nucleophilic reaction conditions.
{"title":"Studies on Substituted Beta Lactams Towards Ring Opening: Elimination Versus Rearrangement","authors":"R. N. Yadav, S. N. Newaz, A. Bose, B. Banik","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000254","url":null,"abstract":"Beta lactams and products obtained from them through rearrangement reactions are extremely useful compounds of diverse interests. During the course of study of vinyl beta lactams and rearrangement of beta lactams, it has been observed that elimination reaction becomes much faster than rearrangement when substituted bromo beta lactam alcohol is exposed under nucleophilic reaction conditions.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87084080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000261
Melaku Meshesha Tulu, Ali Yimer, Abdisa Gebisa Jebessa
Fluoride is one of the largely abundant elements occurring in groundwater in Ethiopia and creates a major problem out of harm's way groundwater supply. Occurrence of fluoride above the set limit in drinking water consumed by human beings has caused multi-dimensional physical condition tribulations. The present study describes the preparation of low cost adsorbent and to evaluate its adsorption efficiency for removal of fluoride ion in artificially prepared waste water using peanut husk powder. The set adsorption study was applied to study the defluoridating effectiveness by varying contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, and pH. Prepared adsorbent showed better removal of fluoride by 82.3% at equilibrium contact time of 80 minutes. The adsorption information appeared to be well integral to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption capacity (qm) and adsorption coefficient (b) was obtained as 22.6 mg/g and 0.14 L/mg respectively and the results are suggesting that the treated peanut husk has a reasonable defluoridating capacity and could be considered as an effective and appropriate adsorbent for a sustainable solution to mitigate the fluoride problem. This study is a step in developing a general platform suitable for producing potable water that also specifically addresses the problem of fluoride.
{"title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Adsorption Effectiveness of Peanut Husk for the Removal of Fluoride Ion from Aqueous Solution","authors":"Melaku Meshesha Tulu, Ali Yimer, Abdisa Gebisa Jebessa","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000261","url":null,"abstract":"Fluoride is one of the largely abundant elements occurring in groundwater in Ethiopia and creates a major problem out of harm's way groundwater supply. Occurrence of fluoride above the set limit in drinking water consumed by human beings has caused multi-dimensional physical condition tribulations. The present study describes the preparation of low cost adsorbent and to evaluate its adsorption efficiency for removal of fluoride ion in artificially prepared waste water using peanut husk powder. The set adsorption study was applied to study the defluoridating effectiveness by varying contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, and pH. Prepared adsorbent showed better removal of fluoride by 82.3% at equilibrium contact time of 80 minutes. The adsorption information appeared to be well integral to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption capacity (qm) and adsorption coefficient (b) was obtained as 22.6 mg/g and 0.14 L/mg respectively and the results are suggesting that the treated peanut husk has a reasonable defluoridating capacity and could be considered as an effective and appropriate adsorbent for a sustainable solution to mitigate the fluoride problem. This study is a step in developing a general platform suitable for producing potable water that also specifically addresses the problem of fluoride.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81116249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-23DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000236
S. Moja, D. Odusanya, F. Mtunzi, Christelle T Mulanga
Water is a crucial natural resource, indispensable to food production, life, the environment, power generation, industry, sanitation and hygiene. Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in the environment are not wanted due to their negative effects on human beings and animals. As a result, there is a need to continuously monitor their presence in the environment. In this study, surface water samples were collected once a month during the dry season and during wet season from selected five points along the Olifants river in South Africa and stored at a temperature of ≤ 5°C before analysis. The OCPs were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) using the Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) method. After undertaking the sample through the clean-up process, the crude extracts obtained were put into the column chromatography and eluted with hexane and about 1.5 μL of the purified extracts were analysed by the Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC/MS). The percentage recoveries, varied from 32-116% for p,p’-DDT and 4,4'-DDD respectively in triply spiked water samples. The standard deviation for most of the compounds is less than ± 0.04, with the exclusion of Heptachlor (± 0.14). The seasonal variability of OCPs show that during the dry season, the Olifants River is mostly polluted at the Oxford site with (BHC-beta, Aldrin, Heptachlor-epoxide, Endosulfan-alpha and Endrin), at the Ga-Selati site with (Heptachlor-epoxide and Endrin) and at the Wolvekrans site with (Endosulfan-alpha). The summer season data show that most pollution happen at the Ga-selati site with BHC-beta and at the Waterval site with (Heptachlor and BHC-gamma) respectively. The OCPs that reached the river catchment were significantly above the WHO drinking water quality guidelines and its cause for concern for those who are exposed or use it.
{"title":"Investigation of Selected Organic Compounds Influence on Water Quality Along the Olifants River in South Africa","authors":"S. Moja, D. Odusanya, F. Mtunzi, Christelle T Mulanga","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000236","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a crucial natural resource, indispensable to food production, life, the environment, power generation, industry, sanitation and hygiene. Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in the environment are not wanted due to their negative effects on human beings and animals. As a result, there is a need to continuously monitor their presence in the environment. In this study, surface water samples were collected once a month during the dry season and during wet season from selected five points along the Olifants river in South Africa and stored at a temperature of ≤ 5°C before analysis. The OCPs were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) using the Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) method. After undertaking the sample through the clean-up process, the crude extracts obtained were put into the column chromatography and eluted with hexane and about 1.5 μL of the purified extracts were analysed by the Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC/MS). \u0000The percentage recoveries, varied from 32-116% for p,p’-DDT and 4,4'-DDD respectively in triply spiked water samples. The standard deviation for most of the compounds is less than ± 0.04, with the exclusion of Heptachlor (± 0.14). The seasonal variability of OCPs show that during the dry season, the Olifants River is mostly polluted at the Oxford site with (BHC-beta, Aldrin, Heptachlor-epoxide, Endosulfan-alpha and Endrin), at the Ga-Selati site with (Heptachlor-epoxide and Endrin) and at the Wolvekrans site with (Endosulfan-alpha). The summer season data show that most pollution happen at the Ga-selati site with BHC-beta and at the Waterval site with (Heptachlor and BHC-gamma) respectively. The OCPs that reached the river catchment were significantly above the WHO drinking water quality guidelines and its cause for concern for those who are exposed or use it.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75645834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-22DOI: 10.4172/2329-6798.1000235
M. Karthika, M. Vasuki
The textile effluents are toxic compounds, has a significant negative consequence on the environment, especially during its discharge in water and soil. The present work, physically activated carbon (PAC) is a low-cost effective adsorbent used to adsorb dyes from waste water because of its high adsorption abilities. The batch experiment was investigated by different variables like contact time, dye concentration, dosage of activated carbon, temperature, pH, agitation speed, activation time and desorption studies. At optimum experimental conditions, maximum removal of Brilliant Green (BG) dye has been observed to be 99%. The different adsorption isotherms were modelled to describe the equilibrium data. The adsorption data were analyzed using kinetic and diffusion models. On the basis of experimental results, the physically activated carbon showed excellent sorption properties with high dye removal capacity.
{"title":"Removal of Artificial Dye Solution of Brilliant Green Over a Low-Cost Physically Activated Carbon Prepared from Coconut Shell by Adsorptive Technique","authors":"M. Karthika, M. Vasuki","doi":"10.4172/2329-6798.1000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000235","url":null,"abstract":"The textile effluents are toxic compounds, has a significant negative consequence on the environment, especially during its discharge in water and soil. The present work, physically activated carbon (PAC) is a low-cost effective adsorbent used to adsorb dyes from waste water because of its high adsorption abilities. The batch experiment was investigated by different variables like contact time, dye concentration, dosage of activated carbon, temperature, pH, agitation speed, activation time and desorption studies. At optimum experimental conditions, maximum removal of Brilliant Green (BG) dye has been observed to be 99%. The different adsorption isotherms were modelled to describe the equilibrium data. The adsorption data were analyzed using kinetic and diffusion models. On the basis of experimental results, the physically activated carbon showed excellent sorption properties with high dye removal capacity.","PeriodicalId":18605,"journal":{"name":"Modern Chemistry & Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88927699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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