Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596/100040
T. L. Hillis
Short track speed skating is a sport that has enjoyed recent notoriety as one of the more exciting events currently taking place at the Olympics. Children entering the sport continue to engage in this physically demanding, organized sports despite the lack of physical readiness both on and off the ice during training and competition, predisposing themselves to injury. This study identifies injuries associated with development speed skaters during competition in Alberta. The analysis considers Characteristics of Competition: Date (time during season), location of competition, Competition Level, Rink Size, and Protocol (sprints/distance first). Data also included characteristics of fall: Distance of Race, Situation of Injury, Type of Injury, Location of Fall on the Track, and Location of Impact with Pads of racing on a 100m track. Using a principal component analysis, 3 Factors were identified that make up 57.87% of the variance. Factor 1 was related to Date of Competition (-0.762) and made up 21.79% variance; Factor 2 was related to Rink Size (0.804) and Protocol of Racing (0.763) and made up 21.55% of the variance, Factor 3 was related to Zone of Impact (0.851) and made of 14.58% of the variance of the data. A model to predict Injury Type was created using the results of the PC analysis (F = 3.77; p = 0.006). The Tukey HSD Post Hoc test indicated that hitting mats safely no injury (p = 0.02), hitting mats improperly no injury (p <0.001), serious bone (p = 0.001) and concussions (p = 0.001) could be predicted by parameters identified in the model.
短道速滑作为目前奥运会上最激动人心的项目之一，最近名声鹊起。进入这项运动的孩子们继续从事这项对身体要求很高的有组织的运动，尽管在训练和比赛期间，他们在冰上和冰上都缺乏身体准备，容易受伤。本研究确定了阿尔伯塔省速滑运动员在比赛中受伤的情况。该分析考虑了比赛的特征:日期(赛季中的时间)、比赛地点、比赛水平、冰场大小和协议(短跑/距离优先)。数据还包括摔倒的特征:比赛距离，受伤情况，受伤类型，摔倒在跑道上的位置，以及在100米跑道上与垫块碰撞的位置。使用主成分分析，确定了3个因素，占方差的57.87%。因子1与比赛日期相关(-0.762)，占方差的21.79%;因子2与Rink Size(0.804)和Protocol of Racing(0.763)相关，占方差的21.55%;因子3与Zone of Impact(0.851)相关，占方差的14.58%。利用PC分析结果建立损伤类型预测模型(F = 3.77;P = 0.006)。Tukey HSD Post Hoc检验表明，安全撞击垫无损伤(p = 0.02)、不正确撞击垫无损伤(p <0.001)、严重骨折(p = 0.001)和脑震荡(p = 0.001)可以通过模型中识别的参数进行预测。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596.100039
H. Wyatt, Carl Jewell, G. Weir, K. Boyer, J. Hamill
Background: Anterior Knee Pain (AKP) during running has been partially attributed to lower-limb kinematics. Mechanical deviances from asymptomatic cohorts at the hip, knee, shank and foot have been reported for joints and segments in isolation. Appraisal of lower-limb coordination and its variability may provide important insight into the role of proximal and distal lowerlimb joint and segment couplings during running with AKP. The extent to which current knee bracing strategies (standard-fit and custom-fit) for pain moderation influence lower-limb couplings may assist in the development of empirically informed recommendations for AKP management. The aim of this study was to investigate lower-extremity kinematic couplings of AKP participants during running without bracing and when wearing standardand custom-fit knee braces. Methods: Eighteen females (nine AKP, nine asymptomatic) performed ten running trials at a fixed speed (3.2 m·s-1) in a customfit knee brace, a standard-fit knee brace and no brace. Three-dimensional unilateral lower-limb kinematics data were obtained from which, joint and segment angles were calculated. Hip-knee, knee-ankle, thigh-shank and shank-foot coordination and coordination variability were determined using a modified vector coding technique. Results: AKP participants spent less time in knee internal rotation-dominant couplings (P < 0.05) and a greater proportion of stance in ankle eversion-dominant couplings (P = 0.01; ES = 0.62). Frontal plane hip-knee couplings were found to differ for AKP participants when wearing standardand custom-fit braces (P = 0.04; ES = 0.39). Overall, bracing conditions had the greatest influence on the asymptomatic cohort. No coordination variability differences were found between groups or conditions. Discussion: Participants with AKP ran with different lower-limb coordination strategies than their asymptomatic counterparts. Localized joint bracing (standardand custom-fit) did not oppose the coupling mechanics found in the AKP cohort when running in the unconstrained condition. It is therefore suggested that pain management strategies which consider the whole limb may be more effective than knee braces alone.
{"title":"Lower-Limb Coordination Responses to Knee Bracing in Females with Anterior Knee Pain","authors":"H. Wyatt, Carl Jewell, G. Weir, K. Boyer, J. Hamill","doi":"10.29011/2576-9596.100039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2576-9596.100039","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Anterior Knee Pain (AKP) during running has been partially attributed to lower-limb kinematics. Mechanical deviances from asymptomatic cohorts at the hip, knee, shank and foot have been reported for joints and segments in isolation. Appraisal of lower-limb coordination and its variability may provide important insight into the role of proximal and distal lowerlimb joint and segment couplings during running with AKP. The extent to which current knee bracing strategies (standard-fit and custom-fit) for pain moderation influence lower-limb couplings may assist in the development of empirically informed recommendations for AKP management. The aim of this study was to investigate lower-extremity kinematic couplings of AKP participants during running without bracing and when wearing standardand custom-fit knee braces. Methods: Eighteen females (nine AKP, nine asymptomatic) performed ten running trials at a fixed speed (3.2 m·s-1) in a customfit knee brace, a standard-fit knee brace and no brace. Three-dimensional unilateral lower-limb kinematics data were obtained from which, joint and segment angles were calculated. Hip-knee, knee-ankle, thigh-shank and shank-foot coordination and coordination variability were determined using a modified vector coding technique. Results: AKP participants spent less time in knee internal rotation-dominant couplings (P < 0.05) and a greater proportion of stance in ankle eversion-dominant couplings (P = 0.01; ES = 0.62). Frontal plane hip-knee couplings were found to differ for AKP participants when wearing standardand custom-fit braces (P = 0.04; ES = 0.39). Overall, bracing conditions had the greatest influence on the asymptomatic cohort. No coordination variability differences were found between groups or conditions. Discussion: Participants with AKP ran with different lower-limb coordination strategies than their asymptomatic counterparts. Localized joint bracing (standardand custom-fit) did not oppose the coupling mechanics found in the AKP cohort when running in the unconstrained condition. It is therefore suggested that pain management strategies which consider the whole limb may be more effective than knee braces alone.","PeriodicalId":186403,"journal":{"name":"Sports Injuries & Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124360368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-13DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596/100038
Joshua E. Insler, O. Sherman
The number of primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgeries performed in the United States has drastically increased in recent years to approximately 200,000 cases annually and is a common procedure for athletes of any age and level of skill/play [1]. Despite improvements in patients’ surgical outcomes, primary ACL reconstruction only has a success rate of 75% 97% [2, 3, 4]. As such, revision ACL reconstruction has paralleled this increase in the number of primary reconstructions; there may be anywhere between 3,000 and 10,000 revision ACL reconstructions performed per year [2,3]. Revision surgery is indicated for patients who have experienced postoperative complications such as infection, graft rejection, recurrent instability due to graft failure, surgical technique failures during primary reconstruction, or any combination of the above [2,5]. Revision may also be indicated in athletes who, after a failed primary reconstruction, wish to return to sports which require frequent cutting and pivoting [2,5].
{"title":"Proposed Autograft Superiority to Allograft Use in Return to Sport Rates Following Revision ACL Reconstruction: A Literature Review","authors":"Joshua E. Insler, O. Sherman","doi":"10.29011/2576-9596/100038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2576-9596/100038","url":null,"abstract":"The number of primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgeries performed in the United States has drastically increased in recent years to approximately 200,000 cases annually and is a common procedure for athletes of any age and level of skill/play [1]. Despite improvements in patients’ surgical outcomes, primary ACL reconstruction only has a success rate of 75% 97% [2, 3, 4]. As such, revision ACL reconstruction has paralleled this increase in the number of primary reconstructions; there may be anywhere between 3,000 and 10,000 revision ACL reconstructions performed per year [2,3]. Revision surgery is indicated for patients who have experienced postoperative complications such as infection, graft rejection, recurrent instability due to graft failure, surgical technique failures during primary reconstruction, or any combination of the above [2,5]. Revision may also be indicated in athletes who, after a failed primary reconstruction, wish to return to sports which require frequent cutting and pivoting [2,5].","PeriodicalId":186403,"journal":{"name":"Sports Injuries & Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129182546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-23DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596.100037
E. Luis, Juha Song, Wai Yee Yong
The meniscus is the most common damaged structure of the knee, accounting for almost one million cases of knee surgeries performed annually in the United States alone. A complete meniscectomy (complete meniscus removal) was the most common procedure performed in 1889 and was the standard procedure in the next 80 years. However, follow-up radiographic studies from the late 1960s to 1980s reported a high frequency of post-meniscectomy osteoarthritis of the knee. The meniscus functions to transmit load, absorb shock, stabilize the knee joint and nourish the joint. A complete integrity of the meniscus is crucial in maintaining the normal biomechanics of the knee and preventing the onset of premature or traumatic osteoarthritis. 3D Printing of silicone allows arthroscopic replacement of damaged menisci, either totally or partially, enabling the patient to return to work and sports almost instantaneously after surgery. This review summarizes the meniscal structure, biomechanical properties, meniscal lesions, the characteristics and clinical outcomes of various biodegradable synthetic and biological meniscal scaffolds. DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596.100037 Meniscal Structure and Biomechanical Properties Meniscal Anatomy The menisci are a pair of fibrocartilaginous cushions which sits on the tibial plateau in the knee joint. They act as knee cushions which transmit body weight evenly across the knee joints, thus minimizing contact stresses between femur and tibia and damages to the articular surfaces. Meniscal injuries predisposed the knees to developing premature osteoarthritis (Figure 1). Figure 1: Anatomy of the meniscus. The meniscus is divided into 3 zones, the outermost vascular red-red zone, middle red-white zone and the innermost avascular white-white zone. Cells are spindled-shaped in the outermost redred zone while chondrocyte-like in the innermost white-white region. The meniscus obtains its limited blood supply from the perimeniscal capillary plexus within the synovial and capsular tissues of knee. These plexus, extending for one to three millimeters over the articular surfaces of menisci, are branches of the inferior and superior branches of the lateral and medial geniculate arteries. The vascular supply to meniscus is age dependent. In adult, tears which occur at the most vascularized, peripheral 3 mm of the menisci are most amenable to repair and cellular regeneration, as opposed to the generally avascular tears, greater than 5 mm from the menisci-synovial junction, which are not reparable. For both the medial and lateral menisci, the vascular penetration is about 10-30% (Figure 2). Citation: Luis E, Song J, Yong WY (2018) The Meniscus and Meniscal Scaffolds for Partial Meniscal Replacements. Sports Injr Med: JSIMD-137. DOI: 10.29011/25769596.100037 2 Volume 2018; Issue 03 Sports Injr Med, an open access journal ISSN: 2576-9596 Figure 2: Regional variations in vascularisation and cell population of the meniscus. Meniscal Composition and Cell Char
半月板是最常见的膝关节损伤结构，仅在美国每年就有近100万例膝关节手术。全半月板切除术(全半月板切除)是1889年最常见的手术，也是接下来80年的标准手术。然而，从20世纪60年代后期到80年代的随访x线研究报告了半月板切除术后膝关节骨关节炎的高频率。半月板具有传递负荷、吸收冲击、稳定膝关节、滋养关节的功能。完整的半月板对于维持膝关节的正常生物力学和预防过早或创伤性骨关节炎的发生至关重要。3D打印硅胶可以在关节镜下完全或部分替换受损的半月板，使患者在手术后几乎立即恢复工作和运动。本文综述了各种生物可降解合成和生物半月板支架的半月板结构、生物力学性能、半月板损伤、特点和临床效果。半月板结构和生物力学特性半月板解剖学半月板是一对位于膝关节胫骨平台上的纤维软骨垫。它们起到膝盖缓冲的作用，将身体重量均匀地传递到膝关节上，从而最大限度地减少股骨和胫骨之间的接触应力，减少对关节表面的损伤。半月板损伤使膝关节易发生早期骨关节炎(图1)。图1:半月板解剖。半月板分为最外层血管红红区、中间红白区和最内层无血管白白区3个区。最外面的红色区呈纺锤状，最里面的白色区呈软骨细胞样。半月板有限的血液供应来自于膝关节滑膜和包膜组织内的壁周毛细血管丛。这些神经丛，在半月板关节表面延伸1到3毫米，是膝状外侧动脉和膝状内侧动脉的上、下分支的分支。半月板的血管供应与年龄有关。在成人中，发生在半月板周围3毫米处血管最丰富的撕裂是最容易修复和细胞再生的，而与此相反，通常发生在半月板-滑膜交界处5毫米以上的无血管撕裂是不可修复的。对于内侧和外侧半月板，血管渗透约为10-30%(图2)。引用本文:Luis E, Song J, Yong WY (2018) the Meniscus and Meniscal Scaffolds For Partial半月板置换。运动医学:JSIMD-137。DOI: 10.29011/25769596.100037 2 Volume 2018;图2:半月板血管化和细胞群的区域差异。半月板组成和细胞特征半月板具有高度异质性的ECM和细胞分布。半月板ECM按地区分类。红-红区80%以上由干重I型胶原蛋白组成，其余由II、III、IV、VI和XVIII型胶原蛋白组成。在白-白区域，总胶原蛋白占干重的70%，其中II型胶原蛋白占60%，I型胶原蛋白占40%(图2)。半月板病变与膝关节OA的发展半月板损伤最终可导致膝关节OA，膝关节OA进一步诱发半月板撕裂，恶性循环。半月板损伤触发滑膜释放各种炎症细胞因子，进一步诱导基质体内退行性变化，导致膝关节半月板挤压。这些突出物增加了胫骨软骨的应力，进一步加重了损伤。同样，胶原纤维在最表层随机排列，中间层呈放射状排列，最内层呈周向排列。对于施加在膝关节上的压缩载荷，周向纤维提供环状应力(图3)。周向排列的纤维的抗拉强度为50至300 MPa，而径向排列的纤维的抗拉强度为3至70 MPa。图3:半月板内胶原纤维超微结构。根据Casscells分类，所有半月板损伤可分为8类，即i)垂直纵向撕裂(桶柄)，ii)垂直横向撕裂(径向)，iii)水平撕裂(劈裂)，iv)斜撕裂(瓣)，v)半月板角脱离，vi)复杂撕裂，vii)退行性撕裂和viii)杂项撕裂(盘状)。半月板损伤在临床上可简单分为外周半月板损伤和中枢性无血管损伤。半月板病变的模式也与年龄有关。 相应地，半月板部分切除术(16% - 34%)领先
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Pub Date : 2018-08-21DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596.100036
Hossein Karimi Pashaki, M. Kalashi, V. Bakhshalipour
The sleep quality and quantity are directly and indirectly related to human health and sleep disorders can lead to a lot of harm to students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between moderate-intensity sport activities and the level of sleep subjective quality in non-athlete male students using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). This study was a semi empirical study and 20 non-athlete male students were randomly selected using PSQI. The PSQI questionnaire was used to measure subjects’ sleep subjective quality and a standard training protocol. The collected data was analyzed by ShapiroWilk test, dependent t-test, and Wilcoxon test. The SPSS software (version 23) was used for data analysis. The results showed that the score of students’ subjective sleep quality was 9.2 in the experimental group and was 7.3 in the control group and it was 7.4 in the post-test. It shows that students’ sleep quality improved significantly with the implementation of protocol (P<0.05). It is suggested that sports activities can be effective on the improvement of students’ sleep quality and it is an applied mechanism to improve health indicators. DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596.100036
{"title":"The Survey of the Relationship Between Moderate-Intensity Sport Activities and the Level of Sleep Subjective Quality in Non-Athlete Male Students Using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index","authors":"Hossein Karimi Pashaki, M. Kalashi, V. Bakhshalipour","doi":"10.29011/2576-9596.100036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2576-9596.100036","url":null,"abstract":"The sleep quality and quantity are directly and indirectly related to human health and sleep disorders can lead to a lot of harm to students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between moderate-intensity sport activities and the level of sleep subjective quality in non-athlete male students using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). This study was a semi empirical study and 20 non-athlete male students were randomly selected using PSQI. The PSQI questionnaire was used to measure subjects’ sleep subjective quality and a standard training protocol. The collected data was analyzed by ShapiroWilk test, dependent t-test, and Wilcoxon test. The SPSS software (version 23) was used for data analysis. The results showed that the score of students’ subjective sleep quality was 9.2 in the experimental group and was 7.3 in the control group and it was 7.4 in the post-test. It shows that students’ sleep quality improved significantly with the implementation of protocol (P<0.05). It is suggested that sports activities can be effective on the improvement of students’ sleep quality and it is an applied mechanism to improve health indicators. DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596.100036","PeriodicalId":186403,"journal":{"name":"Sports Injuries & Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127659767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-16DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596.100035
C. Hughes
We implemented an adapted version of the “Activate Programme” for our U19 men’s rugby team for the 2018 season. Since we had systematically documented all injuries that led to missed time from training or match play for all players in the 2017 (before) and 2018 (after) seasons, I compared the descriptive data regarding our team’s experience with injuries. These observational data suggest that the Activate Programme may have contributed to our lower number of injuries in the latter of the two seasons. DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596. 100035 Commentary Text In youth sports, especially contact sports, adult leaders including parents, coaches and officials bear the responsibility for implementing processes that can minimize the risk of injuries while preserving the benefits of participation. In the sport of rugby, there is an appropriate high level of concern about the risk of concussions and other injuries [1] and the sport has taken strong stances at all levels to inform players, parents, coaches, referees and all other authorities in the sport about recognition, removal from play and strict guidelines about return to play after any concussive injury. From a coach’s perspective, reduction of risk of injury of all types including concussions depends upon thorough coaching of proper techniques especially those related to tackling, rucking and scrummaging. Additionally, player fitness, adherence to the laws of the game and the ethos of respect for the opponent are also factors that plausibly reduce the risks of injuries during practices and matches. As the injury registrar and a Back’s Coach (USA Rugby Level 200) for our U19 Chapel Hill Highlanders men’s team, I have used the commercially available injury tracking system “Injure Free” [http://www.injurefree.com/] for the last two seasons (2017 & 2018) to document all observed and reported injuries by players during our preseason training intervals (NOV 2016-JAN 2017 and NOV 2017-JAN 2018) and competitive seasons (FEBMAY 2017 and FEB-MAY 2018). This injury-tracking system also allows documentation of compliance with return-to-play protocols consistent with good medical practices and the requirements of USA Rugby. Between the 2017 competitive season and the beginning of the preseason training in NOV 2017 (for the 2018 competitive season), I became aware of the new “Activate Programme” http://www. englandrugby.com/rugbysafe/activate/] developed by investigators at the University of Bath with support of the Rugby Football Union (RFU) in England [2,3]. After careful consideration of the potential benefits, we instituted an adapted version of the Activate Programme from the RFU/SRU in early NOV 2017 in the preseason for the 2018 season and progressed it across our 2018 season. Our team competes as a U19 “High school” team in the USA, so we have players spanning four grade-levels with ages 15-18 years. To address this age range, with a season duration that does not match that in the UK, and with the Activate Phases
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.29011/2576-9596.100068
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