R. Khanaki, Geoffrey R Walker, M. Broadmeadow, G. Ledwich
Battery-integrated-converter systems were first proposed as a solution for charge balancing in series connected battery systems. Modularizing the battery cells/blocks with individual converters also provides the opportunity for redundancy and thus increased reliability. By adding additional series modules, modules with failed battery cells/blocks can be bypassed by their associated converter while maintaining system operation. In this paper, we assess the effect of converter distribution on system reliability. The results show that for low battery cell and converter failure rates, by proper redundancy choice, it is possible to design a highly reliable system. However, there is a compromise between the module failure rate (based on the cell and the converter failure rates); and redundancy level. For the modules with higher failure rates, the system reliability can be improved by applying annual scheduled replacement of failed modules. Using this approach, the six-sigma criterion can be achieved for a system of single/two strings of 30 V rated modules and the system of two parallel strings of 40 V rated modules. Further reliability-cost assessment is suggested to choose the optimum design for a specific application based on the influential factors such as: module voltage rating, module reliability, redundancy level, and scheduled-maintenance intervals.
{"title":"IMPACT OF DC-DC CONVERTER DISTRIBUTION AND REDUNDANCY ON RELIABILITY OF BATTERY-INTEGRATED-CONVERTER SYSTEMS","authors":"R. Khanaki, Geoffrey R Walker, M. Broadmeadow, G. Ledwich","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1050","url":null,"abstract":"Battery-integrated-converter systems were first proposed as a solution for charge balancing in series connected battery systems. Modularizing the battery cells/blocks with individual converters also provides the opportunity for redundancy and thus increased reliability. By adding additional series modules, modules with failed battery cells/blocks can be bypassed by their associated converter while maintaining system operation. In this paper, we assess the effect of converter distribution on system reliability. The results show that for low battery cell and converter failure rates, by proper redundancy choice, it is possible to design a highly reliable system. However, there is a compromise between the module failure rate (based on the cell and the converter failure rates); and redundancy level. For the modules with higher failure rates, the system reliability can be improved by applying annual scheduled replacement of failed modules. Using this approach, the six-sigma criterion can be achieved for a system of single/two strings of 30 V rated modules and the system of two parallel strings of 40 V rated modules. Further reliability-cost assessment is suggested to choose the optimum design for a specific application based on the influential factors such as: module voltage rating, module reliability, redundancy level, and scheduled-maintenance intervals.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128240667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to instability issues that arise in weak grids, knowledge of the grid impedance can improve the performance of converters connected to such networks. The existing method of active and reactive power variation is adapted to weak grid control, where the active power and voltage magnitude are varied instead. The impedance estimation is undertaken either algebraically using two sets of measurements at two different operating points, or using the recursive least squares technique with multiple measurements at multiple different operating points. It is demonstrated that the recursive least squares estimation technique yields the most reliable results for inductance estimation for various short circuit levels, network types and noise levels. The optimal variation of active power and voltage magnitude are identified for robustness against system variability. It is also shown that at transmission level X/R ratios, the estimation for resistance is poor.
{"title":"Robustness testing of two impedance estimation techniques in weak grids","authors":"M. Kervyn, K. Ahmed, A. Egea-Àlvarez","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1125","url":null,"abstract":"Due to instability issues that arise in weak grids, knowledge of the grid impedance can improve the performance of converters connected to such networks. The existing method of active and reactive power variation is adapted to weak grid control, where the active power and voltage magnitude are varied instead. The impedance estimation is undertaken either algebraically using two sets of measurements at two different operating points, or using the recursive least squares technique with multiple measurements at multiple different operating points. It is demonstrated that the recursive least squares estimation technique yields the most reliable results for inductance estimation for various short circuit levels, network types and noise levels. The optimal variation of active power and voltage magnitude are identified for robustness against system variability. It is also shown that at transmission level X/R ratios, the estimation for resistance is poor.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"03 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128264030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is expected that the future UKs grid inertia will reduce as the UK moves towards decarbonisation. The consequence is that National Grid may have to have to increase its spending on primary frequency responses, to keep the frequency within limits. There is however, potential for National Grid to reduce this cost with the assistance of a dynamic domestic Demand Side Management schemes. This paper considers how domestic appliances may be utilised to help with frequency response. This paper looks at the potential size of a domestic appliance service using a droop based scheme to participate in dynamic Demand Side Management for frequency response and determines the impact of this on frequency response costs.
{"title":"SCOPE FOR DOMESTIC APPLIANCE DYNAMIC DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT","authors":"T. Chinyemba, F. Anvari-Azar, D. Strickland","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.0959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.0959","url":null,"abstract":"It is expected that the future UKs grid inertia will reduce as the UK moves towards decarbonisation. The consequence is that National Grid may have to have to increase its spending on primary frequency responses, to keep the frequency within limits. There is however, potential for National Grid to reduce this cost with the assistance of a dynamic domestic Demand Side Management schemes. This paper considers how domestic appliances may be utilised to help with frequency response. This paper looks at the potential size of a domestic appliance service using a droop based scheme to participate in dynamic Demand Side Management for frequency response and determines the impact of this on frequency response costs.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"35 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134093438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Wang, N. Freire, Z. Zhu, M. Foster, D. Stone, A. Griffo, M. Odavic, G. Li
{"title":"Multivariable Generalized Predictive Speed Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with Enhanced Luenberger Speed Observer","authors":"T. Wang, N. Freire, Z. Zhu, M. Foster, D. Stone, A. Griffo, M. Odavic, G. Li","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.0992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.0992","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134343913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Vilchis-Rodriguez, Victor Levi, Robin Gupta, Mike Barnes
A component's risk of failure increases with age. Therefore for the design of effective, risk based maintenance policies the ageing rate of the system and their constituting components must be considered. However chronologically ordered failure data is seldom publicly available. This paper explores the possibility of using publicly available empirical failure data to construct probabilistic reliability indicators for the main components of line-commutated-converter (LCC) based HVDC systems.
{"title":"FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF THE PROBABILISTIC MODELLING OF LCC BASED HVDC EQUIPMENT AGEING USING PUBLIC DATA","authors":"D. Vilchis-Rodriguez, Victor Levi, Robin Gupta, Mike Barnes","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1027","url":null,"abstract":"A component's risk of failure increases with age. Therefore for the design of effective, risk based maintenance policies the ageing rate of the system and their constituting components must be considered. However chronologically ordered failure data is seldom publicly available. This paper explores the possibility of using publicly available empirical failure data to construct probabilistic reliability indicators for the main components of line-commutated-converter (LCC) based HVDC systems.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134406698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the design methodology of a transverse flux alternator for a high speed aerospace application. A four single phase permanent magnet (PM) transverse flux machine is proposed to achieve a certain power level at low speed (400 rpm) under the short circuit fault current constraints at higher speeds (15000 rpm). Due to a relatively small volume envelope of the proposed machine, a 3D parametric machine geometry was optimised within the given space by using several finite element (FE) optimisation approaches including genetic algorithm (GA) and design of experiment (DoE). The parametric machine geometry was further investigated to reduce the cogging torque and mutual flux linkages between the separate phases and also the manufacturing limitations have been accounted to build an alternator with soft magnetic composites (SMC). It is shown that the proposed machine achieves the performance specifications of the fault tolerant aerospace application but the proposed design comes with different averaged power levels at the phase outputs due to dissimilarity between mutual inductances, which are usually unavoidable in the axially positioned stators topologies with relatively very low synchronous phase reactances.
{"title":"A HIGH SPEED FAULT TOLERANT TRANSVERSE FLUX ALTERNATOR FOR AEROSPACE","authors":"M. Kulan, N. Baker, S. Turvey","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1061","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design methodology of a transverse flux alternator for a high speed aerospace application. A four single phase permanent magnet (PM) transverse flux machine is proposed to achieve a certain power level at low speed (400 rpm) under the short circuit fault current constraints at higher speeds (15000 rpm). Due to a relatively small volume envelope of the proposed machine, a 3D parametric machine geometry was optimised within the given space by using several finite element (FE) optimisation approaches including genetic algorithm (GA) and design of experiment (DoE). The parametric machine geometry was further investigated to reduce the cogging torque and mutual flux linkages between the separate phases and also the manufacturing limitations have been accounted to build an alternator with soft magnetic composites (SMC). It is shown that the proposed machine achieves the performance specifications of the fault tolerant aerospace application but the proposed design comes with different averaged power levels at the phase outputs due to dissimilarity between mutual inductances, which are usually unavoidable in the axially positioned stators topologies with relatively very low synchronous phase reactances.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134176261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Xing, Shubo Hu, Zhengyu Lin, Z. Tan, W. Cao, S. Gadoue
A wind turbine system with an new open-end-winding permanent magnet synchronous generator (OEW-PMSG) is studied in this paper, with a focus on torque ripple minimisation of the OEW-PMSG. The problem of torque ripple minimisation of OEW-PMSGs is addressed. Generally, the q-axis current injection method is employed to suppress the torque ripple. However, the third flux linkage parameters will be affected by high temperature when the machine is operating. In order to solve this problem, two sensorless adaptive control methods are presented in the following paper. The first method is based on adaptive sliding mode control and deadbeat-based predictive current control. The second method is based on model reference adaptive control with deadbeat predictive control. In these two control systems, a zero-sequence back-EMF observer (ZCBO) is used to estimate the zero-sequence back-EMF and zero-sequence current simultaneously and continuously. Meanwhile, the zero-sequence voltage which exists in the zero-sequence path and interferes the ZCBO's performance is considered. The performance of two control strategies is evaluated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
{"title":"NEW ADAPTIVE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR OPEN-END WINDING PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR(OEW-PMSG) FOR WIND POWER GENERATION","authors":"N. Xing, Shubo Hu, Zhengyu Lin, Z. Tan, W. Cao, S. Gadoue","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1106","url":null,"abstract":"A wind turbine system with an new open-end-winding permanent magnet synchronous generator (OEW-PMSG) is studied in this paper, with a focus on torque ripple minimisation of the OEW-PMSG. The problem of torque ripple minimisation of OEW-PMSGs is addressed. Generally, the q-axis current injection method is employed to suppress the torque ripple. However, the third flux linkage parameters will be affected by high temperature when the machine is operating. In order to solve this problem, two sensorless adaptive control methods are presented in the following paper. The first method is based on adaptive sliding mode control and deadbeat-based predictive current control. The second method is based on model reference adaptive control with deadbeat predictive control. In these two control systems, a zero-sequence back-EMF observer (ZCBO) is used to estimate the zero-sequence back-EMF and zero-sequence current simultaneously and continuously. Meanwhile, the zero-sequence voltage which exists in the zero-sequence path and interferes the ZCBO's performance is considered. The performance of two control strategies is evaluated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131855312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inverter nonlinearity compensation has been studied by the researchers widely, however, due to the poor polarity detection ability of the discrete control system and unavoidable noises from current feedback, unideal compensation happens when the motor speed is low and the load is small. In order to tackle with this problem. This paper presents an inverter nonlinearity compensation method in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. The overall process is achieved by voltage signal injection, the only requirements are stator resistance and the maximum current of a given motor. The corresponding voltage errors are saved in look up table (LUT) and being used together with field-oriented control (FOC). In addition, a comparative study when using phase current feedback, phase current reference and phase voltage reference for compensation voltages look-up in the already established LUT is conducted. A 750-W voltage-source inverter PMSM drive controlled by the FOC algorithm is used for experiment verification, the results show that the phase current reference is the most proper signal for compensation voltages look-up, especially around the current zero-crossing condition. The comparative study in this paper can be easily applied in the real industrial application with no hardware introduction and very little algorithm change.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Voltage Source Inverter Nonlinearity Compensation using different Signal Information for Table look up in PMSM Drives","authors":"J. Long, M. Yang, Y. Chen, Q. Ni, D. Xu","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1190","url":null,"abstract":"The inverter nonlinearity compensation has been studied by the researchers widely, however, due to the poor polarity detection ability of the discrete control system and unavoidable noises from current feedback, unideal compensation happens when the motor speed is low and the load is small. In order to tackle with this problem. This paper presents an inverter nonlinearity compensation method in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. The overall process is achieved by voltage signal injection, the only requirements are stator resistance and the maximum current of a given motor. The corresponding voltage errors are saved in look up table (LUT) and being used together with field-oriented control (FOC). In addition, a comparative study when using phase current feedback, phase current reference and phase voltage reference for compensation voltages look-up in the already established LUT is conducted. A 750-W voltage-source inverter PMSM drive controlled by the FOC algorithm is used for experiment verification, the results show that the phase current reference is the most proper signal for compensation voltages look-up, especially around the current zero-crossing condition. The comparative study in this paper can be easily applied in the real industrial application with no hardware introduction and very little algorithm change.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"2020 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129526104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. C. Chong, J. Goss, M. Popescu, D. Staton, C. Liu, D. Gerada, Z. Xu, C. Gerada
Thermal management is critical to increase the power density and the continuous operating limit of electric motors due to the drive for electrification of the automotive industry. A more advanced active cooling is required and direct oil spray cooling method is an attractive solution because it can give effective convective heat transfer. However, the technical literature providing practical guidelines of how oil spray cooling should be applied to stator with hairpin winding is limited. This paper presents the experimental characterisation of radial oil spray cooling by using different spray nozzles. The test data is analysed to investigate the impact of nozzle velocity on the temperature variation of the end windings.
{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERISATION OF RADIAL OIL SPRAY COOLING ON A STATOR WITH HAIRPIN WINDINGS","authors":"Y. C. Chong, J. Goss, M. Popescu, D. Staton, C. Liu, D. Gerada, Z. Xu, C. Gerada","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1124","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal management is critical to increase the power density and the continuous operating limit of electric motors due to the drive for electrification of the automotive industry. A more advanced active cooling is required and direct oil spray cooling method is an attractive solution because it can give effective convective heat transfer. However, the technical literature providing practical guidelines of how oil spray cooling should be applied to stator with hairpin winding is limited. This paper presents the experimental characterisation of radial oil spray cooling by using different spray nozzles. The test data is analysed to investigate the impact of nozzle velocity on the temperature variation of the end windings.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132296315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Eguren, G. Almandoz, A. Egea, P. Madina, A. J. Escalada
Linear switched-flux machines are a very promising technology thanks to their high thrust density and permanent magnet immunity. However, they usually have to deal with a high detent force and a high thrust force ripple. The thrust force ripple has been reduced in the literature by placing additional permanent magnets in the ends of the machine. Nevertheless, this addition of magnets may bring an increased detent force ripple. In this paper, a new approach for the sizing of the end magnets is presented. The position and size of the magnets are optimised with a genetic algorithm. The results show that with this new approach, the thrust ripple of a basic switched-flux machine can be reduced in 64 %, while also lowering the peak to peak detent force in 65 % and the volume of the end magnets in 66 %.
{"title":"THRUST RIPPLE OPTIMISATION METHOD FOR LINEAR SWITCHED-FLUX MACHINES","authors":"I. Eguren, G. Almandoz, A. Egea, P. Madina, A. J. Escalada","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1152","url":null,"abstract":"Linear switched-flux machines are a very promising technology thanks to their high thrust density and permanent magnet immunity. However, they usually have to deal with a high detent force and a high thrust force ripple. The thrust force ripple has been reduced in the literature by placing additional permanent magnets in the ends of the machine. Nevertheless, this addition of magnets may bring an increased detent force ripple. In this paper, a new approach for the sizing of the end magnets is presented. The position and size of the magnets are optimised with a genetic algorithm. The results show that with this new approach, the thrust ripple of a basic switched-flux machine can be reduced in 64 %, while also lowering the peak to peak detent force in 65 % and the volume of the end magnets in 66 %.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115041840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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