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Hormonal regulation and disruption in invertebrates – An historical perspective and recent findings 无脊椎动物的激素调节和干扰--历史视角和最新发现
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112335
Anapaula Sommer Vinagre, Angela B. Lange, João Cardoso
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引用次数: 0
Hormone receptor trafficking in health and disease 健康与疾病中的荷尔蒙受体贩运。
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112334
Lizabeth A. Allison
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引用次数: 0
Effects of androgenic modulation on the morphophysiology of the adrenal cortex of male gerbils 雄性激素调节对雄性沙鼠肾上腺皮质形态生理学的影响
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112332
Vitor Grigio , Stella Bicalho Silva , Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz , Nayara Fernanda da Costa Castro , Marilia de Freitas Calmon , Paula Rahal , Sebastião Roberto Taboga , Patrícia Simone Leite Vilamaior

The study aimed to investigate the repercussions of androgen modulation on the adrenal cortex of male gerbils, focusing on the morphophysiology, proliferation, and cell death, as well as the expression of hormone receptors and steroidogenic enzymes. Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were divided into three experimental groups: Control (C), Testosterone (T), animals received injections of testosterone cypionate and Castrated (Ct), animals underwent orchiectomy. The results showed that castration increased the zona fasciculata and promoted cell hypertrophy in all zones. Testosterone supplementation increased cell proliferation and cell death. Androgen modulation promoted an increase in AR, Erα, and ERβ. Castration promoted an increase in the CYP19, while decreasing 17βHSD enzymes. Testosterone supplementation, on the other hand, reduced CYP17 and increased CYP19 and 3βHSD enzymes. By analyzing the effects of androgen supplementation and deprivation, it can be concluded that testosterone is responsible for tissue remodeling in the cortex, regulating the rate of cell proliferation and death, as well as cell hypertrophy. Testosterone also modulate steroid hormone receptors and steroidogenic enzymes, consequently affecting the regulation, hormone synthesis and homeostasis of this endocrine gland.

该研究旨在探讨雄性沙鼠肾上腺皮质受雄激素调节的影响,重点是形态生理学、增殖、细胞死亡以及激素受体和类固醇生成酶的表达。蒙古沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)被分为三个实验组:对照组(C)、注射环戊丙酸睾酮组(T)和阉割组(Ct)。结果显示,阉割增加了筋膜带,促进了所有区域的细胞肥大。补充睾酮可增加细胞增殖和细胞死亡。雄激素调节促进了AR、Erα和ERβ的增加。阉割促进了 CYP19 的增加,同时降低了 17βHSD 酶。另一方面,补充睾酮会减少 CYP17,增加 CYP19 和 3βHSD 酶。通过分析雄激素补充和剥夺的影响,可以得出结论:睾酮负责皮质的组织重塑,调节细胞增殖和死亡的速度,以及细胞肥大。睾酮还能调节类固醇激素受体和类固醇生成酶,从而影响这一内分泌腺的调节、激素合成和平衡。
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引用次数: 0
Low temperature inhibits food intake via TRPA1 channel activation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 低温通过激活尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的 TRPA1 通道抑制食物摄入。
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112333
Zhikai Cao, Wenjun Deng, Rui Dong, Yisha Yan, Quan Jiang

Low temperatures significantly influence feeding behavior in ectothermic vertebrates, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study investigated the role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels in mediating the appetite-suppressing effects of low temperature in Nile tilapia. TRPA1 was found to be highly expressed in the hypothalamus and co-localized with neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons. Exposure to low temperatures reduced feeding frequency and increased TRPA1 expression. In vitro experiments demonstrated that low temperature and TRPA1 agonists induced calcium influx, which was blocked by a TRPA1 inhibitor. TRPA1 expression exhibited post-prandial increases and was downregulated by fasting. TRPA1 activation dose-dependently inhibited food intake, while its inhibition restored feeding suppressed by low temperature. TRPA1 activation downregulated orexigenic factors and upregulated anorexigenic factors through Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent pathways. These findings suggest that TRPA1 plays a crucial role in sensing low temperatures and regulating feeding behavior in tilapia.

低温极大地影响了外温脊椎动物的摄食行为,但其潜在机制仍然难以捉摸。本研究调查了瞬态受体电位炔核素 1(TRPA1)通道在尼罗罗非鱼低温抑制食欲效应中的作用。研究发现,TRPA1在下丘脑中高度表达,并与神经肽Y(NPY)神经元共定位。暴露于低温会降低摄食频率并增加 TRPA1 的表达。体外实验表明,低温和TRPA1激动剂可诱导钙离子流入,而TRPA1抑制剂可阻断钙离子流入。TRPA1的表达在餐后增加,并在禁食后下调。TRPA1的激活剂量依赖性地抑制食物摄入,而抑制TRPA1则可恢复低温抑制的摄食。TRPA1的激活通过Ca2+/钙调蛋白依赖途径下调促厌食因子,上调促厌食因子。这些研究结果表明,TRPA1 在罗非鱼感知低温和调节摄食行为方面发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Lower proportion of intra-thyroidal B lymphocytes CD20+ associated to methimazole and lack of influence of iodide on lymphocyte subpopulations in Graves' disease 甲巯咪唑可降低甲状腺内 B 淋巴细胞 CD20+ 的比例,碘化物对巴塞杜氏病淋巴细胞亚群无影响
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112331
Ana Carolina Barros Silva , Ingrid Iara Damas , Camila Aparecida Moma , Icleia Siqueira Barreto , Denise Engelbrecht Zantut-Wittmann

Graves' disease (GD), an autoimmune thyroid disease, is one of the main autoimmune diseases in the general population. It is known that the pathophysiology of this disease may be related to immunological mechanisms dysregulation. These mechanisms can be influenced by GD therapies, such as iodide or antithyroid drugs (ATD).

Objective

Verify relation between clinical, biochemical and treatment modalities used prior to surgery and histopathological characteristics observed in total thyroidectomy products from patients previously diagnosed with Graves' disease. Furthermore, these data were related to composition of lymphocytic infiltrate in terms of proportions of lymphocytes CD4+, CD8+, CD25+ and CD20+. We aim to contribute to the understanding of the evolution pattern of GD, whose pathophysiology is not yet completely understood.

Methods

Cross-sectional study assessing thyroidectomy products for the presence of lymphocytic infiltrate, as well as the proportion and intensity of CD4+, CD8+, CD25+ and CD20+ markers. We selected 50 patients who underwent total or partial thyroidectomy in a tertiary service between 1996 and 2013 due to GD with histopathological confirmation. The control group (non-autoimmune disease group) consisted of 12 patients with histopathological data compatible with normal perilesional thyroid parenchyma. The intensity of lymphocytic infiltrate and immunohistochemical expression of the markers CD4+ (helper T lymphocytes), CD8+ (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), CD25+ (regulatory T lymphocytes) and CD20+ (B lymphocytes) were retrospectively evaluated and relationship with ultrasound, laboratory and clinical data was assessed.

Results

No differences were found in intensity, presence of lymphoid follicles, and expression of CD4+/CD8+/CD25+ in patients with GD who did or did not use ATD or iodide. In the group that did not use ATD, a higher proportion of CD20+ expression was found. The GD group was associated with hyperplastic epithelium and the control group was associated with simple epithelium. There was no difference in ultrasound thyroid volume between the groups. In GD patients with mild lymphocytic infiltrate, higher free thyroxin (FT4) levels were observed than those in patients with no infiltrate or moderate infiltrate.

Conclusion

We found a lower proportion of intrathyroidal CD20+ B lymphocytes in patients under use of methimazole. However, no difference was observed in intrathyroidal lymphocyte subpopulations related to the short-term use of iodide. The understanding of thyroid autoimmunity, as well as identifying points of pharmacological modulation, are very important for advancement and improvement in treatments for these diseases.

巴塞杜氏病(GD)是一种自身免疫性甲状腺疾病,是普通人群中主要的自身免疫性疾病之一。众所周知,这种疾病的病理生理学可能与免疫机制失调有关。这些机制可能会受到碘化物或抗甲状腺药物(ATD)等广东治疗方法的影响。目的验证临床、生化和术前治疗方法与在既往诊断为巴塞杜氏病患者的全甲状腺切除术产品中观察到的组织病理学特征之间的关系。此外,这些数据还与淋巴细胞浸润的组成有关,包括淋巴细胞CD4+、CD8+、CD25+和CD20+的比例。方法:横断面研究评估甲状腺切除术后是否存在淋巴细胞浸润,以及 CD4+、CD8+、CD25+ 和 CD20+ 标记的比例和强度。我们选取了 1996 年至 2013 年间在一家三级医院接受甲状腺全切或部分切除术的 50 名患者,这些患者均因 GD 而接受了切除术,并经组织病理学证实。对照组(非自身免疫性疾病组)包括12名组织病理学数据符合正常甲状腺周围实质的患者。对淋巴细胞浸润的强度和标记物CD4+(辅助性T淋巴细胞)、CD8+(细胞毒性T淋巴细胞)、CD25+(调节性T淋巴细胞)和CD20+(B淋巴细胞)的免疫组化表达进行了回顾性评估,并对其与超声波、实验室和临床数据的关系进行了评估。结果 在使用或不使用 ATD 或碘化物的 GD 患者中,淋巴滤泡的强度和存在以及 CD4+/CD8+/CD25+ 的表达均无差异。在未使用 ATD 的组别中,CD20+ 的表达比例较高。GD组伴有增生上皮,而对照组伴有单纯上皮。两组患者的甲状腺超声容积没有差异。在有轻度淋巴细胞浸润的GD患者中,观察到游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平高于无浸润或中度浸润的患者。然而,甲状腺内淋巴细胞亚群与短期使用碘化物并无差异。了解甲状腺自身免疫以及确定药理调节点对促进和改善这些疾病的治疗非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Melatonin effects on oxidative stress and on TLR4/NF-kβ inflammatory pathway in the right ventricle of rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension 梅拉通宁对肺动脉高压大鼠右静脉氧化压力和 TLR4/NF-kβ 炎症途径的影响。
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112330
Cristiane Dias Lisboa , José Luciano Maciel de Souza , Custódio José Gaspar, Patrick Turck, Vanessa Duarte Ortiz, Isabel Cristina Teixeira Proença, Tânia Regina G. Fernandes, Elissa Fernandes, Silvio Tasca, Cristina Campos Carraro, Adriane Belló-Klein, Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo, Alexandre Luz de Castro

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterised by an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and a compromised the right ventricle (RV), together with progression to heart failure and premature death. Studies have evaluated the role of melatonin as a promising therapeutic strategy for PAH. The objective of this study was to evaluate melatonin's effects on oxidative stress and on the TLR4/NF-kβ inflammatory pathway in the RV of rats with PAH. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control, monocrotaline (MCT), and monocrotaline plus melatonin groups. These two last groups received one intraperitoneal injection of MCT (60 mg/kg) on the first day of experimental protocol. The monocrotaline plus melatonin group received 10 mg/kg/day of melatonin by gavage for 21 days. Echocardiographic analysis was performed, and the RV was collected for morphometric analysis oxidative stress and molecular evaluations. The main findings of the present study were that melatonin administration attenuated the reduction in RV function that was induced by monocrotaline, as assessed by TAPSE. In addition, melatonin prevented RV diastolic area reduction caused by PAH. Furthermore, animals treated with melatonin did not show an increase in ROS levels or in NF-kβ expression. In addition, the monocrotaline plus melatonin group showed a reduction in TLR4 expression when compared with control and monocrotaline groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a positive effect of melatonin on the TLR4/NF-kβ pathway in the RV of rats with PAH. In this sense, this study makes it possible to think of melatonin as a possible ally in mitigating RV alterations caused by PAH.

肺动脉高压(PAH)的特点是平均肺动脉压升高和右心室(RV)受损,并发展为心力衰竭和过早死亡。有研究评估了褪黑激素作为一种有前景的 PAH 治疗策略的作用。本研究旨在评估褪黑激素对 PAH 大鼠 RV 中氧化应激和 TLR4/NF-kβ 炎症通路的影响。雄性 Wistar 大鼠被分为以下几组:对照组、单氯他林组(MCT)和单氯他林加褪黑素组。最后两组在实验方案的第一天腹腔注射一次 MCT(60 毫克/千克)。单克洛塔林加褪黑素组在 21 天内每天灌胃 10 毫克/千克褪黑素。进行超声心动图分析,并收集 RV 进行形态分析、氧化应激和分子评估。本研究的主要发现是,通过 TAPSE 评估,服用褪黑素可减轻一缩醛引起的 RV 功能下降。此外,褪黑素还能防止 PAH 导致的 RV 舒张面积缩小。此外,接受褪黑激素治疗的动物并没有表现出 ROS 水平或 NF-kβ 表达的增加。此外,与对照组和单克洛塔林组相比,单克洛塔林加褪黑素组的TLR4表达减少。据我们所知,这是第一项证明褪黑激素对 PAH 大鼠 RV 中 TLR4/NF-kβ 通路有积极影响的研究。从这个意义上说,这项研究使我们有可能将褪黑激素视为减轻 PAH 引起的 RV 改变的可能盟友。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in the management of parathyroid carcinoma 甲状旁腺癌的治疗进展。
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112329

Parathyroid carcinoma (PCA) is a rare malignancy accounting for approximately 1% of all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. It is characterised by excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) production. This manuscript reviews recent advances in the management of parathyroid carcinoma, focusing on molecular insights, diagnostic modalities, surgical innovations, adjuvant therapies, and emerging targeted treatments. Recently published manuscripts (between 2022 and 2023) were obtained from Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Excerpta Medica (Embase), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials (EudraCT). These were assessed for their relevance in terms of the diagnosis and management of patients with PCA. This manuscript explores the role of genetic profiling and presents case studies illustrating successful management strategies. The manuscript also discusses the ongoing challenges in the management of parathyroid carcinoma, suggesting future research directions and potential therapeutic avenues.

甲状旁腺癌(PCA)是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤,约占所有原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的1%。其特点是甲状旁腺激素(PTH)分泌过多。本手稿回顾了甲状旁腺癌治疗的最新进展,重点关注分子见解、诊断方式、手术创新、辅助疗法和新兴靶向治疗。我们从医学文献分析与检索系统在线版(Medline)、Excerpta Medica(Embase)、Cochrane对照试验中央注册中心(CENTRAL)和欧盟药物管理局临床试验(EudraCT)中获取了近期发表的手稿(2022年至2023年)。我们评估了这些研究与 PCA 患者诊断和管理的相关性。本手稿探讨了基因图谱分析的作用,并通过案例研究说明了成功的管理策略。手稿还讨论了甲状旁腺癌治疗过程中面临的挑战,提出了未来的研究方向和潜在的治疗途径。
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引用次数: 0
In vitro effects and mechanisms of Humulus lupulus extract on bone marrow progenitor cells and endothelial cells 葎草提取物对骨髓祖细胞和内皮细胞的体外效应和机制
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112328

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder and is associated with a high incidence of fractures. Angiogenesis and adequate blood flow are important during bone repair and maintenance. Estrogens play a key role in bone formation, in the prevention of bone resorption and vasculature maintenance. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used with great benefits for bone fracture prevention but has been linked to the development of serious important side effects, including cancer and stroke. Phytoestrogens are an attractive alternative to HRT because their chemical structure is similar to estradiol but, they could behave as selective modulators: acting as antagonists of estrogen receptors in the breast and endometrium and as agonists in the vascular endothelium and bone. Hops contain a wide variety of phytoestrogens that have individually been shown to possess estrogenic activity by either blocking or mimicking. In this study we have to evaluate the in vitro effects and mechanisms of action of hops extracts on the osteogenic and adipogenic capacity of bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPCs), and the angiogenic potential of EA.hy926 endothelial cells. We show that hops extracts increase the proliferative capacity of BMPCs and promote their osteogenic differentiation while decreasing their pro-osteoclastogenic capacity; and that these effects are mediated by the MAPK pathway. Additionally, hops extracts prevent the adipogenic differentiation of BMPCs and promote endothelial cell activity, by mechanisms also partially mediated by MAPK.

骨质疏松症是最常见的代谢性骨病,与骨折的高发生率有关。血管生成和充足的血流量在骨骼修复和维持过程中非常重要。雌激素在骨形成、防止骨吸收和维护血管方面发挥着关键作用。激素替代疗法(HRT)对预防骨折大有裨益,但也与癌症和中风等严重副作用有关。植物雌激素是一种有吸引力的替代激素替代疗法,因为它们的化学结构与雌二醇相似,但可以作为选择性调节剂:在乳房和子宫内膜中作为雌激素受体的拮抗剂,在血管内皮和骨骼中作为激动剂。啤酒花中含有多种植物雌激素,这些雌激素已被证实通过阻断或模拟的方式具有雌激素活性。在这项研究中,我们必须评估啤酒花提取物对骨髓祖细胞(BMPCs)成骨和成脂能力以及 EA.hy926 内皮细胞血管生成潜能的体外效应和作用机制。我们的研究表明,啤酒花提取物能提高骨髓祖细胞(BMPCs)的增殖能力,促进其成骨细胞分化,同时降低其促破骨细胞生成的能力;而这些作用是由 MAPK 通路介导的。此外,啤酒花提取物还能防止 BMPCs 的成脂分化,并促进内皮细胞的活性,其机制也部分由 MAPK 介导。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of ovariectomy and high-fat diet on the expression of estrogen receptors and adipose tissue metabolism in wistar rats 卵巢切除和高脂饮食对红腹灰鼠雌激素受体表达和脂肪组织代谢的影响
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112327
Thiago Henrique Caldeira de Oliveira, Gleisy Kelly Neves Gonçalves

This study addresses the increasing prevalence of obesity, especially among postmenopausal. Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating adipose tissue in women, with its absence after menopause associated with metabolic complications. The study aimed to determine the lipolytic activity in different adipose tissue depots of ovariectomized rats submitted to a high-fat diet. Also, to analyze the expression of estrogen receptors in adipose tissues and perform histological and morphometric analyzes of these deposits. Female rats were ovariectomized (O) or sham operated (S). The animals were divided into groups: ovariectomized with high-fat diet (OF), sham-operated with high-fat diet (SF), ovariectomized with control diet (OC) or sham-operated with control diet as the control group (SC). After 24 weeks of consuming the diets, rats were killed and adipose tissue deposits were removed. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the expression of estrogen receptors in adipose tissues, lipolysis assay and histological analysis. Both the high-fat diet and ovariectomy increased body weight and adiposity. There was hypertrophy of adipocytes. Estrogen replacement therapy modulate lipolytic activity in different adipose depots, with different responses in relation to estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptor expression varied between fat depots. Mesenteric adipose tissue showed greater sensitivity to estrogen compared with others. Estrogen increased lipolytic activity in some fat depots, reducing in others. Expression of ERs depends of hormonal status and adipose tissue location, which may explain distinct actions of estrogen on the metabolism of adipose tissue and on the production of adipokines by them.

这项研究探讨了肥胖症日益普遍的问题,尤其是在绝经后人群中。雌激素在调节女性脂肪组织方面起着至关重要的作用,绝经后雌激素的缺失与代谢并发症有关。该研究旨在确定接受高脂肪饮食的卵巢切除大鼠不同脂肪组织部位的脂肪分解活性。此外,还分析脂肪组织中雌激素受体的表达,并对这些沉积物进行组织学和形态学分析。对雌性大鼠进行卵巢切除术(O)或假手术(S)。动物分为:卵巢切除高脂饮食组(OF)、假手术高脂饮食组(SF)、卵巢切除对照饮食组(OC)或假手术对照饮食组(SC)。食用这些饮食 24 周后,处死大鼠并清除沉积的脂肪组织。进行聚合酶链反应分析脂肪组织中雌激素受体的表达、脂肪分解测定和组织学分析。高脂饮食和卵巢切除术都会增加体重和脂肪含量。脂肪细胞肥大。雌激素替代疗法可调节不同脂肪组织的脂肪分解活性,雌激素受体的反应也不同。不同脂肪层的雌激素受体表达不同。肠系膜脂肪组织对雌激素的敏感性高于其他脂肪组织。雌激素可增加某些脂肪层的脂肪分解活性,而降低其他脂肪层的活性。雌激素受体的表达取决于荷尔蒙状态和脂肪组织的位置,这可能解释了雌激素对脂肪组织的新陈代谢和脂肪组织产生的脂肪因子的不同作用。
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引用次数: 0
Activin E upregulates uncoupling protein 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 in brown adipocytes 激活素 E 能上调棕色脂肪细胞中的解偶联蛋白 1 和成纤维细胞生长因子 21。
IF 3.8 3区 医学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112326
Maho Sakaki , Yuji Kamatari , Akira Kurisaki , Masayuki Funaba , Osamu Hashimoto

Activin E activates brown and beige adipocytes and has been controversially implicated as a factor that induces obesity and fatty liver. Here, we sought to address this controversial issue by producing recombinant human activin E to evaluate its effects on HB2 brown adipocytes in vitro. Activin E increased uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) mRNA expression in the adipocytes. This upregulation was suppressed by SB431542, an inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase (Alk) TGF-β type I receptors. SB431542 also inhibited the activin E-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3. A promoter assay using a CAGA-Luc reporter and Alk expression vectors revealed that activin E activated the TGF-β/activin pathway via Alk7. The upregulation of Ucp1 and Fgf21 mRNA might be mediated through Alk7 and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Activin E is a potential stimulator of energy expenditure by activating brown adipocytes and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for treating obesity.

活化素 E 能激活棕色和米色脂肪细胞,被认为是诱发肥胖和脂肪肝的一个因素,这一点一直存在争议。在此,我们试图通过生产重组人活化素 E来评估其对体外 HB2 棕色脂肪细胞的影响,从而解决这一有争议的问题。活化素 E 增加了脂肪细胞中解偶联蛋白 1(Ucp1)和成纤维细胞生长因子 21(Fgf21)mRNA 的表达。活化素受体样激酶(Alk)TGF-β I型受体抑制剂SB431542抑制了这种上调。SB431542 还抑制了活化素 E 诱导的 Smad2/3 磷酸化。使用 CAGA-Luc 报告基因和 Alk 表达载体进行的启动子检测显示,活化素 E 通过 Alk7 激活了 TGF-β/活化素通路。Ucp1 和 Fgf21 mRNA 的上调可能是通过 Alk7 和 Smad2/3 磷酸化介导的。活化素E通过激活棕色脂肪细胞而成为能量消耗的潜在刺激物,并突出了其作为肥胖症治疗靶点的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
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