Electric vehicles (EV) require the main inverter to convert the DC current of the high voltage traction battery to an AC current suitable for the electrical motor. By switching its semiconductors, the inverter produces a current ripple on its AC and DC side which can propagate through the high voltage DC bus and can accelerate the aging of the traction battery. To improve the understanding of the current ripple and in order to detect critical drive scenarios, this paper presents a validated model which describes the current and voltage ripple of the DC bus depending on rotational speed and torque of the electrical motor. The model of the DC bus is based on the international standard ISO 21498-2, and the state of the art control schemes space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and maximum torque per amp (MTPA) are used for inverter and machine control in the fundamental speed range and field-weakening region.
{"title":"Analysis and experimental verification of the high voltage DC bus current and voltage ripple in electric vehicles","authors":"M. Gentejohann, M. Schlüter, S. Dieckerhoff","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.0943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.0943","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EV) require the main inverter to convert the DC current of the high voltage traction battery to an AC current suitable for the electrical motor. By switching its semiconductors, the inverter produces a current ripple on its AC and DC side which can propagate through the high voltage DC bus and can accelerate the aging of the traction battery. To improve the understanding of the current ripple and in order to detect critical drive scenarios, this paper presents a validated model which describes the current and voltage ripple of the DC bus depending on rotational speed and torque of the electrical motor. The model of the DC bus is based on the international standard ISO 21498-2, and the state of the art control schemes space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and maximum torque per amp (MTPA) are used for inverter and machine control in the fundamental speed range and field-weakening region.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128256414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Iqbal, B. Reddy, M. Meraj, P. K. Maroti, M. A. Hitimi
{"title":"Two Different Carrier Phase Shifted Space Vector PWM Techniques for Pole Phase Modulation based 9-Phase Induction Motor Drive","authors":"A. Iqbal, B. Reddy, M. Meraj, P. K. Maroti, M. A. Hitimi","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130399049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Atutxa, A. García, A. Rujas, D. Izquierdo, J. Meneses
{"title":"COMPARISON OF ACTIVE TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER UNIT TOPOLOGIES FOR MORE ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT","authors":"U. Atutxa, A. García, A. Rujas, D. Izquierdo, J. Meneses","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1056","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"10 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132455857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Torres, T. Costa, L. Araújo, José A. O. Filho, S. Williamson, W. Macêdo
The concept of direct current distribution minigrids has been gaining ground in academia and industry regarding the development of distribution grid applications with high penetration of distributed energy sources and storage systems, as DC distribution system facilitates the grid's integration of sources and loads. This work presents the development of a direct current distribution microgrid installed in the laboratory of the Grupo de Estudos e Desenvolvimento de Alternativas Energéticas, of the Universidade Federal do Pará. The developed grid is composed of three combined photovoltaic generation and battery storage systems, utiling commercial charge controllers as interfaces onto the, and three load banks. These are distributed over the 200 m grid in a ring topology, with a nominal 24 VDC bus. Measurements are made at strategic points on the grid to access the system behavior under specific operating conditions, being normal or under fault conditions. The results attest the microgrid's ability to reliably supply the loads, as long as it respects the limitations of the implemented power generation and storage capacities. In addition, it was found that the characteristics related to the topology of the commercial charge controller benefits the power quality for the developed grid size and topology.
{"title":"SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC-BASED DC MICROGRID TESTING UNDER REAL-WORLD OPERATING CONDITIONS","authors":"P. Torres, T. Costa, L. Araújo, José A. O. Filho, S. Williamson, W. Macêdo","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.0973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.0973","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of direct current distribution minigrids has been gaining ground in academia and industry regarding the development of distribution grid applications with high penetration of distributed energy sources and storage systems, as DC distribution system facilitates the grid's integration of sources and loads. This work presents the development of a direct current distribution microgrid installed in the laboratory of the Grupo de Estudos e Desenvolvimento de Alternativas Energéticas, of the Universidade Federal do Pará. The developed grid is composed of three combined photovoltaic generation and battery storage systems, utiling commercial charge controllers as interfaces onto the, and three load banks. These are distributed over the 200 m grid in a ring topology, with a nominal 24 VDC bus. Measurements are made at strategic points on the grid to access the system behavior under specific operating conditions, being normal or under fault conditions. The results attest the microgrid's ability to reliably supply the loads, as long as it respects the limitations of the implemented power generation and storage capacities. In addition, it was found that the characteristics related to the topology of the commercial charge controller benefits the power quality for the developed grid size and topology.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134531608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Generator rectifier systems are widely used in transport applications to provide a DC power source. Multiphase generators are attracting interest in the marine and aircraft sectors for medium voltage operation (above 1kV) with fault-tolerant capability. Fault tolerance is enhanced by using a split phase arrangement, where the windings are grouped into submachines, each with its own rectifier that can be interconnected in series or parallel to create the output voltage. This paper uses a 15-phase example, configurable as three 5-phase or five 3-phase submachines, to investigate fault tolerance. The results allow previous work on 12-phase machines to be generalised for any number of phases. In addition, series stacking is shown to maintain DC current whereas parallel stacking maintains the DC voltage. The removal of an entire submachine is shown to be more effective than operating with an unbalanced system due to a single open-circuit coil or diode.
{"title":"OPEN-CIRCUIT FAULT TOLERANCE OF MULTIPHASE GENERATOR RECTIFIER SYSTEMS","authors":"X. Zhang, J. Apsley","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1040","url":null,"abstract":"Generator rectifier systems are widely used in transport applications to provide a DC power source. Multiphase generators are attracting interest in the marine and aircraft sectors for medium voltage operation (above 1kV) with fault-tolerant capability. Fault tolerance is enhanced by using a split phase arrangement, where the windings are grouped into submachines, each with its own rectifier that can be interconnected in series or parallel to create the output voltage. This paper uses a 15-phase example, configurable as three 5-phase or five 3-phase submachines, to investigate fault tolerance. The results allow previous work on 12-phase machines to be generalised for any number of phases. In addition, series stacking is shown to maintain DC current whereas parallel stacking maintains the DC voltage. The removal of an entire submachine is shown to be more effective than operating with an unbalanced system due to a single open-circuit coil or diode.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130851395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electric power steering (EPS) is a safety-critical compoment in modern vehicles. Along with the rise of connected and autonomous vehicles, an EPS system needs to achieve fail-operational in the event of a fault. Thus, it mandates redundant architecture to increase reliability and performance in steering function. By providing steering assistance, a multi three-phase electric motor is a fault-tolerant solution for a functional safety architecture. This paper presents a comparative study between dual and triple three-phase interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors with single layer winding. The corresponding electromagnetic performance is predicted considering the influence of rotor pole numbers. The detailed comparison is made between dual three-phase 12 stator-slot/10 rotor-pole (12s10p) and triple three-phase 18 stator-slot/10 rotor-pole (18s10p) IPMs in both healthy and fault modes. Primary experiemental results are presented in the dual three-phase IPM motor.
{"title":"Comparative Study on Multiple Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Motors in Fault Tolerant Electric Power Steering Application","authors":"H. Yang, S. Ademi, R. McMahon","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.0983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.0983","url":null,"abstract":"Electric power steering (EPS) is a safety-critical compoment in modern vehicles. Along with the rise of connected and autonomous vehicles, an EPS system needs to achieve fail-operational in the event of a fault. Thus, it mandates redundant architecture to increase reliability and performance in steering function. By providing steering assistance, a multi three-phase electric motor is a fault-tolerant solution for a functional safety architecture. This paper presents a comparative study between dual and triple three-phase interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors with single layer winding. The corresponding electromagnetic performance is predicted considering the influence of rotor pole numbers. The detailed comparison is made between dual three-phase 12 stator-slot/10 rotor-pole (12s10p) and triple three-phase 18 stator-slot/10 rotor-pole (18s10p) IPMs in both healthy and fault modes. Primary experiemental results are presented in the dual three-phase IPM motor.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130995927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents different architectures of smart soft open points to interface electrified DC railways and low voltage power distribution networks. Both networks have similar objectives of power losses reduction, preserve network stability even with a high penetration of renewable energy sources, and accommodate new energy sectors such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems. The proposed smart soft open points will enable a flexible inter-exchange of electrical power between the two networks in order to achieve these challenging objectives. Different power management control approaches are provided in this paper according to the traffic conditions on the railway network as well as the power and voltage conditions of the distribution network.
{"title":"SMART SOP ARCHITECTURES AND POWER CONTROL MANAGEMENTS BETWEEN LIGHT DC RAILWAY AND LV DISTRIBUTION NETWORK","authors":"T. Kamel, Zhongbei Tian, Pietro Tricoli","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.0980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.0980","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents different architectures of smart soft open points to interface electrified DC railways and low voltage power distribution networks. Both networks have similar objectives of power losses reduction, preserve network stability even with a high penetration of renewable energy sources, and accommodate new energy sectors such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems. The proposed smart soft open points will enable a flexible inter-exchange of electrical power between the two networks in order to achieve these challenging objectives. Different power management control approaches are provided in this paper according to the traffic conditions on the railway network as well as the power and voltage conditions of the distribution network.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132388928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a design procedure of 48V in-wheel outer rotor motors for fully electric vehicles. A case study with outer-rotor surface-mounted permanent-magnet motors (SPMs) adopted in Nissan Leaf vehicle with HYZEM urban drive cycle comprehensively illustrate vehicle simulations, motor and inverter designs, cooling design and drive cycle thermal investigation. Comparison between air and liquid cooling methods is also included. In addition, different manufacturing processes of the proposed outer-rotor SPM are considered during cost modelling and a strip layout factor is defined by analytical equations to account for electrical steel scrap. Accordingly, a recommendation is given with regards to minimising waste materials during the manufacturing process.
{"title":"DESIGN PROCEDURE OF 48V IN-WHEEL OUTER ROTOR SPMS FOR FULLY ELECTRIC VEHICLES","authors":"X. Ma, X. Wang, J. Soulard","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1162","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a design procedure of 48V in-wheel outer rotor motors for fully electric vehicles. A case study with outer-rotor surface-mounted permanent-magnet motors (SPMs) adopted in Nissan Leaf vehicle with HYZEM urban drive cycle comprehensively illustrate vehicle simulations, motor and inverter designs, cooling design and drive cycle thermal investigation. Comparison between air and liquid cooling methods is also included. In addition, different manufacturing processes of the proposed outer-rotor SPM are considered during cost modelling and a strip layout factor is defined by analytical equations to account for electrical steel scrap. Accordingly, a recommendation is given with regards to minimising waste materials during the manufacturing process.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"2020 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130232482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the demand for higher power density and higher efficiency for electric motor grows, thermal behaviour is becoming more and more critical to the performance. Previous studies using motorette tests on single wound teeth of segmented stators demonstrated varying impregnation goodness. It is the result of a stochastic resin trickle impregnation process. This paper presents results of a DC test on a complete stator made with the same settings of the resin trickle impregnation process. The stator was instrumented with a number of temperature sensors at various locations. A large variation in winding temperature from tooth to tooth is shown. It correlates to the variation in the impregnation goodness of the segments as expected. However, the calibrated lumped parameter thermal network model from the motorette tests failed to predict accurately the transient behaviour of the stator during the DC tests. An improved thermal model is presented accounting for the resin heat capacity and the actual resin weight in the stator during the calibration, leading to more accurate transient simulations.
{"title":"THERMAL DC TEST AND ANALYSIS OF A STATOR MADE WITH RESIN TRICKLE IMPREGNATION","authors":"Y. Guo, J. Soulard, D. Greenwood","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.1002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1002","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for higher power density and higher efficiency for electric motor grows, thermal behaviour is becoming more and more critical to the performance. Previous studies using motorette tests on single wound teeth of segmented stators demonstrated varying impregnation goodness. It is the result of a stochastic resin trickle impregnation process. This paper presents results of a DC test on a complete stator made with the same settings of the resin trickle impregnation process. The stator was instrumented with a number of temperature sensors at various locations. A large variation in winding temperature from tooth to tooth is shown. It correlates to the variation in the impregnation goodness of the segments as expected. However, the calibrated lumped parameter thermal network model from the motorette tests failed to predict accurately the transient behaviour of the stator during the DC tests. An improved thermal model is presented accounting for the resin heat capacity and the actual resin weight in the stator during the calibration, leading to more accurate transient simulations.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"85 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113993334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An AC train traction drive generates harmonics which are injected into the traction supply lines and can be greatly amplified if they are near a resonant frequency of the supply network. The paper analyses the line resonant impedance. The most important are series resonances defined by admittance poles whose frequencies, and residues, vary according to the pantograph distance from the end of the traction supply line. An LCL filter, supplemented with a virtual notch filter for active damping, is designed for harmonic current suppression, and applied in traction drives using either a two interlaced H-bridge rectifier or a three-level NPC converter. Simulation results for a traction drive moving along a realistic overheadline are presented showing that the scheme is most effective for the NPC-based train drive.
{"title":"Analysis of Harmonic Amplification in AC Traction Systems Using LCL Filter with Active Damping","authors":"L. Zhang, Y. Shi, X. Pan, K. Li","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.0957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.0957","url":null,"abstract":"An AC train traction drive generates harmonics which are injected into the traction supply lines and can be greatly amplified if they are near a resonant frequency of the supply network. The paper analyses the line resonant impedance. The most important are series resonances defined by admittance poles whose frequencies, and residues, vary according to the pantograph distance from the end of the traction supply line. An LCL filter, supplemented with a virtual notch filter for active damping, is designed for harmonic current suppression, and applied in traction drives using either a two interlaced H-bridge rectifier or a three-level NPC converter. Simulation results for a traction drive moving along a realistic overheadline are presented showing that the scheme is most effective for the NPC-based train drive.","PeriodicalId":188371,"journal":{"name":"The 10th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2020)","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114295072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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