Tingting Pei, Dongshan Niu, Yongxin Ma, Minghui Zhan, Jie Deng, Pengmin Li, Fengwang Ma, Changhai Liu
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, severely affects apple (Malus domestica) quality and yield. In this study, we found that the transcription factor MdWRKY71 was significantly induced by C. fructicola infection in the GLS‐susceptible apple cultivar Royal Gala. The overexpression of MdWRKY71 in apple leaves resulted in increased susceptibility to C. fructicola, whereas RNA interference of MdWRKY71 in leaves showed the opposite phenotypes. These findings suggest that MdWRKY71 functions as a susceptibility factor for the apple—C. fructicola interaction. Furthermore, MdWRKY71 directly bound to the promoter of the salicylic acid (SA) degradation gene Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (DMR6)‐Like Oxygenase 1 (DLO1) and promoted its expression, resulting in a reduced SA level. The sensitivity of 35S:MdWRKY71 leaves to C. fructicola can be effectively alleviated by knocking down MdDLO1 expression, confirming the critical role of MdWRKY71‐mediated SA degradation via regulating MdDLO1 expression in GLS susceptibility. In summary, we identified a GLS susceptibility factor, MdWRKY71, that targets the apple SA degradation pathway to promote fungal infection.
由果孢子菌（Colletotrichum fructicola）引起的真菌病害--苹果叶斑病（GLS）严重影响苹果（Malus domestica）的品质和产量。在这项研究中，我们发现在易感 GLS 的苹果栽培品种 Royal Gala 中，果孢子菌感染会显著诱导转录因子 MdWRKY71。在苹果叶片中过表达 MdWRKY71 会增加对果孢子菌的易感性，而 RNA 干扰叶片中的 MdWRKY71 则显示出相反的表型。这些发现表明，MdWRKY71 是苹果与果蝇相互作用的易感因子。此外，MdWRKY71 直接与水杨酸（SA）降解基因抗霜霉病 6（DMR6）-Like 氧化酶 1（DLO1）的启动子结合并促进其表达，导致 SA 水平降低。通过敲低 MdDLO1 的表达，可以有效缓解 35S:MdWRKY71 叶片对 C. fructicola 的敏感性，证实了 MdWRKY71 通过调控 MdDLO1 的表达介导的 SA 降解在 GLS 易感性中的关键作用。总之，我们发现了一种 GLS 易感因子 MdWRKY71，它能靶向苹果 SA 降解途径促进真菌感染。
{"title":"MdWRKY71 promotes the susceptibility of apple to Glomerella leaf spot by controlling salicylic acid degradation","authors":"Tingting Pei, Dongshan Niu, Yongxin Ma, Minghui Zhan, Jie Deng, Pengmin Li, Fengwang Ma, Changhai Liu","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13457","url":null,"abstract":"Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a fungal disease caused by <jats:italic>Colletotrichum fructicola</jats:italic>, severely affects apple (<jats:italic>Malus domestica</jats:italic>) quality and yield. In this study, we found that the transcription factor MdWRKY71 was significantly induced by <jats:italic>C. fructicola</jats:italic> infection in the GLS‐susceptible apple cultivar Royal Gala. The overexpression of <jats:italic>MdWRKY71</jats:italic> in apple leaves resulted in increased susceptibility to <jats:italic>C. fructicola</jats:italic>, whereas RNA interference of <jats:italic>MdWRKY71</jats:italic> in leaves showed the opposite phenotypes. These findings suggest that MdWRKY71 functions as a susceptibility factor for the apple—<jats:italic>C. fructicola</jats:italic> interaction. Furthermore, MdWRKY71 directly bound to the promoter of the salicylic acid (SA) degradation gene <jats:italic>Downy Mildew Resistant 6</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>DMR6</jats:italic>)<jats:italic>‐Like Oxygenase 1</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>DLO1</jats:italic>) and promoted its expression, resulting in a reduced SA level. The sensitivity of 35S:<jats:italic>MdWRKY71</jats:italic> leaves to <jats:italic>C. fructicola</jats:italic> can be effectively alleviated by knocking down <jats:italic>MdDLO1</jats:italic> expression, confirming the critical role of MdWRKY71‐mediated SA degradation via regulating <jats:italic>MdDLO1</jats:italic> expression in GLS susceptibility. In summary, we identified a GLS susceptibility factor, MdWRKY71, that targets the apple SA degradation pathway to promote fungal infection.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xi Chen, Yan Sun, Yu Yang, Yuxin Zhao, Chuanzhong Zhang, Xin Fang, Hong Gao, Ming Zhao, Shengfu He, Bo Song, Shanshan Liu, Junjiang Wu, Pengfei Xu, Shuzhen Zhang
Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean (Glycine max), caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, is an extremely destructive disease worldwide. In this study, we identified GmEIL1, which encodes an ethylene‐insensitive3 (EIN3) transcription factor. GmEIL1 was significantly induced following P. sojae infection of soybean plants. Compared to wild‐type soybean plants, transgenic soybean plants overexpressing GmEIL1 showed enhanced resistance to P. sojae and GmEIL1‐silenced RNA‐interference lines showed more severe symptoms when infected with P. sojae. We screened for target genes of GmEIL1 and confirmed that GmEIL1 bound directly to the GmERF113 promoter and regulated GmERF113 expression. Moreover, GmEIL1 positively regulated the expression of the pathogenesis‐related gene GmPR1. The GmEIL1‐regulated defence response to P. sojae involved both ethylene biosynthesis and the ethylene signalling pathway. These findings suggest that the GmEIL1‐GmERF113 module plays an important role in P. sojae resistance via the ethylene signalling pathway.
由卵菌 Phytophthora sojae 引起的大豆（Glycine max）茎腐病（Phytophthora root and stem rot）是一种在全球范围内破坏性极大的病害。在这项研究中，我们发现了编码乙烯不敏感3（EIN3）转录因子的GmEIL1。大豆植株感染 P. sojae 后，GmEIL1 被显著诱导。与野生型大豆植株相比，过表达 GmEIL1 的转基因大豆植株对 P. sojae 的抗性更强，而 GmEIL1 沉默的 RNA 干涉品系在感染 P. sojae 后症状更严重。我们筛选了 GmEIL1 的靶基因，证实 GmEIL1 可直接与 GmERF113 启动子结合并调控 GmERF113 的表达。此外，GmEIL1 还能正向调节致病相关基因 GmPR1 的表达。GmEIL1 调节的对 P. sojae 的防御反应涉及乙烯的生物合成和乙烯信号通路。这些研究结果表明，GmEIL1-GmERF113 模块通过乙烯信号途径在 P. sojae 的抗性中发挥了重要作用。
{"title":"The EIN3 transcription factor GmEIL1 improves soybean resistance to Phytophthora sojae","authors":"Xi Chen, Yan Sun, Yu Yang, Yuxin Zhao, Chuanzhong Zhang, Xin Fang, Hong Gao, Ming Zhao, Shengfu He, Bo Song, Shanshan Liu, Junjiang Wu, Pengfei Xu, Shuzhen Zhang","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13452","url":null,"abstract":"Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean (<jats:italic>Glycine max</jats:italic>), caused by the oomycete <jats:italic>Phytophthora sojae</jats:italic>, is an extremely destructive disease worldwide. In this study, we identified <jats:italic>GmEIL1</jats:italic>, which encodes an ethylene‐insensitive3 (EIN3) transcription factor. <jats:italic>GmEIL1</jats:italic> was significantly induced following <jats:italic>P. sojae</jats:italic> infection of soybean plants. Compared to wild‐type soybean plants, transgenic soybean plants overexpressing <jats:italic>GmEIL1</jats:italic> showed enhanced resistance to <jats:italic>P. sojae</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GmEIL1</jats:italic>‐silenced RNA‐interference lines showed more severe symptoms when infected with <jats:italic>P. sojae</jats:italic>. We screened for target genes of GmEIL1 and confirmed that GmEIL1 bound directly to the <jats:italic>GmERF113</jats:italic> promoter and regulated <jats:italic>GmERF113</jats:italic> expression. Moreover, GmEIL1 positively regulated the expression of the pathogenesis‐related gene <jats:italic>GmPR1</jats:italic>. The GmEIL1‐regulated defence response to <jats:italic>P. sojae</jats:italic> involved both ethylene biosynthesis and the ethylene signalling pathway. These findings suggest that the GmEIL1‐<jats:italic>GmERF113</jats:italic> module plays an important role in <jats:italic>P. sojae</jats:italic> resistance via the ethylene signalling pathway.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maël Baudin, Marie Le Naour‐Vernet, Pierre Gladieux, Didier Tharreau, Marc‐Henri Lebrun, Karine Lambou, Marie Leys, Elisabeth Fournier, Stella Césari, Thomas Kroj
<jats:label /><jats:italic>Pyricularia oryzae</jats:italic> (syn. <jats:italic>Magnaporthe oryzae</jats:italic>), is a filamentous ascomycete that causes a major disease called blast on cereal crops, as well as on a wide variety of wild and cultivated grasses. Blast diseases have a tremendous impact worldwide particularly on rice and on wheat, where the disease emerged in South America in the 1980s, before spreading to Asia and Africa. Its economic importance, coupled with its amenability to molecular and genetic manipulation, have inspired extensive research efforts aiming at understanding its biology and evolution. In the past 40 years, this plant‐pathogenic fungus has emerged as a major model in molecular plant–microbe interactions. In this review, we focus on the clarification of the taxonomy and genetic structure of the species and its host range determinants. We also discuss recent molecular studies deciphering its lifecycle.TaxonomyKingdom: <jats:italic>Fungi</jats:italic>, phylum: <jats:italic>Ascomycota</jats:italic>, sub‐phylum: <jats:italic>Pezizomycotina</jats:italic>, class: <jats:italic>Sordariomycetes</jats:italic>, order: <jats:italic>Magnaporthales</jats:italic>, family: <jats:italic>Pyriculariaceae</jats:italic>, genus: <jats:italic>Pyricularia.</jats:italic>Host range<jats:italic>P. oryzae</jats:italic> has the ability to infect a wide range of <jats:italic>Poaceae</jats:italic>. It is structured into different host‐specialized lineages that are each associated with a few host plant genera. The fungus is best known to cause tremendous damage to rice crops, but it can also attack other economically important crops such as wheat, maize, barley, and finger millet.Disease symptoms<jats:italic>P. oryzae</jats:italic> can cause necrotic lesions or bleaching on all aerial parts of its host plants, including leaf blades, sheaths, and inflorescences (panicles, spikes, and seeds). Characteristic symptoms on leaves are diamond‐shaped silver lesions that often have a brown margin and whose appearance is influenced by numerous factors such as the plant genotype and environmental conditions.<jats:label /><jats:table-wrap position="anchor"> <jats:caption>USEFUL WEBSITES</jats:caption> <jats:table frame="hsides"> <jats:col /> <jats:col /> <jats:thead> <jats:tr> <jats:th>Resources</jats:th> <jats:th>URL</jats:th> </jats:tr> </jats:thead> <jats:tbody> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Genomic data repositories</jats:td> <jats:td> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/gemo/">http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/gemo/</jats:ext-link> </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Genomic data repositories</jats:td> <jats:td> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://openriceblast.org/">http://openriceblast.org/</jats:ext-link> </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Genomic data repositories</jats:td> <jats:td> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http
{"title":"Pyricularia oryzae: Lab star and field scourge","authors":"Maël Baudin, Marie Le Naour‐Vernet, Pierre Gladieux, Didier Tharreau, Marc‐Henri Lebrun, Karine Lambou, Marie Leys, Elisabeth Fournier, Stella Césari, Thomas Kroj","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13449","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label /><jats:italic>Pyricularia oryzae</jats:italic> (syn. <jats:italic>Magnaporthe oryzae</jats:italic>), is a filamentous ascomycete that causes a major disease called blast on cereal crops, as well as on a wide variety of wild and cultivated grasses. Blast diseases have a tremendous impact worldwide particularly on rice and on wheat, where the disease emerged in South America in the 1980s, before spreading to Asia and Africa. Its economic importance, coupled with its amenability to molecular and genetic manipulation, have inspired extensive research efforts aiming at understanding its biology and evolution. In the past 40 years, this plant‐pathogenic fungus has emerged as a major model in molecular plant–microbe interactions. In this review, we focus on the clarification of the taxonomy and genetic structure of the species and its host range determinants. We also discuss recent molecular studies deciphering its lifecycle.TaxonomyKingdom: <jats:italic>Fungi</jats:italic>, phylum: <jats:italic>Ascomycota</jats:italic>, sub‐phylum: <jats:italic>Pezizomycotina</jats:italic>, class: <jats:italic>Sordariomycetes</jats:italic>, order: <jats:italic>Magnaporthales</jats:italic>, family: <jats:italic>Pyriculariaceae</jats:italic>, genus: <jats:italic>Pyricularia.</jats:italic>Host range<jats:italic>P. oryzae</jats:italic> has the ability to infect a wide range of <jats:italic>Poaceae</jats:italic>. It is structured into different host‐specialized lineages that are each associated with a few host plant genera. The fungus is best known to cause tremendous damage to rice crops, but it can also attack other economically important crops such as wheat, maize, barley, and finger millet.Disease symptoms<jats:italic>P. oryzae</jats:italic> can cause necrotic lesions or bleaching on all aerial parts of its host plants, including leaf blades, sheaths, and inflorescences (panicles, spikes, and seeds). Characteristic symptoms on leaves are diamond‐shaped silver lesions that often have a brown margin and whose appearance is influenced by numerous factors such as the plant genotype and environmental conditions.<jats:label /><jats:table-wrap position=\"anchor\"> <jats:caption>USEFUL WEBSITES</jats:caption> <jats:table frame=\"hsides\"> <jats:col /> <jats:col /> <jats:thead> <jats:tr> <jats:th>Resources</jats:th> <jats:th>URL</jats:th> </jats:tr> </jats:thead> <jats:tbody> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Genomic data repositories</jats:td> <jats:td> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/gemo/\">http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/gemo/</jats:ext-link> </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Genomic data repositories</jats:td> <jats:td> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http://openriceblast.org/\">http://openriceblast.org/</jats:ext-link> </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Genomic data repositories</jats:td> <jats:td> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Li, Raviraj Kalunke, Meenakshi Tetorya, Kirk J. Czymmek, Dilip M. Shah
Due to rapidly emerging resistance to single‐site fungicides in fungal pathogens of plants, there is a burgeoning need for safe and multisite fungicides. Plant antifungal peptides with multisite modes of action (MoA) have potential as bioinspired fungicides. Medicago truncatula defensin MtDef4 was previously reported to exhibit potent antifungal activity against fungal pathogens. Its MoA involves plasma membrane disruption and binding to intracellular targets. However, specific biochemical processes inhibited by this defensin and causing cell death have not been determined. Here, we show that MtDef4 exhibited potent antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. It induced severe plasma membrane and organelle irregularities in the germlings of this pathogen. It bound to fungal ribosomes and inhibited protein translation in vitro. A MtDef4 variant lacking antifungal activity exhibited greatly reduced protein translation inhibitory activity. A cation‐tolerant MtDef4 variant was generated that bound to β‐glucan of the fungal cell wall with higher affinity than MtDef4. It also conferred a greater reduction in the grey mould disease symptoms than MtDef4 when applied exogenously on Nicotiana benthamiana plants, tomato fruits and rose petals. Our findings revealed inhibition of protein synthesis as a likely target of MtDef4 and the potential of its cation‐tolerant variant as a peptide‐based fungicide.
{"title":"Modes of action and potential as a peptide‐based biofungicide of a plant defensin MtDef4","authors":"Hui Li, Raviraj Kalunke, Meenakshi Tetorya, Kirk J. Czymmek, Dilip M. Shah","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13458","url":null,"abstract":"Due to rapidly emerging resistance to single‐site fungicides in fungal pathogens of plants, there is a burgeoning need for safe and multisite fungicides. Plant antifungal peptides with multisite modes of action (MoA) have potential as bioinspired fungicides. <jats:italic>Medicago truncatula</jats:italic> defensin MtDef4 was previously reported to exhibit potent antifungal activity against fungal pathogens. Its MoA involves plasma membrane disruption and binding to intracellular targets. However, specific biochemical processes inhibited by this defensin and causing cell death have not been determined. Here, we show that MtDef4 exhibited potent antifungal activity against <jats:italic>Botrytis cinerea</jats:italic>. It induced severe plasma membrane and organelle irregularities in the germlings of this pathogen. It bound to fungal ribosomes and inhibited protein translation in vitro. A MtDef4 variant lacking antifungal activity exhibited greatly reduced protein translation inhibitory activity. A cation‐tolerant MtDef4 variant was generated that bound to β‐glucan of the fungal cell wall with higher affinity than MtDef4. It also conferred a greater reduction in the grey mould disease symptoms than MtDef4 when applied exogenously on <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana</jats:italic> plants, tomato fruits and rose petals. Our findings revealed inhibition of protein synthesis as a likely target of MtDef4 and the potential of its cation‐tolerant variant as a peptide‐based fungicide.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alicia Fick, Velushka Swart, Aureliano Bombarely, Noëlani van den Berg
Plant cells undergo extensive transcriptional reprogramming following pathogen infection, with these reprogramming patterns becoming more complex when pathogens, such as hemibiotrophs, exhibit different lifestyles. These transcriptional changes are often orchestrated by MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs), which modulate both growth and defence‐related gene expression. Transcriptional analysis of defence‐related genes in avocado (Persea americana) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi indicated differential immune response activation when comparing a partially resistant and susceptible rootstock. This study identified 226 MYB, 82 WRKY, and 174 AP2/ERF TF‐encoding genes in avocado, using a genome‐wide approach. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial sequence conservation within TF groups underscoring their functional significance. RNA‐sequencing analysis in a partially resistant and susceptible avocado rootstock infected with P. cinnamomi was indicative of an immune response switch occurring in either rootstock after 24 and 6 h post‐inoculation, respectively. Different clusters of co‐expressed TF genes were observed at these times, suggesting the activation of necrotroph‐related immune responses at varying intervals between the two rootstocks. This study aids our understanding of avocado immune response activation following P. cinnamomi infection, and the role of the TFs therein, elucidating the transcriptional reprogramming disparities between partially resistant and susceptible rootstocks.
{"title":"Comparative transcriptional analysis of Persea americana MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors following Phytophthora cinnamomi infection","authors":"Alicia Fick, Velushka Swart, Aureliano Bombarely, Noëlani van den Berg","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13453","url":null,"abstract":"Plant cells undergo extensive transcriptional reprogramming following pathogen infection, with these reprogramming patterns becoming more complex when pathogens, such as hemibiotrophs, exhibit different lifestyles. These transcriptional changes are often orchestrated by MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs), which modulate both growth and defence‐related gene expression. Transcriptional analysis of defence‐related genes in avocado (<jats:italic>Persea americana</jats:italic>) infected with <jats:italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi</jats:italic> indicated differential immune response activation when comparing a partially resistant and susceptible rootstock. This study identified 226 <jats:italic>MYB</jats:italic>, 82 <jats:italic>WRKY</jats:italic>, and 174 AP2/ERF TF‐encoding genes in avocado, using a genome‐wide approach. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial sequence conservation within TF groups underscoring their functional significance. RNA‐sequencing analysis in a partially resistant and susceptible avocado rootstock infected with <jats:italic>P. cinnamomi</jats:italic> was indicative of an immune response switch occurring in either rootstock after 24 and 6 h post‐inoculation, respectively. Different clusters of co‐expressed <jats:italic>TF</jats:italic> genes were observed at these times, suggesting the activation of necrotroph‐related immune responses at varying intervals between the two rootstocks. This study aids our understanding of avocado immune response activation following <jats:italic>P. cinnamomi</jats:italic> infection, and the role of the TFs therein, elucidating the transcriptional reprogramming disparities between partially resistant and susceptible rootstocks.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Vadillo‐Dieguez, Ziyue Zeng, John W. Mansfield, Nastasiya F. Grinberg, Samantha C. Lynn, Adam Gregg, John Connell, Richard J. Harrison, Robert W. Jackson, Michelle T. Hulin
When compared with other phylogroups (PGs) of the Pseudomonas syringae species complex, P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) strains within PG2 have a reduced repertoire of type III effectors (T3Es) but produce several phytotoxins. Effectors within the cherry pathogen Pss 9644 were grouped based on their frequency in strains from Prunus as the conserved effector locus (CEL) common to most P. syringae pathogens; a core of effectors common to PG2; a set of PRUNUS effectors common to cherry pathogens; and a FLEXIBLE set of T3Es. Pss 9644 also contains gene clusters for biosynthesis of toxins syringomycin, syringopeptin and syringolin A. After confirmation of virulence gene expression, mutants with a sequential series of T3E and toxin deletions were pathogenicity tested on wood, leaves and fruits of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and leaves of ornamental cherry (Prunus incisa). The toxins had a key role in disease development in fruits but were less important in leaves and wood. An effectorless mutant retained some pathogenicity to fruit but not wood or leaves. Striking redundancy was observed amongst effector groups. The CEL effectors have important roles during the early stages of leaf infection and possibly acted synergistically with toxins in all tissues. Deletion of separate groups of T3Es had more effect in P. incisa than in P. avium. Mixed inocula were used to complement the toxin mutations in trans and indicated that strain mixtures may be important in the field. Our results highlight the niche‐specific role of toxins in P. avium tissues and the complexity of effector redundancy in the pathogen Pss 9644.
与丁香假单胞菌（Pseudomonas syringae）物种复合体的其他系统群（PGs）相比，PG2 中的 P. syringae pv. syringae（Pss）菌株的 III 型效应物（T3Es）种类较少，但能产生多种植物毒素。樱桃病原体 Pss 9644 中的效应物根据其在樱桃菌株中的出现频率进行了分组：大多数 P. syringae 病原菌共有的保守效应物基因座（CEL）；PG2 常见的核心效应物；樱桃病原体常见的 PRUNUS 效应物集合；以及 FLEXIBLE T3Es 集合。Pss 9644 还含有用于生物合成毒素西林霉素、西林肽和西林霉素 A 的基因簇。在确认了毒力基因的表达后，在甜樱桃（Prunus avium）的木材、叶片和果实以及观赏樱桃（Prunus incisa）的叶片上对一系列 T3E 和毒素缺失的突变体进行了致病性测试。毒素在果实的病害发展中起关键作用，但在叶片和木质部的作用较小。无效应突变体对果实保留了一定的致病性，但对木质部或叶片则没有。在效应器组之间观察到了惊人的冗余。CEL 效应子在叶片感染的早期阶段具有重要作用，并可能与毒素在所有组织中协同作用。删除单独的 T3Es 组对 P. incisa 的影响大于对 P. avium 的影响。混合接种体用于补充反式毒素突变，表明菌株混合物在田间可能很重要。我们的研究结果突显了毒素在P. avium组织中的生态位特异性作用，以及病原体Pss 9644中效应器冗余的复杂性。
{"title":"Genetic dissection of the tissue‐specific roles of type III effectors and phytotoxins in the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae to cherry","authors":"Andrea Vadillo‐Dieguez, Ziyue Zeng, John W. Mansfield, Nastasiya F. Grinberg, Samantha C. Lynn, Adam Gregg, John Connell, Richard J. Harrison, Robert W. Jackson, Michelle T. Hulin","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13451","url":null,"abstract":"When compared with other phylogroups (PGs) of the <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae</jats:italic> species complex, <jats:italic>P. syringae</jats:italic> pv. s<jats:italic>yringae</jats:italic> (Pss) strains within PG2 have a reduced repertoire of type III effectors (T3Es) but produce several phytotoxins. Effectors within the cherry pathogen Pss 9644 were grouped based on their frequency in strains from <jats:italic>Prunus</jats:italic> as the conserved effector locus (CEL) common to most <jats:italic>P. syringae</jats:italic> pathogens; a core of effectors common to PG2; a set of PRUNUS effectors common to cherry pathogens; and a FLEXIBLE set of T3Es. Pss 9644 also contains gene clusters for biosynthesis of toxins syringomycin, syringopeptin and syringolin A. After confirmation of virulence gene expression, mutants with a sequential series of T3E and toxin deletions were pathogenicity tested on wood, leaves and fruits of sweet cherry (<jats:italic>Prunus avium</jats:italic>) and leaves of ornamental cherry (<jats:italic>Prunus incisa</jats:italic>). The toxins had a key role in disease development in fruits but were less important in leaves and wood. An effectorless mutant retained some pathogenicity to fruit but not wood or leaves. Striking redundancy was observed amongst effector groups. The CEL effectors have important roles during the early stages of leaf infection and possibly acted synergistically with toxins in all tissues. Deletion of separate groups of T3Es had more effect in <jats:italic>P. incisa</jats:italic> than in <jats:italic>P. avium</jats:italic>. Mixed inocula were used to complement the toxin mutations in trans and indicated that strain mixtures may be important in the field. Our results highlight the niche‐specific role of toxins in <jats:italic>P. avium</jats:italic> tissues and the complexity of effector redundancy in the pathogen Pss 9644.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin S. Mullett, Anna R. Harris, Bruno Scanu, Kris Van Poucke, Jared LeBoldus, Elizabeth Stamm, Tyler B. Bourret, Petya K. Christova, Jonás Oliva, Miguel A. Redondo, Venche Talgø, Tamara Corcobado, Ivan Milenković, Marília Horta Jung, Joan Webber, Kurt Heungens, Thomas Jung
Phytophthora pseudosyringae is a self‐fertile pathogen of woody plants, particularly associated with tree species from the genera Fagus, Notholithocarpus, Nothofagus and Quercus, which is found across Europe and in parts of North America and Chile. It can behave as a soil pathogen infecting roots and the stem collar region, as well as an aerial pathogen infecting leaves, twigs and stem barks, causing particular damage in the United Kingdom and western North America. The population structure, migration and potential outcrossing of a worldwide collection of isolates were investigated using genotyping‐by‐sequencing. Coalescent‐based migration analysis revealed that the North American population originated from Europe. Historical gene flow has occurred between the continents in both directions to some extent, yet contemporary migration is overwhelmingly from Europe to North America. Two broad population clusters dominate the global population of the pathogen, with a subgroup derived from one of the main clusters found only in western North America. Index of association and network analyses indicate an influential level of outcrossing has occurred in this preferentially inbreeding, homothallic oomycete. Outcrossing between the two main population clusters has created distinct subgroups of admixed individuals that are, however, less common than the main population clusters. Differences in life history traits between the two main population clusters should be further investigated together with virulence and host range tests to evaluate the risk each population poses to natural environments worldwide.
{"title":"Phylogeography, origin and population structure of the self‐fertile emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora pseudosyringae","authors":"Martin S. Mullett, Anna R. Harris, Bruno Scanu, Kris Van Poucke, Jared LeBoldus, Elizabeth Stamm, Tyler B. Bourret, Petya K. Christova, Jonás Oliva, Miguel A. Redondo, Venche Talgø, Tamara Corcobado, Ivan Milenković, Marília Horta Jung, Joan Webber, Kurt Heungens, Thomas Jung","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13450","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Phytophthora pseudosyringae</jats:italic> is a self‐fertile pathogen of woody plants, particularly associated with tree species from the genera <jats:italic>Fagus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Notholithocarpus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Nothofagus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Quercus</jats:italic>, which is found across Europe and in parts of North America and Chile. It can behave as a soil pathogen infecting roots and the stem collar region, as well as an aerial pathogen infecting leaves, twigs and stem barks, causing particular damage in the United Kingdom and western North America. The population structure, migration and potential outcrossing of a worldwide collection of isolates were investigated using genotyping‐by‐sequencing. Coalescent‐based migration analysis revealed that the North American population originated from Europe. Historical gene flow has occurred between the continents in both directions to some extent, yet contemporary migration is overwhelmingly from Europe to North America. Two broad population clusters dominate the global population of the pathogen, with a subgroup derived from one of the main clusters found only in western North America. Index of association and network analyses indicate an influential level of outcrossing has occurred in this preferentially inbreeding, homothallic oomycete. Outcrossing between the two main population clusters has created distinct subgroups of admixed individuals that are, however, less common than the main population clusters. Differences in life history traits between the two main population clusters should be further investigated together with virulence and host range tests to evaluate the risk each population poses to natural environments worldwide.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140590009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihong Diao, Rongqian Yang, Yizhu Wang, Junmei Cui, Junhao Li, Qiqi Wu, Yaxin Zhang, Xiaosong Yu, Benqiang Gong, Yan Huang, Guozhi Yu, Huipeng Yao, Jinya Guo, Huaiyu Zhang, Jinbo Shen, Andrea A Gust, Yi Cai
Genetic engineering using negative regulators of plant immunity has the potential to provide a huge impetus in agricultural biotechnology to achieve a higher degree of disease resistance without reducing yield. Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) represent the largest group of protein phosphatases in plants, with a high potential for negative regulatory functions by blocking the transmission of defence signals through dephosphorylation. Here, we established a PP2C functional protoplast screen using pFRK1::luciferase as a reporter and found that 14 of 56 PP2Cs significantly inhibited the immune response induced by flg22. To verify the reliability of the system, a previously reported MAPK3/4/6-interacting protein phosphatase, PP2C5, was used; it was confirmed to be a negative regulator of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). We further identified PP2C15 as an interacting partner of BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), which is the most well-known co-receptor of plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and a central component of PTI. PP2C15 dephosphorylates BAK1 and negatively regulates BAK1-mediated PTI responses such as MAPK3/4/6 activation, defence gene expression, reactive oxygen species bursts, stomatal immunity, callose deposition, and pathogen resistance. Although plant growth and 1000-seed weight of pp2c15 mutants were reduced compared to those of wild-type plants, pp2c5 mutants did not show any adverse effects. Thus, our findings strengthen the understanding of the mechanism by which PP2C family members negatively regulate plant immunity at multiple levels and indicate a possible approach to enhance plant resistance by eliminating specific PP2Cs without affecting plant growth and yield.
{"title":"Functional screening of the Arabidopsis 2C protein phosphatases family identifies PP2C15 as a negative regulator of plant immunity by targeting BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1.","authors":"Zhihong Diao, Rongqian Yang, Yizhu Wang, Junmei Cui, Junhao Li, Qiqi Wu, Yaxin Zhang, Xiaosong Yu, Benqiang Gong, Yan Huang, Guozhi Yu, Huipeng Yao, Jinya Guo, Huaiyu Zhang, Jinbo Shen, Andrea A Gust, Yi Cai","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13447","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic engineering using negative regulators of plant immunity has the potential to provide a huge impetus in agricultural biotechnology to achieve a higher degree of disease resistance without reducing yield. Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) represent the largest group of protein phosphatases in plants, with a high potential for negative regulatory functions by blocking the transmission of defence signals through dephosphorylation. Here, we established a PP2C functional protoplast screen using pFRK1::luciferase as a reporter and found that 14 of 56 PP2Cs significantly inhibited the immune response induced by flg22. To verify the reliability of the system, a previously reported MAPK3/4/6-interacting protein phosphatase, PP2C5, was used; it was confirmed to be a negative regulator of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). We further identified PP2C15 as an interacting partner of BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), which is the most well-known co-receptor of plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and a central component of PTI. PP2C15 dephosphorylates BAK1 and negatively regulates BAK1-mediated PTI responses such as MAPK3/4/6 activation, defence gene expression, reactive oxygen species bursts, stomatal immunity, callose deposition, and pathogen resistance. Although plant growth and 1000-seed weight of pp2c15 mutants were reduced compared to those of wild-type plants, pp2c5 mutants did not show any adverse effects. Thus, our findings strengthen the understanding of the mechanism by which PP2C family members negatively regulate plant immunity at multiple levels and indicate a possible approach to enhance plant resistance by eliminating specific PP2Cs without affecting plant growth and yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"25 4","pages":"e13447"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10984862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140336239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huijuan Cao, Hao Gong, Mina Yu, Xiayan Pan, Tianqiao Song, Junjie Yu, Zhongqiang Qi, Yan Du, Rongsheng Zhang, Yongfeng Liu
Ras GTPase-activating proteins (Ras GAPs) act as negative regulators for Ras proteins and are involved in various signalling processes that influence cellular functions. Here, the function of four Ras GAPs, UvGap1 to UvGap4, was identified and analysed in Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut disease. Disruption of UvGAP1 or UvGAP2 resulted in reduced mycelial growth and an increased percentage of larger or dumbbell-shaped conidia. Notably, the mutant ΔUvgap1 completely lost its pathogenicity. Compared to the wild-type strain, the mutants ΔUvgap1, ΔUvgap2 and ΔUvgap3 exhibited reduced tolerance to H2O2 oxidative stress. In particular, the ΔUvgap1 mutant was barely able to grow on the H2O2 plate, and UvGAP1 was found to influence the expression level of genes involved in reactive oxygen species synthesis and scavenging. The intracellular cAMP level in the ΔUvgap1 mutant was elevated, as UvGap1 plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular cAMP level by affecting the expression of phosphodiesterases, which are linked to cAMP degradation in U. virens. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, UvRas1 and UvRasGef (Ras guanyl nucleotide exchange factor) physically interacted with UvGap1. UvRas2 was identified as an interacting partner of UvGap1 through a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and affinity capture-mass spectrometry analysis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the UvGAP1-mediated Ras pathway is essential for the development and pathogenicity of U. virens.
{"title":"The Ras GTPase-activating protein UvGap1 orchestrates conidiogenesis and pathogenesis in the rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens","authors":"Huijuan Cao, Hao Gong, Mina Yu, Xiayan Pan, Tianqiao Song, Junjie Yu, Zhongqiang Qi, Yan Du, Rongsheng Zhang, Yongfeng Liu","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13448","url":null,"abstract":"Ras GTPase-activating proteins (Ras GAPs) act as negative regulators for Ras proteins and are involved in various signalling processes that influence cellular functions. Here, the function of four Ras GAPs, UvGap1 to UvGap4, was identified and analysed in <i>Ustilaginoidea virens</i>, the causal agent of rice false smut disease. Disruption of <i>UvGAP1</i> or <i>UvGAP2</i> resulted in reduced mycelial growth and an increased percentage of larger or dumbbell-shaped conidia. Notably, the mutant Δ<i>Uvgap1</i> completely lost its pathogenicity. Compared to the wild-type strain, the mutants Δ<i>Uvgap1</i>, Δ<i>Uvgap2</i> and Δ<i>Uvgap3</i> exhibited reduced tolerance to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> oxidative stress. In particular, the Δ<i>Uvgap1</i> mutant was barely able to grow on the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> plate, and <i>UvGAP1</i> was found to influence the expression level of genes involved in reactive oxygen species synthesis and scavenging. The intracellular cAMP level in the Δ<i>Uvgap1</i> mutant was elevated, as UvGap1 plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular cAMP level by affecting the expression of phosphodiesterases, which are linked to cAMP degradation in <i>U. virens</i>. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, UvRas1 and UvRasGef (Ras guanyl nucleotide exchange factor) physically interacted with UvGap1. UvRas2 was identified as an interacting partner of UvGap1 through a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and affinity capture-mass spectrometry analysis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the <i>UvGAP1</i>-mediated Ras pathway is essential for the development and pathogenicity of <i>U. virens</i>.","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiying Tian, Zhiyuan Jiao, Fangfang Qi, Wendi Ma, Yuming Hao, Xinyu Wang, Liyang Xie, Tao Zhou, Zaifeng Fan
Given the detrimental effects of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in plant cells, various antioxidant mechanisms have evolved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis, encompassing both enzymatic components (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic ones. Despite extensive research on the role of antioxidant systems in plant physiology and responses to abiotic stresses, the potential exploitation of antioxidant enzymes by plant viruses to facilitate viral infection remains insufficiently addressed. Herein, we demonstrate that maize catalases (ZmCATs) exhibited up-regulated enzymatic activities upon sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. ZmCATs played crucial roles in SCMV multiplication and infection by catalysing the decomposition of excess cellular H2 O2 and promoting the accumulation of viral replication-related cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein through interaction. Peroxisome-localized ZmCATs were found to be distributed around SCMV replication vesicles in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Additionally, the helper component-protease (HC-Pro) of SCMV interacted with ZmCATs and enhanced catalase activities to promote viral accumulation. This study unveils a significant involvement of maize catalases in modulating SCMV multiplication and infection through interaction with two viral factors, thereby enhancing our understanding regarding viral strategies for manipulating host antioxidant mechanisms towards robust viral accumulation.
{"title":"Maize catalases are recruited by a virus to modulate viral multiplication and infection.","authors":"Yiying Tian, Zhiyuan Jiao, Fangfang Qi, Wendi Ma, Yuming Hao, Xinyu Wang, Liyang Xie, Tao Zhou, Zaifeng Fan","doi":"10.1111/mpp.13440","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.13440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the detrimental effects of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in plant cells, various antioxidant mechanisms have evolved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis, encompassing both enzymatic components (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic ones. Despite extensive research on the role of antioxidant systems in plant physiology and responses to abiotic stresses, the potential exploitation of antioxidant enzymes by plant viruses to facilitate viral infection remains insufficiently addressed. Herein, we demonstrate that maize catalases (ZmCATs) exhibited up-regulated enzymatic activities upon sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. ZmCATs played crucial roles in SCMV multiplication and infection by catalysing the decomposition of excess cellular H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> and promoting the accumulation of viral replication-related cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein through interaction. Peroxisome-localized ZmCATs were found to be distributed around SCMV replication vesicles in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Additionally, the helper component-protease (HC-Pro) of SCMV interacted with ZmCATs and enhanced catalase activities to promote viral accumulation. This study unveils a significant involvement of maize catalases in modulating SCMV multiplication and infection through interaction with two viral factors, thereby enhancing our understanding regarding viral strategies for manipulating host antioxidant mechanisms towards robust viral accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"25 3","pages":"e13440"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10924620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140068522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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