Pub Date : 2019-08-26DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810555
D. Fang, J. Gunda, M. Zou, G. Harrison, S. Djokic, A. Vaccaro
This paper presents a novel optimal power flow (OPF) based approach for post-contingency management of severe congestions, aimed at maximizing lead time available to the network operators before the next contingency occurs. The approach first computes the maximum allowed overloading times for the congested transmission lines and transformers, using their dynamic thermal models. Afterwards, the OPF analysis is performed to identify the maximum lead time available to the network operator for managing post-contingency constraints and for devising and implementing the most efficient corrective actions. The corresponding OPF problem is modelled as a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem and solved using mixed-discrete particle swarm optimization (MDPSO) approach. The approach is illustrated on a modified IEEE 14-bus network and obtained results demonstrate that presented approach can manage considered constraints within the available lead time.
{"title":"Dynamic Thermal Rating for Efficient Management of Post-Contingency Congestions","authors":"D. Fang, J. Gunda, M. Zou, G. Harrison, S. Djokic, A. Vaccaro","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810555","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel optimal power flow (OPF) based approach for post-contingency management of severe congestions, aimed at maximizing lead time available to the network operators before the next contingency occurs. The approach first computes the maximum allowed overloading times for the congested transmission lines and transformers, using their dynamic thermal models. Afterwards, the OPF analysis is performed to identify the maximum lead time available to the network operator for managing post-contingency constraints and for devising and implementing the most efficient corrective actions. The corresponding OPF problem is modelled as a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem and solved using mixed-discrete particle swarm optimization (MDPSO) approach. The approach is illustrated on a modified IEEE 14-bus network and obtained results demonstrate that presented approach can manage considered constraints within the available lead time.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130284925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-26DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810595
A. Paspatis, G. Konstantopoulos
A new current-limiting droop controller is proposed in this paper for three-phase inverters operating in parallel. Droop control is employed to ensure the proportional power sharing between the parallel inverters while an inherent current-limiting property is achieved through the control design. The current limitation is mathematically proven using nonlinear analysis of the closed-loop system which leads to the boundedness of each inverter current under a threshold value at all times. Furthermore, small-signal analysis is performed to examine the closed-loop system stability of two parallel inverters equipped with the proposed controller. The example of two parallel inverters is further exploited to validate the proposed controller through Matlab/Simulink simulation results.
{"title":"Three-Phase Current-Limiting Droop Controlled Inverters Operating in Parallel","authors":"A. Paspatis, G. Konstantopoulos","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810595","url":null,"abstract":"A new current-limiting droop controller is proposed in this paper for three-phase inverters operating in parallel. Droop control is employed to ensure the proportional power sharing between the parallel inverters while an inherent current-limiting property is achieved through the control design. The current limitation is mathematically proven using nonlinear analysis of the closed-loop system which leads to the boundedness of each inverter current under a threshold value at all times. Furthermore, small-signal analysis is performed to examine the closed-loop system stability of two parallel inverters equipped with the proposed controller. The example of two parallel inverters is further exploited to validate the proposed controller through Matlab/Simulink simulation results.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128414627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-26DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810908
Z. Khan, D. Jayaweera
This paper presents a novel approach for demand side management (DSM) in a power distribution system by incorporating smart meter data. The approach is aimed at savings maximization by minimizing the energy consumption cost of electricity consumers. The core of the approach consists of data clustering in order to forecast demand for the benefit of DSM decisions by incorporating alternate profiles through extended kmeans algorithm, Taylor series linearization and particle swarm optimization. Two cases including integration of PV generation are simulated using the Irish data of more than 5000 smart meters. Different demand flexibility levels are considered in different Scenarios. The paper argues that inherent non-linearity of raw profiles, is likely to provide suboptimal DSM solutions against electricity consumer cost savings, however the uniformity and smoothness of reshaped alternate profiles are more likely to provide optimal DSM solutions, providing electricity consumers a true benefit for their participation in the DSM process.
{"title":"Efficient Management of Demand in a Power Distribution System with Smart Meter Data","authors":"Z. Khan, D. Jayaweera","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810908","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel approach for demand side management (DSM) in a power distribution system by incorporating smart meter data. The approach is aimed at savings maximization by minimizing the energy consumption cost of electricity consumers. The core of the approach consists of data clustering in order to forecast demand for the benefit of DSM decisions by incorporating alternate profiles through extended kmeans algorithm, Taylor series linearization and particle swarm optimization. Two cases including integration of PV generation are simulated using the Irish data of more than 5000 smart meters. Different demand flexibility levels are considered in different Scenarios. The paper argues that inherent non-linearity of raw profiles, is likely to provide suboptimal DSM solutions against electricity consumer cost savings, however the uniformity and smoothness of reshaped alternate profiles are more likely to provide optimal DSM solutions, providing electricity consumers a true benefit for their participation in the DSM process.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127569231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-26DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810521
H. B. Sonder, L. Cipcigan, C. U. Loo
The transportation sector is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions. This has encouraged governments worldwide to fund the development of ultra-low carbon emission vehicles and replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs). Among EV drivers, ‘range anxiety’ is one of the main issues resulting from long charging durations. The reduction of charging duration by the introduction of DC fast/rapid charging stations is widely discussed in the literature. However, high charging demands due to fast charging stations may cause some challenges for power networks. In this paper, the impacts of different types of fast chargers on a UK generic distribution network are investigated. The most suitable and robust connection points of the network where fast chargers can be deployed are identified without affecting the stability and security of the system. The main findings show that network losses increase, voltages operate beyond strict limits, and system equipment becomes overloaded with increased fast charging activities in the network. Therefore, critical network points are reinforced with distributed generation units (DG) and static var compensator (SVC) devices to improve the system reliability and mitigate the impacts of such challenges.
{"title":"Using Electric Vehicles and Demand Side Response to Unlock Distribution Network Flexibility","authors":"H. B. Sonder, L. Cipcigan, C. U. Loo","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810521","url":null,"abstract":"The transportation sector is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions. This has encouraged governments worldwide to fund the development of ultra-low carbon emission vehicles and replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs). Among EV drivers, ‘range anxiety’ is one of the main issues resulting from long charging durations. The reduction of charging duration by the introduction of DC fast/rapid charging stations is widely discussed in the literature. However, high charging demands due to fast charging stations may cause some challenges for power networks. In this paper, the impacts of different types of fast chargers on a UK generic distribution network are investigated. The most suitable and robust connection points of the network where fast chargers can be deployed are identified without affecting the stability and security of the system. The main findings show that network losses increase, voltages operate beyond strict limits, and system equipment becomes overloaded with increased fast charging activities in the network. Therefore, critical network points are reinforced with distributed generation units (DG) and static var compensator (SVC) devices to improve the system reliability and mitigate the impacts of such challenges.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115571468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-25DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810700
Selmane Dakir, Ioannis Boukas, V. Lemort, B. Cornélusse
Due to the technological developments and the advances of smart control, intermittent production from renewable energy sources can be better exploited locally in the context of a smart microgrid. Energy storage has a key role in achieving this task and batteries are the most suitable candidate. In this paper, a complementary solution is presented where excess electricity is used in a cold storage to produce ice which, when melting, supplies the cooling demand. A detailed model of each component is considered in order to simulate the operation of the entire system. The goal of this paper is the derivation of the optimal size of the different components to yield the minimum levelized cost of electricity. The methodology described is applied to a real case study in Marrakesh, and results illustrate that cold storage is able to reduce the total cost of energy in the context of an isolated microgrid.
{"title":"Sizing and Operation of an Isolated Microgrid with Cold Storage","authors":"Selmane Dakir, Ioannis Boukas, V. Lemort, B. Cornélusse","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810700","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the technological developments and the advances of smart control, intermittent production from renewable energy sources can be better exploited locally in the context of a smart microgrid. Energy storage has a key role in achieving this task and batteries are the most suitable candidate. In this paper, a complementary solution is presented where excess electricity is used in a cold storage to produce ice which, when melting, supplies the cooling demand. A detailed model of each component is considered in order to simulate the operation of the entire system. The goal of this paper is the derivation of the optimal size of the different components to yield the minimum levelized cost of electricity. The methodology described is applied to a real case study in Marrakesh, and results illustrate that cold storage is able to reduce the total cost of energy in the context of an isolated microgrid.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130792004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-23DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810541
Izgh Hadachi, S. Albayrak
Resilience is one of the topics undergoing intense studies in the field of power grid modernization. This study focuses on gathering the latest ongoing work in the field of Power Grid Resilience with a focus on resilience under extreme weather events. Therefore, a set of papers have been collected which were published in specific venues for the last 4 years. Then, the study included only papers that satisfied specific keywords such as Resilience, Restoration of the Power Grid, Resilience Metrics, Simulation Paradigms for power grids interdependencies, and power grid resilience against Weather Events. The aim of the survey is to depict the research done on the power systems resilience and if co-simulation is the key to analyze and manage interdependencies. The Survey resulted in answering questions related to the set of techniques applied in the four phases of resilience, the resilience metrics and co-simulation of interdependencies for power systems resilience.
{"title":"A Survey on Simulation of Power Systems Resilience Under Extreme Weather Events","authors":"Izgh Hadachi, S. Albayrak","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810541","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience is one of the topics undergoing intense studies in the field of power grid modernization. This study focuses on gathering the latest ongoing work in the field of Power Grid Resilience with a focus on resilience under extreme weather events. Therefore, a set of papers have been collected which were published in specific venues for the last 4 years. Then, the study included only papers that satisfied specific keywords such as Resilience, Restoration of the Power Grid, Resilience Metrics, Simulation Paradigms for power grids interdependencies, and power grid resilience against Weather Events. The aim of the survey is to depict the research done on the power systems resilience and if co-simulation is the key to analyze and manage interdependencies. The Survey resulted in answering questions related to the set of techniques applied in the four phases of resilience, the resilience metrics and co-simulation of interdependencies for power systems resilience.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117218196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-23DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810886
A. Gazafroudi, J. Corchado, M. Shafie‐khah, M. Lotfi, P. S. João Catalão
Distribution networks are more active due to demand response programs which causes flexible behavior of end-users. This paper proposes an iterative algorithm to transact electricity based on interplay between aggregators and the Distribution Company (DisCo) considering the amount which the bottom-layer of a distribution system can provide from the aggregated end-users. The performance of the proposed trading algorithm was tested on a 33-bus test system for a distribution network. Similations for different scenarios were made to analyze the impact of different flexibility constraints on sustainability of the system and expected cost on distribution grid’s player.
{"title":"Iterative Algorithm For Local Electricity Trading","authors":"A. Gazafroudi, J. Corchado, M. Shafie‐khah, M. Lotfi, P. S. João Catalão","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810886","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution networks are more active due to demand response programs which causes flexible behavior of end-users. This paper proposes an iterative algorithm to transact electricity based on interplay between aggregators and the Distribution Company (DisCo) considering the amount which the bottom-layer of a distribution system can provide from the aggregated end-users. The performance of the proposed trading algorithm was tested on a 33-bus test system for a distribution network. Similations for different scenarios were made to analyze the impact of different flexibility constraints on sustainability of the system and expected cost on distribution grid’s player.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122072680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-23DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810852
Georgios Patsakis, S. Oren
Intentional Controlled Islanding (ICI) is an online measure employed to prevent cascaded system outage after a disturbance in the power system. By switching off select lines, the system operator can create smaller, easier to control islands. An algorithm for ICI should be fast to implement in real time, as well as capable of integrating islanding requirements such as coherency of the generators in an island and minimum disruption of the power balance caused by the switching of lines. In this work, we approximate the solution to a common ICI formulation by employing a combinatorial approximation scheme of the normalized cut. This approach is easily implementable and numerically robust, exhibits high computational efficiency and allows for a natural integration of islanding requirements (such as generator minimum load and inflexible lines) into the problem solution. Experimental results on systems with up to 3000 buses verify the effectiveness of our approach.
{"title":"A Combinatorial Algorithm for Large-Scale Power System Islanding","authors":"Georgios Patsakis, S. Oren","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810852","url":null,"abstract":"Intentional Controlled Islanding (ICI) is an online measure employed to prevent cascaded system outage after a disturbance in the power system. By switching off select lines, the system operator can create smaller, easier to control islands. An algorithm for ICI should be fast to implement in real time, as well as capable of integrating islanding requirements such as coherency of the generators in an island and minimum disruption of the power balance caused by the switching of lines. In this work, we approximate the solution to a common ICI formulation by employing a combinatorial approximation scheme of the normalized cut. This approach is easily implementable and numerically robust, exhibits high computational efficiency and allows for a natural integration of islanding requirements (such as generator minimum load and inflexible lines) into the problem solution. Experimental results on systems with up to 3000 buses verify the effectiveness of our approach.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129504246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-23DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810525
A. Delfino, R. Brandão, T. S. Bumpus, M. Fortes, H. Henriques, Vitor Hugo Ferreira
Line Communication (PLC) is a communication method that uses electrical wiring to carry both data and electric power simultaneously. A wide range of PLC technologies is used for different applications, ranging from home automation to internet access. Various data rates and frequencies are used in different situations. Records of transmitting commands using PLCs have been verified since 1838, and from 1913, technology has become commercial. Currently, communication in low voltage networks is a key technology for the automation of electrical distribution, also known as smart grids. PLC systems can be divided into groups according to the frequency bands and their architecture can be divided into three blocks: PLC, Outdoor and Indoor, which is the focus of this article. This article has the main objective of evaluating the impact of using the X-10 PLC communication protocol (developed by Pico Electronics) on the control of an incandescent lamp in the indoor environment, considering several scenarios of load and interference using several types of commercial light bulbs.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Impact of LED and Compact Fluorescent Lamps on the PLC Transmission with X-10 Technology","authors":"A. Delfino, R. Brandão, T. S. Bumpus, M. Fortes, H. Henriques, Vitor Hugo Ferreira","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810525","url":null,"abstract":"Line Communication (PLC) is a communication method that uses electrical wiring to carry both data and electric power simultaneously. A wide range of PLC technologies is used for different applications, ranging from home automation to internet access. Various data rates and frequencies are used in different situations. Records of transmitting commands using PLCs have been verified since 1838, and from 1913, technology has become commercial. Currently, communication in low voltage networks is a key technology for the automation of electrical distribution, also known as smart grids. PLC systems can be divided into groups according to the frequency bands and their architecture can be divided into three blocks: PLC, Outdoor and Indoor, which is the focus of this article. This article has the main objective of evaluating the impact of using the X-10 PLC communication protocol (developed by Pico Electronics) on the control of an incandescent lamp in the indoor environment, considering several scenarios of load and interference using several types of commercial light bulbs.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132521584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-23DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810863
Espen Hafstad Solvang, I. B. Sperstad, S. H. Jakobsen, K. Uhlen
Large power-infeed of individual HVDC interconnectors may make the power system vulnerable to contingencies involving multiple HVDC interconnectors. This paper describes and demonstrates an approach to quantitative vulnerability analysis applied to HVDC contingencies. We consider four barriers' ability to mitigate severe frequency drops: inertial response, frequency containment reserves, demand-side response and under-frequency load shedding. Demand-side response, implemented as fast reduction in loads in response to decreasing frequency, is given particular attention. The consequences of an HVDC contingency in the presence or absence of these barriers is analysed to assess the power system vulnerability. Results illustrate how in low-inertia operating states, a) large-scale load shedding may be inevitable after simultaneous outage occurrence of multiple HVDC interconnectors and b) that barriers may significantly reduce the amount of load shed. Demand-side response could be an effective barrier if the response time is low and a sufficiently large amount of load is involved.
{"title":"Dynamic simulation of simultaneous HVDC contingencies relevant for vulnerability assessment of the nordic power system","authors":"Espen Hafstad Solvang, I. B. Sperstad, S. H. Jakobsen, K. Uhlen","doi":"10.1109/PTC.2019.8810863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810863","url":null,"abstract":"Large power-infeed of individual HVDC interconnectors may make the power system vulnerable to contingencies involving multiple HVDC interconnectors. This paper describes and demonstrates an approach to quantitative vulnerability analysis applied to HVDC contingencies. We consider four barriers' ability to mitigate severe frequency drops: inertial response, frequency containment reserves, demand-side response and under-frequency load shedding. Demand-side response, implemented as fast reduction in loads in response to decreasing frequency, is given particular attention. The consequences of an HVDC contingency in the presence or absence of these barriers is analysed to assess the power system vulnerability. Results illustrate how in low-inertia operating states, a) large-scale load shedding may be inevitable after simultaneous outage occurrence of multiple HVDC interconnectors and b) that barriers may significantly reduce the amount of load shed. Demand-side response could be an effective barrier if the response time is low and a sufficiently large amount of load is involved.","PeriodicalId":187144,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132262365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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