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From Braille Code to Smart Book Readers: Technology as a Tool for Reading Emancipation of the Visually Impaired Persons 从盲文码到智能图书阅读器:技术作为视障人士阅读解放的工具
Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.030.16619
Kamila Albin
This paper illustrates how, over the course of the last two centuries, the autonomous access of the visually impaired to reading material has expanded. The author coins the term “reading emancipation” to describe these processes. She illustrates it by referring to her own research involving in-depth interviews with the visually impaired readers regarding the use of various forms of books, such as books printed in Braille, talking books and e-books. The author also traces the historical background of the transformation of alternative book formats, from the development and spread of Braille code to digital books. The description of the evolution of book formats is set against the background of the transformations taking place in Europe with a strong emphasis on the impact of these transformations on Poland.
本文阐述了在过去的两个世纪中,视障人士自主获取阅读材料的途径是如何扩大的。作者创造了“阅读解放”一词来描述这些过程。她通过自己的研究来说明这一点,她深入采访了视力受损的读者,了解他们使用各种形式的书籍,比如盲文印刷的书籍、有声书和电子书。作者还追溯了从盲文的发展和传播到数字图书的替代图书格式转变的历史背景。书格式演变的描述是在欧洲发生的转变的背景下设置的,重点是这些转变对波兰的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Disability and (Dis)empowering Technologies: The Case of Blind Translators 残疾和(非)授权技术:盲人翻译的案例
Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.031.16620
Wojciech Figiel
This paper is based on fifteen in-depth interviews with blind translators and interpreters from Poland. Due to the age-diverse sample of participants, three periods based on available assistive technologies have been isolated: the analogue period, the transitional period and the current, digital period. The paper discusses in detail challenges and opportunities faced by the interviewees working in each of these periods, with particular emphasis on accounts of analogue period and transition into digital technologies provided by three veteran translators.The data is analysed within the theoretical framework provided by Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capitals. The results of the study suggest that there is a growing gap between the volumes of embodied and objectivised cultural capital indispensable for sighted and blind translators. The more technologically advanced the world of translators becomes, the more surplus technologies have to be mastered by the blind. And some of the digital tools which have become essential for translators are hardly accessible for the blind.In conclusion, the author argues that modern technologies, far from eliminating the need for additional volumes of cultural and social capital, have actually aggravated it. Unless digital translation tools and settings are made accessible blind and low sighted translators and interpreters will continue facing exclusion from the labour market. Moreover, looking at the experiences of the older generation of successful translators and interpreters with visual impairment, we can draw conclusions on what factors sup ort the inclusion of younger generations of blind translators and interpreters in the labour market.
本文基于对15位波兰盲人翻译和口译人员的深度访谈。由于参与者的年龄不同,基于现有辅助技术的三个时期被隔离:模拟时期,过渡时期和当前的数字时期。本文详细讨论了在每个时期工作的受访者所面临的挑战和机遇,特别强调了三位资深翻译提供的模拟时期和向数字技术过渡的描述。数据是在皮埃尔·布迪厄资本理论提供的理论框架内进行分析的。研究结果表明,对于视力正常的译者和失明的译者来说,他们所需要的具体文化资本和客观文化资本之间的差距越来越大。翻译世界的技术越先进,盲人掌握的剩余技术就越多。一些对翻译人员至关重要的数字工具对盲人来说很难使用。总之,作者认为,现代技术非但没有消除对更多文化和社会资本的需求,反而加剧了这种需求。除非数字翻译工具和设置易于使用,否则盲人和弱视翻译和口译人员将继续面临被排除在劳动力市场之外的问题。此外,通过观察老一辈成功的视障翻译和口译人员的经验,我们可以总结出支持年轻一代盲人翻译和口译人员进入劳动力市场的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Feeding the Algorithm? Strategies of Technosensation in Artistic Project Based on Bio-Parametrisation’s Techniques 输入算法?基于生物参数化技术的艺术项目技术感觉策略
Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.026.16615
Ewelina Twardoch-Raś
The article investigates various kinds of the strategies of technosensation in artistic project based on bio-parametrisation’s techniques. The category of technosensation is in the article referred to the considerations of Luciana Parisi and Marie-Luise Angerer to define the relationship between body affectivity and computational systems (primarily in relation to automated decision-making systems and machine learning processes). The context for these considerations is the reflection on “technological redlining” as a strategy for racial, gender, and (dis)ability profiling of computational systems, which generate social exclusion, inequalities and oppressiveness. In the article, the author considers (with reference to the considerations of Parisi, Bernard Stiegler, Yuk Hui and Gabbrielle M. Johnson) to what extent the algorithmic biases are the result of automation, and to what extent they result from the absorption of uncertainty, randomness and technodiversity. Technosensation strategies are considered in relation to the artistic practices of Zach Blas, Maja Smrekar, Marija Griniuk and others, pointing to subversive, critical and affirmative variants of technological functionality and agency. The presented projects prove that the functionality of computational technologies is not bipolar, but it is developing as a spectrum of nuanced mechanisms, both in the area of oppressive-exclusionary systems and emancipatory strategies.
本文探讨了基于生物参数化技术的艺术项目中技术感觉的各种策略。文章中提到了Luciana Parisi和Marie-Luise Angerer对身体情感和计算系统(主要是与自动决策系统和机器学习过程有关)之间关系的考虑。这些考虑的背景是对“技术红线”的反思,这是一种对计算系统进行种族、性别和(残疾)能力分析的策略,会产生社会排斥、不平等和压迫。在文章中,作者考虑(参考Parisi、Bernard Stiegler、Yuk Hui和Gabbrielle M. Johnson的考虑)算法偏差在多大程度上是自动化的结果,在多大程度上是吸收不确定性、随机性和技术多样性的结果。技术感觉策略被认为与Zach Blas、Maja Smrekar、Marija Griniuk等人的艺术实践有关,指出了技术功能和代理的颠覆性、批判性和肯定性变体。所提出的项目证明,计算技术的功能不是两极的,但它正在发展为一个微妙的机制的频谱,在压迫-排他性系统和解放战略的领域。
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引用次数: 0
Puppets, Jesters, Memes, and Benevolence Porn: The Spectacle of Access 木偶、小丑、表情包和仁爱色情:访问的奇观
Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.024.16613
Octavian E. Robinson
Signed language interpreters’proximity to significant political figures and entertainers invites the nondisabled gaze. The spotlight on interpreters in the media is a symptom of celebrity culture intersected with toxic benevolence. This paper considers media attention given interpreters as a site of tension surrounding attitudes toward access for disabled people. Signed language interpretation is provided for deaf people’s access. The presence of signed language interpreters in public spaces and their proximity to significant figures subjects signed languages to public consumption, which is then rendered into sources of entertainment for nonsigning people. The reduction of signed language interpreters to entertainment material signifies the value placed upon accessibility, creates hostile workspaces for signed language interpreters, and reinforces notions of signed languages as novelties. Such actions have adverse effects on signing deaf people’s linguistic human rights and their ability to participate as informed citizens in their respective communities. The media, its audiences, and some of the ways that interpreters have embraced such attention have actively co-produced signed language interpretation as a venue for ableism, linguistic chauvinism, and displacement.
手语翻译与重要的政治人物和艺人的亲近吸引了非残疾人的目光。媒体对口译员的关注是名人文化与有毒的仁慈交织在一起的一种症状。本文认为媒体对口译员的关注是围绕残疾人无障碍态度的紧张场所。为聋哑人提供手语翻译。手语翻译在公共场所的出现,以及他们与重要人物的接近,使手语成为公众消费的对象,然后成为不手语的人的娱乐来源。将手语翻译减少为娱乐材料表明了对可访问性的重视,为手语翻译创造了敌对的工作空间,并强化了手语作为新奇事物的概念。这些行为对手语聋人的语言人权以及他们作为知情公民参与各自社区的能力产生不利影响。媒体、它的受众,以及口译员接受这种关注的一些方式,积极地共同制造了手语翻译,使之成为残疾歧视、语言沙文主义和流离失所的场所。
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引用次数: 0
Finding a Dead Dove in the Refrigerator. The Anti-Shippers’ Call for Exclusion of Sensitive Content as a Means of Establishing Position in the Field of Fan Production 在冰箱里发现一只死鸽子。反托运人要求排除敏感内容以确立在风机生产领域的地位
Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.027.16616
Agnieszka Urbańczyk
The author of this paper uses Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory to discusses the anti-shipper movement and its call for exclusion of problematic content from online repositories of fanwork. Anti-shippers, who oppose indiscriminate inclusion of potentially harmful content and its creators in the field of fan production, are a relatively new and vocal faction inside the field. While the research on antis has focused on their methods of harassment and its effects on fan community, this paper discusses the conditions inside the field before the movement’s emergence, focusing on the affordances and terms of service of online fanwork repositories. The author proposes to treat the question of exclusion of sensitive content and its creators as one concerning the field’s autonomy, and presents the anti controversy as a way for newcomers to establish their position in the field and change its problematic.
本文的作者使用皮埃尔·布迪厄的场理论来讨论反托运人运动及其呼吁从网络知识库中排除有问题的内容。在粉丝制作领域,反对不加区分地收录潜在有害内容及其创作者的“反托运人”(Anti-shippers)是相对较新的、直言不讳的派别。虽然对反对者的研究主要集中在他们的骚扰方法及其对粉丝社区的影响上,但本文讨论了该运动出现之前该领域的情况,重点关注在线粉丝库的功能和服务条款。作者建议将敏感内容及其创作者的排除问题视为一个涉及领域自治的问题,并将反争议作为新来者在该领域确立自己地位并改变其问题的一种方式。
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引用次数: 0
Trash Streaming: Characteristics and Methodological Guidelines 垃圾流:特征和方法指南
Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.029.16618
Barbara Cyrek, Malwina Popiołek
Livestreaming is an opportunity to participate in digital social life, both for streamers and their audience. This participation is associated with the possibility of spreading content considered as socially harmful. Although trash streams have been popular in Central Europe for several years, they are still not fully characterized. Previous studies define them rather operationally – for the needs of a given analysis. This study fills that gap. Based on long-term observation of trash streamers activity and review of the literature and press reports, the authors provide a comprehensive description of trash streams pointing to differences in nomenclature used in Poland and worldwide. The article also provides methodological guidelines for the analysis of trash streams. The authors developed these guidelines on the basis of the analysis of the literature and their own research experience.Słowa kluczowe: social pathology, online com
直播是一个参与数字社会生活的机会,无论是对主播还是他们的观众。这种参与与传播被认为对社会有害的内容的可能性有关。尽管垃圾流已经在中欧流行了好几年,但它们仍然没有被完全描述。以前的研究对它们的定义是相当操作性的——为了给定分析的需要。这项研究填补了这一空白。基于对垃圾流线活动的长期观察和对文献和新闻报道的回顾,作者提供了对垃圾流的全面描述,指出了波兰和世界范围内使用的命名法的差异。本文还提供了分析垃圾流的方法指南。作者在分析文献和自己的研究经验的基础上制定了这些指南。Słowa kluczowe:社会病理学,online
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引用次数: 0
Od instytucji krytycznej do sojuszniczej
Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.033.16622
Zofia Nierodzińska
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引用次数: 0
Power in Deaf Pedagogy and Curriculum Design: Multimodality in the Digital Environments of Deaf Education (DE2) 聋人教育学与课程设计中的力量:数字环境下的聋人教育(DE2)
Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.025.16614
Michael E. Skyer
Deaf people are a heterogeneous global minority singularly linked by technology. I posit that deaf people wield the cutting-edge of innovation by developing or repurposing digital technologies in deaf education as a means to leverage the affordances of visuospatial sign languages and multimodal communication. Throughout, I investigate a nexus of historical, cultural, social, political, and ideological struggle where deaf people use their own power and self-determination to counteract harmful forces like oppression and exclusion. To do this, I synthesize the digital environments of deaf education (DE2) and articulate a theory of deaf educational power centered on the interdependence of digital knowledge modes and the deaf users driving their development.I situate modes as a fundamental unit of analysis. Multimodality is related to power and ethics in education and assists in critically analyzing DE2. Multimodal theory illustrates how pow- er is used in DE2 and shows ecological relationships between pedagogical ethics and knowledge co-construction by deaf students and educators. In sum; deaf people use multimodal technologies to construct deaf-centric educational power. Three major findings are categorized: (1) the purposes for which DE2 are designed, (2) the practices constitutive of DE2, and (3) disciplines represented in DE2 research. Two exemplars from category 3 are shown and analyzed. Both interrelate Deaf Culture, sign language, and digital education technologies. One is situated in a deaf student protest about language and communication access. The second is rooted in the multilingual characteristics of an international consortium related to deaf science epistemologies. Overall, I elucidate a social history of technology in deaf education to show that DE2 is a globalized phenomenon transcending geopolitical boundaries.
聋人是一个异质的全球少数群体,与科技紧密相连。我认为,聋人利用创新的前沿,在聋人教育中开发或重新利用数字技术,作为利用视觉空间手语和多模式交流的优势的手段。在整个过程中,我研究了历史、文化、社会、政治和意识形态斗争的联系,聋人利用自己的权力和自决来对抗压迫和排斥等有害力量。为此,我综合了聋人教育的数字环境(DE2),并阐述了一个以数字知识模式和聋人用户推动其发展的相互依存为中心的聋人教育权力理论。我将模式定位为分析的基本单元。多模态与教育中的权力和伦理有关,有助于批判性地分析DE2。多模态理论阐释了权力在DE2中的运用,揭示了教学伦理与聋人学生和教育者知识共建之间的生态关系。总而言之;聋人利用多模态技术构建以聋人为中心的教育力量。本文将三个主要发现分类为:(1)设计DE2的目的,(2)构成DE2的实践,以及(3)DE2研究中代表的学科。给出了第三类的两个例子并进行了分析。两者都涉及聋人文化、手语和数字教育技术。一个是发生在一个聋哑学生抗议语言和交流的途径。第二个是植根于与聋人科学认识论有关的国际联盟的多语言特征。总体而言,我阐述了聋教育技术的社会史,以表明聋教育是一种超越地缘政治边界的全球化现象。
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引用次数: 2
Axiology in Stefan Morawski’s Aesthetics, Several Critical Doubts 莫拉夫斯基《美学》中的价值论:几个关键的疑问
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.008.15753
P. Przybysz
The article tries to answer the question of what the specificity of Morawski’s aesthetics is. I indicate that Morawski is in favour of historical-cultural relationalism, where aesthetics is practised as a philosophical discipline, whose object of cognition is aesthetic qualities and values, and in art they are reduced to artistic qualities and values which it ultimately replaces with a set of aesthetic invariants. In the concluding part I undertake a polemic with Morawski’s standpoint on reducing artistic qualities and values in art to aesthetic qualities and values and with his diagnosis of the end of art.
本文试图回答莫拉斯基美学的特殊性是什么这个问题。我指出,莫拉斯基赞成历史文化关系主义,在这种关系主义中,美学是作为一门哲学学科来实践的,其认知的对象是美学品质和价值,而在艺术中,它们被还原为艺术品质和价值,最终被一套美学不变量所取代。在结语部分,我对莫拉斯基关于将艺术的艺术品质和价值还原为美学品质和价值的观点以及他对艺术终结的诊断进行了辩论。
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引用次数: 0
Biometria w sztuce nowych mediów. Ewelina Twardoch-Raś, Sztuka biometryczna w perspektywie filozofii post- i transhumanizmu. W stronę estetyki postafektywnej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2021, ss. 640.
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.4467/20843860pk.22.010.15755
Piotr Zawojski
Biometrics in the Art of New MediaThe review is devoted to the main themes presented in the book by Ewelina Twardoch-Raś Sztuka biometryczna w perspektywie filozofii post- i transhumanizmu. W stronę estetyki postafektywnej [Biometric Art in the Perspective of the Philosophy of Post- and Transhumanism. Towards Post-affective Aesthetics]. The author emphasizes the pioneering nature of this publication on a global scale, because so far no monographic author’s study of this issue has been published. Biometric art can be included in the broad context of contemporary new media art, but its specificity is considered in this case primarily in the context of posthumanist and transhumanist philosophy and the author’s interpretation of post-affective aesthetics. The review pays particular attention to the author’s accurate recognition that biometric art is a practical step beyond the world of new media and establishing a new area of ​​post-media practice. In this case based on biomediation defined as “post-media hybridization” of biological and technological components.
新媒体艺术中的生物识别技术这篇评论致力于Ewelina twardoch - raka Sztuka的书中提出的主要主题。后与超人类主义哲学视野下的生物识别艺术。走向后情感美学]。作者强调该出版物在全球范围内的开创性,因为到目前为止还没有专著作者对该问题的研究发表。生物识别艺术可以包含在当代新媒体艺术的广泛背景下,但在这种情况下,它的特殊性主要是在后人类主义和超人类主义哲学以及作者对后情感美学的解释的背景下考虑的。这篇评论特别注意到作者准确地认识到,生物识别艺术是超越新媒体世界的一个实践步骤,并建立了一个新的后媒体实践领域。在这种情况下,基于生物中介定义为“后媒介杂交”的生物和技术成分。
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引用次数: 0
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