Pub Date : 2012-04-10DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351883
S. Bergenius, S. Carius, P. Carlson, J. Grove, G. Johansson, W. Klamra, L. Nilsson, M. Pearce
The electromagnetic calorimeter of the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) consists of 16 towers of CsI(Tl) crystals. Each tower contains 8 layers of crystals (each 326.0/spl times/26.7/spl times/19.9 mm/sup 3/) arranged in a hodoscopic fashion. The crystals are read out at both ends with photodiodes. Crystals produced by Amcrys-H (Ukraine) are used. A full size crystal was irradiated with a 180 MeV proton beam and the radiation induced attenuation was measured. The induced radioactivity of the crystal was also studied. In this paper we will discuss the damage due to proton irradiation and compare this with the expected in-orbit background flux.
{"title":"Proton irradiation response of CsI(Tl) crystals for the GLAST calorimeter","authors":"S. Bergenius, S. Carius, P. Carlson, J. Grove, G. Johansson, W. Klamra, L. Nilsson, M. Pearce","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351883","url":null,"abstract":"The electromagnetic calorimeter of the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) consists of 16 towers of CsI(Tl) crystals. Each tower contains 8 layers of crystals (each 326.0/spl times/26.7/spl times/19.9 mm/sup 3/) arranged in a hodoscopic fashion. The crystals are read out at both ends with photodiodes. Crystals produced by Amcrys-H (Ukraine) are used. A full size crystal was irradiated with a 180 MeV proton beam and the radiation induced attenuation was measured. The induced radioactivity of the crystal was also studied. In this paper we will discuss the damage due to proton irradiation and compare this with the expected in-orbit background flux.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"289 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134081551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-05DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351947
M. Moszynski, W. Klamra, D. Wolski, W. Czarnacki, M. Kapusta, M. Balcerzyk
Properties of a hybrid photodetector (HPD), type PP0275C, produced by Delft Electronic Products B.V., for scintillation detection and spectrometry were studied and compared to a standard XP2020Q photomultiplier. The study was performed for several scintillators, as NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), and LSO of different dimensions. The excellent capability of the HPD to resolve single photoelectron events was fully confirmed. However, the study of the HPD with the scintillators showed a dramatically reduced number of photoelectrons and a further deterioration of energy resolution, depending on the size (diameter or length) of the crystals. For a 10 mm diameter NaI(Tl) the number of photoelectrons of 5000/spl plusmn/250 phe/MeV was measured, which corresponds to about 56% of that observed with the XP2020Q with comparable quantum efficiency. Energy a /sup 137/Cs resolution of 9.2% for 662 keV /spl gamma/-rays from, source measured with the HPD light readout showed a serious degradation, larger than that arising from the statistics of photoelectrons. In conclusion, the study showed that this HPD is optimized for single photon detection and its application to scintillation detection is very limited.
{"title":"Comparative study of PP0275C hybrid photodetector and XP2020Q photomultiplier in scintillation detection","authors":"M. Moszynski, W. Klamra, D. Wolski, W. Czarnacki, M. Kapusta, M. Balcerzyk","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351947","url":null,"abstract":"Properties of a hybrid photodetector (HPD), type PP0275C, produced by Delft Electronic Products B.V., for scintillation detection and spectrometry were studied and compared to a standard XP2020Q photomultiplier. The study was performed for several scintillators, as NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), and LSO of different dimensions. The excellent capability of the HPD to resolve single photoelectron events was fully confirmed. However, the study of the HPD with the scintillators showed a dramatically reduced number of photoelectrons and a further deterioration of energy resolution, depending on the size (diameter or length) of the crystals. For a 10 mm diameter NaI(Tl) the number of photoelectrons of 5000/spl plusmn/250 phe/MeV was measured, which corresponds to about 56% of that observed with the XP2020Q with comparable quantum efficiency. Energy a /sup 137/Cs resolution of 9.2% for 662 keV /spl gamma/-rays from, source measured with the HPD light readout showed a serious degradation, larger than that arising from the statistics of photoelectrons. In conclusion, the study showed that this HPD is optimized for single photon detection and its application to scintillation detection is very limited.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132576382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-01DOI: 10.1142/9789812701978_0010
R. Mao, Liyuan Zhang, R. Zhu
Because of broad interest in high energy and nuclear physics community, mass production capacities of lead tungstate crystals have been established. The optical and scintillation properties of PWO crystals, 20 each from two major vendors, were evaluated. The transmittance, emission and excitation spectra, light output and light response uniformity of these crystals were measured. The degradations of these properties under irradiation, and the emission weighted radiation induced absorption coefficient (EWRIAC) were also studied. It was found that currently mass-produced lead tungstate crystals are radiation hard enough for radiation environment where dose rates of up to a few hundreds rad/h is expected.
{"title":"Quality of mass produced lead tungstate crystals","authors":"R. Mao, Liyuan Zhang, R. Zhu","doi":"10.1142/9789812701978_0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701978_0010","url":null,"abstract":"Because of broad interest in high energy and nuclear physics community, mass production capacities of lead tungstate crystals have been established. The optical and scintillation properties of PWO crystals, 20 each from two major vendors, were evaluated. The transmittance, emission and excitation spectra, light output and light response uniformity of these crystals were measured. The degradations of these properties under irradiation, and the emission weighted radiation induced absorption coefficient (EWRIAC) were also studied. It was found that currently mass-produced lead tungstate crystals are radiation hard enough for radiation environment where dose rates of up to a few hundreds rad/h is expected.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125510736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-11-08DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352175
L. Badano, O. Ferrando, M. Pezzetta, T. Klatka, M. Koziel, G. Molinari
Real time monitoring of hadrontherapy beam intensity and profile is a critical issue for the optimization of the dose delivery to the patient carcinogenic tissue, the patient safety and the operation of the accelerator complex. For this purpose an innovative beam monitor, based on the secondary emission of electrons by a non-perturbative, sub-micron thick Al target placed directly in the extracted beam path, is being proposed. The secondary electrons, accelerated by an electrostatics focusing system, are detected by a monolithic silicon position sensitive sensor, which provides the beam intensity and its position with a precision of 1 mm at 10 kHz frame rate. The conceptual design and the engineering study optimized for hadrontherapy, together with the results of the preliminary tests of the first system prototype, will be presented.
{"title":"SLIM (Secondary emission monitor for Low Interception Monitoring) an innovative non-destructive beam monitor for the extraction lines of a hadrontherapy center","authors":"L. Badano, O. Ferrando, M. Pezzetta, T. Klatka, M. Koziel, G. Molinari","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352175","url":null,"abstract":"Real time monitoring of hadrontherapy beam intensity and profile is a critical issue for the optimization of the dose delivery to the patient carcinogenic tissue, the patient safety and the operation of the accelerator complex. For this purpose an innovative beam monitor, based on the secondary emission of electrons by a non-perturbative, sub-micron thick Al target placed directly in the extracted beam path, is being proposed. The secondary electrons, accelerated by an electrostatics focusing system, are detected by a monolithic silicon position sensitive sensor, which provides the beam intensity and its position with a precision of 1 mm at 10 kHz frame rate. The conceptual design and the engineering study optimized for hadrontherapy, together with the results of the preliminary tests of the first system prototype, will be presented.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"31 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127254749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have tested a new gaseous detector structure based on a tandem of two parts, the first one is a single MCP plate (sometimes called the Microchannel plate or Capillary), and the second one is a Micromegas with pad readout. The new detector responds very well to a single electron signal, both in helium-based and Argon-based gases, and it can reach a very large gain. Our overall aim is to couple the proposed electrode structure to a Bialkali photocathode. The main advantage of this avenue of research is that such a detector would operate easily in a very large magnetic field, and it could achieve excellent position resolution and large pixelization, compared to existing vacuum-based MCP-PMT detectors.
{"title":"Single electron amplification in a \"Single-MCP + micromegas + pads\" detector","authors":"J. Va’vra, T. Sumiyoshi","doi":"10.2172/833089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/833089","url":null,"abstract":"We have tested a new gaseous detector structure based on a tandem of two parts, the first one is a single MCP plate (sometimes called the Microchannel plate or Capillary), and the second one is a Micromegas with pad readout. The new detector responds very well to a single electron signal, both in helium-based and Argon-based gases, and it can reach a very large gain. Our overall aim is to couple the proposed electrode structure to a Bialkali photocathode. The main advantage of this avenue of research is that such a detector would operate easily in a very large magnetic field, and it could achieve excellent position resolution and large pixelization, compared to existing vacuum-based MCP-PMT detectors.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127431768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-09-15DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352092
D. Wright
The simulation production code for the BABAR experiment is based on the Geant4 toolkit. In a typical e/sup +/e/sup -/ - /spl Upsi/(4s) = B/sup 0/B/sup 0/ event, between 30 and 60 tracks are produced in the generator and propagated through the detector, using decay, electromagnetic and hadronic processes provided by the Geant4 toolkit. The material model of the detector is very detailed and a special particle transportation module was developed so that minute features would be sampled in the propagation without sacrificing performance. The propagation phase for such an event requires 3.8 CPU seconds on an 866 MHz processor. Execution speeds for other BABAR event types will also be presented. Validation of simulated events against data from BABAR and other experiments is ongoing, and the results of Monte Carlo/data comparisons will he shown. A discussion of the design of the simulation code and its robustness, how the Geant4 toolkit is used, and ongoing efforts to improve the agreement between data and Monte Carlo will also be presented.
{"title":"The Geant4-based BABAR simulation","authors":"D. Wright","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352092","url":null,"abstract":"The simulation production code for the BABAR experiment is based on the Geant4 toolkit. In a typical e/sup +/e/sup -/ - /spl Upsi/(4s) = B/sup 0/B/sup 0/ event, between 30 and 60 tracks are produced in the generator and propagated through the detector, using decay, electromagnetic and hadronic processes provided by the Geant4 toolkit. The material model of the detector is very detailed and a special particle transportation module was developed so that minute features would be sampled in the propagation without sacrificing performance. The propagation phase for such an event requires 3.8 CPU seconds on an 866 MHz processor. Execution speeds for other BABAR event types will also be presented. Validation of simulated events against data from BABAR and other experiments is ongoing, and the results of Monte Carlo/data comparisons will he shown. A discussion of the design of the simulation code and its robustness, how the Geant4 toolkit is used, and ongoing efforts to improve the agreement between data and Monte Carlo will also be presented.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"1113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116062145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-21DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352131
C. Monteiro, R. Morgado, J. D. dos Santos, C. Conde
The curved grid technique has been shown to improve the performance of large-area gas proportional scintillation counters (GPSC) without the need for complex, bulky focusing systems or large-area photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The technique provides a simple method to compensate for the variation in solid angle viewed by the PMT as a function of the radial distance from the cylindrical axis of the detector. The two parallel grids used in conventional GPSCs are replaced by a curved grid and a planar grid to delimit the scintillation region. The shape of the curved grid is calculated to produce a radially increasing scintillation yield that compensates for the variation in the solid angle viewed by the photosensor. We applied this technique to a GPSC instrumented with a PMT having a 25-mm diameter photocathode. In contrast to previous studies, in this work we used a detector window with a larger diameter than that of the PMT, in order to access the full capability of the technique. The maximum value of the detector entrance window to photocathode diameter ratio thus far achieved is 1.
{"title":"A curved-grid gas proportional scintillation counter instrumented with a 25-mm active-diameter photosensor","authors":"C. Monteiro, R. Morgado, J. D. dos Santos, C. Conde","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352131","url":null,"abstract":"The curved grid technique has been shown to improve the performance of large-area gas proportional scintillation counters (GPSC) without the need for complex, bulky focusing systems or large-area photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The technique provides a simple method to compensate for the variation in solid angle viewed by the PMT as a function of the radial distance from the cylindrical axis of the detector. The two parallel grids used in conventional GPSCs are replaced by a curved grid and a planar grid to delimit the scintillation region. The shape of the curved grid is calculated to produce a radially increasing scintillation yield that compensates for the variation in the solid angle viewed by the photosensor. We applied this technique to a GPSC instrumented with a PMT having a 25-mm diameter photocathode. In contrast to previous studies, in this work we used a detector window with a larger diameter than that of the PMT, in order to access the full capability of the technique. The maximum value of the detector entrance window to photocathode diameter ratio thus far achieved is 1.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"21 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126162202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1016/J.NIMA.2003.11.081
N. Felt, S. Bailey, G. Brandenburg, T. Fries, S. Harder, M. Morii, J. Oliver, N. Sinev, E. Won
{"title":"Rapid 3D track reconstruction with the BABAR trigger upgrade","authors":"N. Felt, S. Bailey, G. Brandenburg, T. Fries, S. Harder, M. Morii, J. Oliver, N. Sinev, E. Won","doi":"10.1016/J.NIMA.2003.11.081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2003.11.081","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125564690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-23DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352085
K. Kordas, S. D'Auria, A. Hocker, S. Mcgimpsey, L. Nicolas, R. Tesarek, S. Worm
We present here the first direct and detailed measurements of the spatial distribution of the ionizing radiation surrounding a hadron collider experiment. Using data from two different exposures we measure the effect of additional shielding on the radiation field around the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). Employing a simple model we parameterize the ionizing radiation field surrounding the detector.
{"title":"Measurement of the radiation field surrounding the Collider Detector at Fermilab","authors":"K. Kordas, S. D'Auria, A. Hocker, S. Mcgimpsey, L. Nicolas, R. Tesarek, S. Worm","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352085","url":null,"abstract":"We present here the first direct and detailed measurements of the spatial distribution of the ionizing radiation surrounding a hadron collider experiment. Using data from two different exposures we measure the effect of additional shielding on the radiation field around the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). Employing a simple model we parameterize the ionizing radiation field surrounding the detector.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121399360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-16DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351866
R. Tesarek, Y. Chow, S. D'Auria, A. Hocker, K. Kordas, S. Mcgimpsey, L. Nicolas, R. Wallny, S. Worm
We present direct measurements of the spatial distribution of ionizing radiation and low energy neutrons (E/sub n/ < 200 keV) inside the tracking volume of the collider detector at Fermilab (CDF). Using data from multiple exposures, the radiation field can be separated into components from beam losses and collisions and can he checked for consistency between the measurements. We compare the radiation measurements with an increase in the leakage currents of the CDF silicon detectors and find reasonable agreement.
{"title":"The radiation environment and damage in the CDF tracking volume","authors":"R. Tesarek, Y. Chow, S. D'Auria, A. Hocker, K. Kordas, S. Mcgimpsey, L. Nicolas, R. Wallny, S. Worm","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351866","url":null,"abstract":"We present direct measurements of the spatial distribution of ionizing radiation and low energy neutrons (E/sub n/ < 200 keV) inside the tracking volume of the collider detector at Fermilab (CDF). Using data from multiple exposures, the radiation field can be separated into components from beam losses and collisions and can he checked for consistency between the measurements. We compare the radiation measurements with an increase in the leakage currents of the CDF silicon detectors and find reasonable agreement.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"113 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131943903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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