Asher Hudson, Alexander Mullens, Sarah Hind, Tiffany Jamann, Peter Balint-Kurti
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
{"title":"Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications.","authors":"Asher Hudson, Alexander Mullens, Sarah Hind, Tiffany Jamann, Peter Balint-Kurti","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13445","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963888/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140288557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Min Qiu, Yaru Sun, Siqun Tu, Huaibo Li, Xin Yang, Haiyang Zhao, Maozhu Yin, Yaning Li, Wenwu Ye, Ming Wang, Yuanchao Wang
Phosphatases are important regulators of protein phosphorylation and various cellular processes, and they serve as counterparts to kinases. In this study, our comprehensive analysis of oomycete complete proteomes unveiled the presence of approximately 3833 phosphatases, with most species estimated to have between 100 and 300 putative phosphatases. Further investigation of these phosphatases revealed a significant increase in protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PSP) within oomycetes. In particular, we extensively studied the metallo-dependent protein phosphatase (PPM) within the PSP family in the model oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Our results showed notable differences in the expression patterns of PPMs throughout 10 life stages of P. sojae, indicating their vital roles in various stages of oomycete pathogens. Moreover, we identified 29 PPMs in P. sojae, and eight of them possessed accessory domains in addition to phosphate domains. We investigated the biological function of one PPM protein with an extra PH domain (PPM1); this protein exhibited high expression levels in both asexual developmental and infectious stages. Our analysis confirmed that PPM1 is indeed an active protein phosphatase, and its accessory domain does not affect its phosphatase activity. To delve further into its function, we generated knockout mutants of PPM1 and validated its essential roles in mycelial growth, sporangia and oospore production, as well as infectious stages. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive inventory of phosphatases in oomycetes and identifies an important phosphatase within the expanded serine/threonine phosphatase group in oomycetes.
{"title":"Mining oomycete proteomes for phosphatome leads to the identification of specific expanded phosphatases in oomycetes.","authors":"Min Qiu, Yaru Sun, Siqun Tu, Huaibo Li, Xin Yang, Haiyang Zhao, Maozhu Yin, Yaning Li, Wenwu Ye, Ming Wang, Yuanchao Wang","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13425","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphatases are important regulators of protein phosphorylation and various cellular processes, and they serve as counterparts to kinases. In this study, our comprehensive analysis of oomycete complete proteomes unveiled the presence of approximately 3833 phosphatases, with most species estimated to have between 100 and 300 putative phosphatases. Further investigation of these phosphatases revealed a significant increase in protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PSP) within oomycetes. In particular, we extensively studied the metallo-dependent protein phosphatase (PPM) within the PSP family in the model oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Our results showed notable differences in the expression patterns of PPMs throughout 10 life stages of P. sojae, indicating their vital roles in various stages of oomycete pathogens. Moreover, we identified 29 PPMs in P. sojae, and eight of them possessed accessory domains in addition to phosphate domains. We investigated the biological function of one PPM protein with an extra PH domain (PPM1); this protein exhibited high expression levels in both asexual developmental and infectious stages. Our analysis confirmed that PPM1 is indeed an active protein phosphatase, and its accessory domain does not affect its phosphatase activity. To delve further into its function, we generated knockout mutants of PPM1 and validated its essential roles in mycelial growth, sporangia and oospore production, as well as infectious stages. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive inventory of phosphatases in oomycetes and identifies an important phosphatase within the expanded serine/threonine phosphatase group in oomycetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaozhen Zhao, Lu Gao, Qurban Ali, Chenjie Yu, Bingqin Yuan, Hai Huang, Juying Long, Qin Gu, Huijun Wu, Xuewen Gao
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) of many gram-negative bacteria injects toxic effectors into adjacent cells to manipulate host cells during pathogenesis or to kill competing bacteria. However, the identification and function of the T6SS effectors remains only partly known. Pantoea ananatis, a gram-negative bacterium, is commonly found in various plants and natural environments, including water and soil. In the current study, genomic analysis of P. ananatis DZ-12 causing brown stalk rot on maize demonstrated that it carries three T6SS gene clusters, namely, T6SS-1, T6SS-2, and T6SS-3. Interestingly, only T6SS-1 secretion systems are involved in pathogenicity and bacterial competition. The study also investigated the T6SS-1 system in detail and identified an unknown T6SS-1-secreted effector TseG by using the upstream T6SS effector chaperone TecG containing a conserved domain of DUF2169. TseG can directly interact with the chaperone TecG for delivery and with a downstream immunity protein TsiG for protection from its toxicity. TseG, highly conserved in the Pantoea genus, is involved in virulence in maize, potato, and onion. Additionally, P. ananatis uses TseG to target Escherichia coli, gaining a competitive advantage. This study provides the first report on the T6SS-1-secreted effector from P. ananatis, thereby enriching our understanding of the various types and functions of type VI effector proteins.
{"title":"A type VI secretion system effector TseG of Pantoea ananatis is involved in virulence and antibacterial activity.","authors":"Xiaozhen Zhao, Lu Gao, Qurban Ali, Chenjie Yu, Bingqin Yuan, Hai Huang, Juying Long, Qin Gu, Huijun Wu, Xuewen Gao","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13442","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The type VI secretion system (T6SS) of many gram-negative bacteria injects toxic effectors into adjacent cells to manipulate host cells during pathogenesis or to kill competing bacteria. However, the identification and function of the T6SS effectors remains only partly known. Pantoea ananatis, a gram-negative bacterium, is commonly found in various plants and natural environments, including water and soil. In the current study, genomic analysis of P. ananatis DZ-12 causing brown stalk rot on maize demonstrated that it carries three T6SS gene clusters, namely, T6SS-1, T6SS-2, and T6SS-3. Interestingly, only T6SS-1 secretion systems are involved in pathogenicity and bacterial competition. The study also investigated the T6SS-1 system in detail and identified an unknown T6SS-1-secreted effector TseG by using the upstream T6SS effector chaperone TecG containing a conserved domain of DUF2169. TseG can directly interact with the chaperone TecG for delivery and with a downstream immunity protein TsiG for protection from its toxicity. TseG, highly conserved in the Pantoea genus, is involved in virulence in maize, potato, and onion. Additionally, P. ananatis uses TseG to target Escherichia coli, gaining a competitive advantage. This study provides the first report on the T6SS-1-secreted effector from P. ananatis, thereby enriching our understanding of the various types and functions of type VI effector proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10933656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140110662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiping Sun, Yongxin Xiao, Le Song, Lei Yang, Yin Wang, Wei Yang, Qun Yang, Kabin Xie, Meng Yuan, Guotian Li
Phospholipids are important components of biological membranes, participating in various biological processes, including plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. A previous study showed that mutation of the rice OsCDS5 (CDP-DAG Synthase) gene alters lipid metabolism, causing enhanced abiotic stress responses, yellowing of leaves at the seedling stage and delayed plant development. Here, we observed that the Oscds5 mutant shows enhanced resistance to rice blast, bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak. Mutation of OsCDS5 promotes production of reactive oxygen species and increases the expression level of multiple defence-related genes. Transcriptomic analyses indicate that genes involved in responses to stress, biotic/abiotic stimuli and metabolic processes are highly upregulated and enriched in mutant Oscds5. Metabolomic analyses showed that differential metabolites were enriched in the lipid metabolic and tryptophan metabolic pathways. The decreased level of phosphatidylinositol and increased level of serotonin probably contribute to enhanced disease resistance of the Oscds5 mutant. Taken together, mutation of OsCDS5 enhances abiotic and biotic stress responses, and OsCDS5 may be a promising target for genetic engineering to enhance the resilience of rice to abiotic and biotic stresses simultaneously.
{"title":"Mutation of OsCDS5 confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice","authors":"Qiping Sun, Yongxin Xiao, Le Song, Lei Yang, Yin Wang, Wei Yang, Qun Yang, Kabin Xie, Meng Yuan, Guotian Li","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13430","url":null,"abstract":"Phospholipids are important components of biological membranes, participating in various biological processes, including plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. A previous study showed that mutation of the rice <i>OsCDS5</i> (<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">C</span>DP-<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">D</span>AG <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">S</span>ynthase) gene alters lipid metabolism, causing enhanced abiotic stress responses, yellowing of leaves at the seedling stage and delayed plant development. Here, we observed that the <i>Oscds5</i> mutant shows enhanced resistance to rice blast, bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak. Mutation of <i>OsCDS5</i> promotes production of reactive oxygen species and increases the expression level of multiple defence-related genes. Transcriptomic analyses indicate that genes involved in responses to stress, biotic/abiotic stimuli and metabolic processes are highly upregulated and enriched in mutant <i>Oscds5</i>. Metabolomic analyses showed that differential metabolites were enriched in the lipid metabolic and tryptophan metabolic pathways. The decreased level of phosphatidylinositol and increased level of serotonin probably contribute to enhanced disease resistance of the <i>Oscds5</i> mutant. Taken together, mutation of <i>OsCDS5</i> enhances abiotic and biotic stress responses, and <i>OsCDS5</i> may be a promising target for genetic engineering to enhance the resilience of rice to abiotic and biotic stresses simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139753023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant diseases are a major threat affecting the sustainability of global agriculture. Although the breeding of new resistant cultivars is considered to be the primary approach to prevent and control plant diseases, it is dependent on an in-depth understanding of plant–pathogen interactions. At present, we have an in-depth understanding of the interactions between model plants and pathogens, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, but we are still in the beginning stage for more non-model plants (e.g., medicinal plants). Panax notoginseng is the primary source of the high-value active ingredient triterpenoid saponins. Root rot disease in P. notoginseng has attracted research attention because of its high destructiveness. Understanding the infection stages and strategies of pathogens, plant resistance mechanisms and induced plant defence against pathogens is essential to support agricultural sustainable development of P. notoginseng. Here, we review and summarize, with root rot of P. notoginseng as a model, the current knowledge of plant–pathogen interaction, and feasability of use of microorganisms and secondary metabolites as sources of biological control agents at a low cost. Finally, we also discuss the importance of plant–pathogen interactions in resistance breeding, thereby providing a new strategy to develop green agriculture for non-model plants.
{"title":"Plant–pathogen interaction with root rot of Panax notoginseng as a model: Insight into pathogen pathogenesis, plant defence response and biological control","authors":"Jianbin Li, Mingtao Ai, Jiae Hou, Peiqi Zhu, Xiuming Cui, Qian Yang","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13427","url":null,"abstract":"Plant diseases are a major threat affecting the sustainability of global agriculture. Although the breeding of new resistant cultivars is considered to be the primary approach to prevent and control plant diseases, it is dependent on an in-depth understanding of plant–pathogen interactions. At present, we have an in-depth understanding of the interactions between model plants and pathogens, such as <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and rice, but we are still in the beginning stage for more non-model plants (e.g., medicinal plants). <i>Panax notoginseng</i> is the primary source of the high-value active ingredient triterpenoid saponins. Root rot disease in <i>P. notoginseng</i> has attracted research attention because of its high destructiveness. Understanding the infection stages and strategies of pathogens, plant resistance mechanisms and induced plant defence against pathogens is essential to support agricultural sustainable development of <i>P. notoginseng</i>. Here, we review and summarize, with root rot of <i>P. notoginseng</i> as a model, the current knowledge of plant–pathogen interaction, and feasability of use of microorganisms and secondary metabolites as sources of biological control agents at a low cost. Finally, we also discuss the importance of plant–pathogen interactions in resistance breeding, thereby providing a new strategy to develop green agriculture for non-model plants.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139773238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kasavajhala V. S. K. Prasad, Amira A. E. Abdel-Hameed, Anireddy S. N. Reddy
CAMTA3, a Ca2+/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, is a key regulator of plant immunity in Arabidopsis. Here, we identified a novel naturally occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism that results in a missense nonconservative mutation (CAMTA3H386D) in many Arabidopsis ecotypes. This region of CAMTA3 is not part of any previously characterized regulatory domains. To study the consequence of this change on the function of CAMTA3, we introduced the CAMTA3H386D into camta3, a loss-of-function mutant that exhibits a constitutive cell death phenotype, chlorotic lesions on leaves, and reduced plant size. Phenotypic and molecular analysis of these lines indicated that the expression of CAMTA3H386D in the camta3 mutant did not complement the mutant phenotypes. Also, the ecotypes containing the CAMTA3H386D exhibited camta3 phenotypes. Marker genes associated with salicylic acid biosynthesis and pathogen response were upregulated in the CAMTA3H386D lines and the Arabidopsis accessions 7127 (Est-1) and 9941 (Fei-0), as in camta3, indicating that H386D mutation alters CAMTA3 activity in regulating the expression of known target genes. In Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression assays, CAMTA3H386D failed to induce the expression of a luciferase reporter gene driven by the rapid stress-responsive elements (RSRE) that contain the known binding sites of CAMTA3, suggesting that CAMTA3H386D mutation impairs its ability to activate its target genes. Transgenic lines and tested natural accessions expressing CAMTA3H386D showed enhanced levels of H2O2 and increased resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Collectively, our results indicate that the H386D mutation in a previously unknown regulatory region of CAMTA3 is essential for its function.
{"title":"A natural single-nucleotide polymorphism in the CAMTA3 transcription factor regulates its function and transcription of its target genes","authors":"Kasavajhala V. S. K. Prasad, Amira A. E. Abdel-Hameed, Anireddy S. N. Reddy","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13428","url":null,"abstract":"CAMTA3, a Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, is a key regulator of plant immunity in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. Here, we identified a novel naturally occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism that results in a missense nonconservative mutation (<i>CAMTA3</i><sub><i>H386D</i></sub>) in many <i>Arabidopsis</i> ecotypes. This region of CAMTA3 is not part of any previously characterized regulatory domains. To study the consequence of this change on the function of CAMTA3, we introduced the <i>CAMTA3</i><sub><i>H386D</i></sub> into <i>camta3</i>, a loss-of-function mutant that exhibits a constitutive cell death phenotype, chlorotic lesions on leaves, and reduced plant size. Phenotypic and molecular analysis of these lines indicated that the expression of <i>CAMTA3</i><sub><i>H386D</i></sub> in the <i>camta3</i> mutant did not complement the mutant phenotypes. Also, the ecotypes containing the <i>CAMTA3</i><sub><i>H386D</i></sub> exhibited <i>camta3</i> phenotypes. Marker genes associated with salicylic acid biosynthesis and pathogen response were upregulated in the <i>CAMTA3</i><sub><i>H386D</i></sub> lines and the <i>Arabidopsis</i> accessions 7127 (Est-1) and 9941 (Fei-0), as in <i>camta3</i>, indicating that H386D mutation alters CAMTA3 activity in regulating the expression of known target genes. In <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> transient expression assays, <i>CAMTA3</i><sub><i>H386D</i></sub> failed to induce the expression of a luciferase reporter gene driven by the rapid stress-responsive elements (RSRE) that contain the known binding sites of CAMTA3, suggesting that CAMTA3<sub>H386D</sub> mutation impairs its ability to activate its target genes. Transgenic lines and tested natural accessions expressing CAMTA3<sub>H386D</sub> showed enhanced levels of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and increased resistance to the bacterial pathogen <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>tomato</i> DC3000. Collectively, our results indicate that the H386D mutation in a previously unknown regulatory region of CAMTA3 is essential for its function.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139773281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Wang, Guohua Duan, Ling Liu, Zhaoyi Long, Xiaolong Bai, Mingming Ou, Peiying Wang, Du Jiang, Dayong Li, Wenxian Sun
Ustilaginoidea virens is the causal agent of rice false smut, which has recently become one of the most important rice diseases worldwide. Ustilaginoidins, a major type of mycotoxins produced in false smut balls, greatly deteriorates grain quality. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are involved in regulating secondary metabolism in fungi. However, little is yet known on the functions of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in U. virens. Here, we characterized the functions of the HDAC UvHOS3 in U. virens. The ΔUvhos3 deletion mutant exhibited the phenotypes of retarded growth, increased mycelial branches and reduced conidiation and virulence. The ΔUvhos3 mutants were more sensitive to sorbitol, sodium dodecyl sulphate and oxidative stress/H2 O2 . ΔUvhos3 generated significantly more ustilaginoidins. RNA-Seq and metabolomics analyses also revealed that UvHOS3 is a key negative player in regulating secondary metabolism, especially mycotoxin biosynthesis. Notably, UvHOS3 mediates deacetylation of H3 and H4 at H3K9, H3K18, H3K27 and H4K8 residues. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that UvHOS3 regulates mycotoxin biosynthesis, particularly for ustilaginoidin and sorbicillinoid production, by modulating the acetylation level of H3K18. Collectively, this study deepens the understanding of molecular mechanisms of the HDAC UvHOS3 in regulating virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in phytopathogenic fungi.
{"title":"UvHOS3-mediated histone deacetylation is essential for virulence and negatively regulates ustilaginoidin biosynthesis in Ustilaginoidea virens.","authors":"Bo Wang, Guohua Duan, Ling Liu, Zhaoyi Long, Xiaolong Bai, Mingming Ou, Peiying Wang, Du Jiang, Dayong Li, Wenxian Sun","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13429","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ustilaginoidea virens is the causal agent of rice false smut, which has recently become one of the most important rice diseases worldwide. Ustilaginoidins, a major type of mycotoxins produced in false smut balls, greatly deteriorates grain quality. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are involved in regulating secondary metabolism in fungi. However, little is yet known on the functions of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in U. virens. Here, we characterized the functions of the HDAC UvHOS3 in U. virens. The ΔUvhos3 deletion mutant exhibited the phenotypes of retarded growth, increased mycelial branches and reduced conidiation and virulence. The ΔUvhos3 mutants were more sensitive to sorbitol, sodium dodecyl sulphate and oxidative stress/H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> . ΔUvhos3 generated significantly more ustilaginoidins. RNA-Seq and metabolomics analyses also revealed that UvHOS3 is a key negative player in regulating secondary metabolism, especially mycotoxin biosynthesis. Notably, UvHOS3 mediates deacetylation of H3 and H4 at H3K9, H3K18, H3K27 and H4K8 residues. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that UvHOS3 regulates mycotoxin biosynthesis, particularly for ustilaginoidin and sorbicillinoid production, by modulating the acetylation level of H3K18. Collectively, this study deepens the understanding of molecular mechanisms of the HDAC UvHOS3 in regulating virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in phytopathogenic fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10866089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139730031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan and typical necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species. Because no cultivars highly resistant to S. sclerotiorum are available, managing Sclerotinia disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is still challenging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that S. sclerotiorum has a beneficial effect and can live mutualistically as an endophyte in graminaceous plants, protecting the plants against major fungal diseases. An in-depth understanding of the schizotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum during interactions with plants under different environmental conditions will provide new strategies for controlling fungal disease. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum during its attack of host plants as a destructive pathogen and discuss its lifestyle as a beneficial endophytic fungus.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 是一种世界性的典型坏死性植物病原真菌,可感染数百种植物。由于目前还没有对 S. sclerotiorum 具有高度抗性的栽培品种,因此管理由 S. sclerotiorum 引起的 Sclerotinia 病仍然具有挑战性。不过,最近的研究表明,S. sclerotiorum 具有有益的作用,可以作为内生菌在禾本科植物中互生,保护植物免受主要真菌病害的侵袭。深入了解 S. sclerotiorum 在不同环境条件下与植物相互作用时的分裂生活方式,将为控制真菌病害提供新的策略。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 S. sclerotiorum 作为破坏性病原体侵袭寄主植物时的致病机制,并讨论了其作为有益内生真菌的生活方式。
{"title":"The schizotrophic lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.","authors":"Qingna Shang, Daohong Jiang, Jiatao Xie, Jiasen Cheng, Xueqiong Xiao","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13423","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan and typical necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species. Because no cultivars highly resistant to S. sclerotiorum are available, managing Sclerotinia disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is still challenging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that S. sclerotiorum has a beneficial effect and can live mutualistically as an endophyte in graminaceous plants, protecting the plants against major fungal diseases. An in-depth understanding of the schizotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum during interactions with plants under different environmental conditions will provide new strategies for controlling fungal disease. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum during its attack of host plants as a destructive pathogen and discuss its lifestyle as a beneficial endophytic fungus.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10895550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139972709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cheng Zhang, Charles Tetteh, Sheng Luo, Pinyuan Jin, Xingqian Hao, Min Sun, Nan Fang, Yingjun Liu, Huajian Zhang
Pectin has been extensively studied in animal immunity, and exogenous pectin as a food additive can provide protection against inflammatory bowel disease. However, the utility of pectin to improve immunity in plants is still unstudied. Here, we found exogenous application of pectin triggered stomatal closure in Arabidopsis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, pectin activated peroxidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) and was followed by nitric oxide (NO) production, leading to stomatal closure in an abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) signalling-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, pectin enhanced the disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) with mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) MPK3/6 activated and upregulated expression of defence-responsive genes in Arabidopsis. These results suggested that exogenous pectin-induced stomatal closure was associated with ROS and NO production regulated by ABA and SA signalling, contributing to defence against Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis.
果胶在动物免疫方面已得到广泛研究,作为食品添加剂的外源果胶可提供对炎症性肠病的保护。然而,果胶在提高植物免疫力方面的作用仍未得到研究。在这里,我们发现外源果胶以剂量和时间依赖的方式引发拟南芥气孔关闭。此外,果胶激活过氧化物酶和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶,产生活性氧(ROS),进而增加细胞质 Ca2+ 浓度([Ca2+ ]cyt ),随后产生一氧化氮(NO),在脱落酸(ABA)和水杨酸(SA)信号依赖机制下导致气孔关闭。此外,果胶通过激活有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶(MPKs)MPK3/6,并上调拟南芥防御响应基因的表达,增强了拟南芥对西红柿假单胞菌病菌 DC3000(Pst DC3000)的抗病性。这些结果表明,外源果胶诱导的气孔关闭与受 ABA 和 SA 信号调控的 ROS 和 NO 生成有关,有助于拟南芥抵御 Pst DC3000。
{"title":"Exogenous application of pectin triggers stomatal closure and immunity in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Cheng Zhang, Charles Tetteh, Sheng Luo, Pinyuan Jin, Xingqian Hao, Min Sun, Nan Fang, Yingjun Liu, Huajian Zhang","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13438","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pectin has been extensively studied in animal immunity, and exogenous pectin as a food additive can provide protection against inflammatory bowel disease. However, the utility of pectin to improve immunity in plants is still unstudied. Here, we found exogenous application of pectin triggered stomatal closure in Arabidopsis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, pectin activated peroxidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently increased cytoplasmic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration ([Ca<sup>2+</sup> ]<sub>cyt</sub> ) and was followed by nitric oxide (NO) production, leading to stomatal closure in an abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) signalling-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, pectin enhanced the disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) with mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) MPK3/6 activated and upregulated expression of defence-responsive genes in Arabidopsis. These results suggested that exogenous pectin-induced stomatal closure was associated with ROS and NO production regulated by ABA and SA signalling, contributing to defence against Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10887356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139932020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yajuan Wang, Xiwen Liao, Wenjing Shang, Jun Qin, Xiangming Xu, Xiaoping Hu
Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to investigate the role of FAE and its regulation mechanism in plant immunity. We identified a secreted feruloyl esterase VdFAE from the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdFAE acted as an important virulence factor during V. dahliae infection, and triggered plant defence responses, including cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of VdFAE led to a decrease in the degradation of ethyl ferulate. VdFAE interacted with Gossypium hirsutum protein dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (GhDFR), a positive regulator in plant innate immunity, and promoted the degradation of GhDFR. Furthermore, silencing of GhDFR led to reduced resistance of cotton plants against V. dahliae. The results suggested a fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes FAE to interact with host DFR and interfere with plant immunity, thereby promoting infection.
{"title":"The secreted feruloyl esterase of Verticillium dahliae modulates host immunity via degradation of GhDFR.","authors":"Yajuan Wang, Xiwen Liao, Wenjing Shang, Jun Qin, Xiangming Xu, Xiaoping Hu","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13431","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to investigate the role of FAE and its regulation mechanism in plant immunity. We identified a secreted feruloyl esterase VdFAE from the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdFAE acted as an important virulence factor during V. dahliae infection, and triggered plant defence responses, including cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of VdFAE led to a decrease in the degradation of ethyl ferulate. VdFAE interacted with Gossypium hirsutum protein dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (GhDFR), a positive regulator in plant innate immunity, and promoted the degradation of GhDFR. Furthermore, silencing of GhDFR led to reduced resistance of cotton plants against V. dahliae. The results suggested a fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes FAE to interact with host DFR and interfere with plant immunity, thereby promoting infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10866084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139730069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}