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Structure of the Spectra and Resonances of Schrödinger Operators Schrödinger算子的光谱和共振结构
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-04-30 DOI: 10.4314/MEJS.V12I1.6
T. Bouguetaia, B. Messirdi
The main goal of this paper is to study the spectrum and resonances of several classes of Schrodinger operators. Two important examples occurring in mathematical physics are discussed: harmonic oscillator and Hamiltonian of hydrogen atom. Keywords: Schrodinger operator, Spectrum, Periodic potential, Resonances.
本文的主要目标是研究几类薛定谔算子的谱和共振。讨论了数学物理中出现的两个重要例子:氢原子的谐振子和哈密顿量。关键词:薛定谔算子,光谱,周期势,共振。
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引用次数: 0
Single Item Supplier Selection and Order Allocation Problem with a Quantity Discount and Transportation Costs 具有数量折扣和运输成本的单件供应商选择和订单分配问题
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-04-30 DOI: 10.4314/mejs.v12i1.2
Getachew Basa, T. Becker, Abdelkader Kedir
In this paper, we address a single item supplier selection, economic lot-sizing, and order assignment problem under quantity discount environment and transportation costs. A mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINP) model is developed with minimization of cost as its objective, while lead-time, the capacity of the supplier and demand of the product are incorporated as constraints. The total cost considered includes annual inventory holding cost, ordering cost, transportation cost and purchase cost. An efficient and effective genetic algorithm (GA) with problem-specific operators is developed and used to solve the proposed MINP model.  The  model is illustrated through a numerical example and the results show that the GA can solve the model in less than a minute. Moreover, the results of the numerical illustration show that the item cost and transportation cost are the deciding factors in selecting suppliers and allocating orders. Keywords: Supplier selection, Economic Order Quantity, Order allocation, Mixed-integer nonlinear programming.
本文研究了在数量折扣和运输成本条件下的单件供应商选择、经济批量和订单分配问题。以成本最小化为目标,以交货时间、供应商产能和产品需求为约束条件,建立了混合整数非线性规划模型。考虑的总成本包括年度库存持有成本、订购成本、运输成本和采购成本。提出了一种具有问题特定算子的高效遗传算法,并将其用于求解所提出的MINP模型。通过一个算例对该模型进行了说明,结果表明遗传算法可以在不到1分钟的时间内求解该模型。此外,数值说明的结果表明,项目成本和运输成本是供应商选择和订单分配的决定因素。关键词:供应商选择,经济订货量,订单分配,混合整数非线性规划。
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引用次数: 3
Identification of Determinant Factors for Car Accident Levels Occurred in Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia: Ordered Logistic Regression Model Approach. 衣索匹亚提格雷市Mekelle市发生车祸的决定因素:有序逻辑回归模型方法。
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-12-18 DOI: 10.21203/rs.2.19228/v1
H. Meles, Desta B. Gebrehiwot, Fireweini Gebrearegay Tela, Gebretsadik Gebru Wubet, Teodros Gebregergis
Background : The car accident injury level is known to be a result of a complex interaction of factors to drivers’ behavior, vehicle characteristics and environmental condition. Therefore it is obvious that identifying the contribution of the factors to the accident injury is very critical. The objective of study was to perform descriptive analysis to see the characteristics of car accident, to assess the prevalence and determinants of road safety practices in Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods : A random sample of data was extracted from traffic police office from September 2014- July 2017. An ordered logistic regression model was used to examine factors that worsen the car accident level. Result : A total sample of 385 car accidents were considered in the study of which 56.7% were fatal, 28.6% serious and 14.7% slight injury. The model estimation result showed that, being experienced drivers (Coef. = 0.686; p-value< = 0.050) were found to increase the level of injury. On the other hand, being private vehicle (Coef. = -1.160; p-value <= 0.010), the type of accident of vehicle with pedestrian (Coef. = -2.852; p-value <= 0.010), being heavy truck (Coef. = -0.656; p-value <= 0.050), being a cross country buss (Coef. = -0.889; p-value <= 0.050) and being owner of vehicle is the driver himself (Coef. = -.690, p-value <= 0.050) were found to decrease the level of car accident injury severity. Therefore, it is better to create continued awareness to those who are experienced drivers, who carelessly follow the traffic rules. Special attention is required to government owned vehicle drivers, as they were found to increase the level of car accident injury through different short term trainings.
背景:众所周知,车祸伤害程度是驾驶员行为、车辆特性和环境条件等因素复杂相互作用的结果。因此,很明显,识别这些因素对事故伤害的贡献是非常关键的。本研究的目的是进行描述性分析,以了解车祸的特征,评估埃塞俄比亚提格雷Mekelle市道路安全实践的普遍性和决定因素。方法:从2014年9月至2017年7月的交警办公室随机抽取数据。使用有序逻辑回归模型来检验使车祸水平恶化的因素。结果:本研究共调查385起车祸,其中死亡56.7%,重伤28.6%,轻伤14.7%。模型估计结果表明,经验丰富的驾驶员(Coef=0.686;p值<=0.050)会增加受伤程度。另一方面,私家车(系数=-1.160;p值<=0.010),车辆与行人的事故类型(系数=-2.852;p值<0.010),重型卡车(系数=-0.656;p值
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引用次数: 1
The Selection, Testing, and Application of Ecological Bioindicator Birds: A Case Study of the Bale Mountains, Southeast Ethiopia 生态生物指示鸟类的选择、测试与应用——以埃塞俄比亚东南部贝尔山脉为例
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-10-29 DOI: 10.4314/mejs.v11i2.2
A. Addisu, Mengesha Girma
The interest in using ecological bioindicators - species or higher taxa, whose presence/absence or abundance reflect the abiotic or biotic state of an ecosystem - as cost-effective means of ecological monitoring has been globally increasing. The main aim of this study was to assess if such ecological bioindicator species could be identified within Afromontane grassland avifauna that would be used for monitoring the effects of livestock grazing on ecosystem in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia. We collected data on birds and vegetation structure along 14 transects each in the light (protected) and heavy (unprotected) grazing sites in June 2014 (referred to as the first sampling period) and in December 2014 (the second sampling period). Then, we (i) initially identified potential bioindicator species for the light grazing site, based on data collected during the first sampling period; (ii) examined relationships between abundance of these bioindicators and level of grazing pressure; (iii) tested the consistency of those initially selected bioindicator species, based on independent data collected during the second sampling period. We used the Indicator Value (IndVal) Analysis method to identify bioindicator species for the light grazing site. Species with significant IndVal>60% were considered as potential bioindicator for the site compared to the heavy grazing site. Six species were initially identified as potential bioindicators from the first sampling period dataset, and four of these species were again consistently identified from the second sampling period. Furthermore, abundance of the bioindicators had significantly declined with increasing grazing pressure, but positively correlated with four habitat variables (i.e. heights of shrub, herb and grass, and cover of shrub). These findings suggest that those consistently identified four species represent suite of reliable bioindicators that can successfully be used for monitoring of changes in habitat structure in the site. Recommendations on how to apply these findings for ecological monitoring are provided.
使用生态生物指标- -其存在/缺失或丰度反映生态系统的非生物或生物状态的物种或更高的分类群- -作为具有成本效益的生态监测手段的兴趣在全球日益增加。本研究的主要目的是评估是否可以在非洲山地草原鸟类中鉴定出这种生态生物指示物种,用于监测牲畜放牧对埃塞俄比亚贝尔山脉生态系统的影响。2014年6月(第一次采样期)和2014年12月(第二次采样期)分别采集了轻(受保护)和重(未受保护)放牧区14条样带的鸟类和植被结构数据。然后,我们(i)根据第一次采样期间收集的数据初步确定了轻放牧场地潜在的生物指示物种;(ii)研究这些生物指标的丰度与放牧压力水平之间的关系;(iii)根据第二次抽样期间收集的独立数据,测试最初选定的生物指示物物种的一致性。采用指示值(Indicator Value, IndVal)分析法对轻放牧地的生物指示种进行了鉴定。与重度放牧地相比,具有显著的IndVal值(60%)的物种被认为是潜在的生物指示物。从第一个采样期数据集中初步确定了6种潜在的生物指示物,其中4种在第二个采样期数据集中再次被一致确定。生物指标丰度随放牧压力的增加呈显著下降趋势,但与灌丛高度、草本植物高度和灌丛盖度呈正相关。这些发现表明,那些一致确定的四个物种代表了一套可靠的生物指标,可以成功地用于监测该地点栖息地结构的变化。就如何将这些发现应用于生态监测提出了建议。
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引用次数: 4
Dynamics of Land Use and Land Cover in the Kafta-Sheraro National Park, NW Ethiopia: Patterns, Causes and Management Implications 埃塞俄比亚西北部Kafta-Sheraro国家公园土地利用和土地覆盖动态:模式、原因和管理启示
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-10-29 DOI: 10.4314/mejs.v11i2.5
A. Zenebe, A. Addisu
Kafta-Sheraro National Park (KSNP) is one of the most important protected areas in Ethiopia and provides a number of important ecological and hydrological benefits to the local people. However, the park is under immense pressure as a result of a rapidly increasing human population that resulted from a voluntary resettlement program launched by the government in 2003. Using satellite imageries taken in the years 2003, 2009 and 2015, this study examined patterns of changes in land use/cover throughout the park over a 12 year period (2003 to 2015), during which human population pressure is known to have increased over time and changes in government policies were taken place. The results showed that, over the period of 12 years, wood land experienced the most changeover the study period, with a loss of cover of 862.3 km 2 (i.e. from 77.8% coverage of the total park area in 2003 to 38.0% in 2015) at annual rate of 79.3 km 2 ). Conversely, the other land cover types showed increasing pattern, particularly, bush land and agricultural land were increasing at a rate of 44.96 and 18.90 km 2 per year, respectively. Overall, the rate of land cover change was higher during the first period (2003 to 2009) compared with the second period (2009 to 2015) for all land use and land cover types, except grass land, suggesting that human impacts were higher following the resettlement program in 2003 and then slowed down following establishment of the park in 2007. The major causes of land cover change in the area were settlement and population expansion, cultivation, fire, mining and grazing. We suggest that better effective park protection systems should be in place to mitigate and restore habitats.
Kafta-Sheraro国家公园(KSNP)是埃塞俄比亚最重要的保护区之一,为当地人民提供了许多重要的生态和水文效益。然而,由于2003年政府发起的自愿重新安置计划导致人口迅速增加,公园面临着巨大的压力。利用2003年、2009年和2015年拍摄的卫星图像,本研究检查了整个公园在12年期间(2003年至2015年)土地利用/覆盖的变化模式,在此期间,已知人口压力随着时间的推移而增加,政府政策也发生了变化。结果表明:在12年的研究期间,林地变化最大,覆盖面积减少862.3 km2(即从2003年占公园总面积的77.8%减少到2015年的38.0%),年减少率为79.3 km2。相反,其他土地覆被类型均呈增加趋势,其中灌木林和农用地的年增长率分别为44.96和18.90 km 2。总体而言,除草地外,所有土地利用和土地覆盖类型的土地覆被变化速率在第一期(2003 - 2009年)高于第二期(2009 - 2015年),表明人类活动的影响在2003年实施移民安置计划后更高,在2007年建立公园后有所减缓。导致该地区土地覆被变化的主要原因是定居和人口扩张、耕作、火灾、采矿和放牧。我们建议建立更有效的公园保护系统,以减轻和恢复栖息地。
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引用次数: 1
GIS-based Landslide Susceptibility Evaluation Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach: The Case of Tarmaber District, Ethiopia 基于gis的滑坡易感性评价——以埃塞俄比亚Tarmaber地区为例
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-05-30 DOI: 10.4314/MEJS.V11I1.2
A. Abay, G. Barbieri, Kifle Woldearegay
Landslides are one of the natural threats that often result in great loss of life and destruction of property in Ethiopia. One of the areas that is affected by landslides of different types and sizes is the Tarmaber district in the rift margin in the central part of Ethiopia. Keeping in view the cause and effect relationship and mitigation, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is used in the present case to understand the possible causes for landslides. Based on AHP, landslide susceptibility map is produced for Tarmaber using field survey data, remote sensing data, and geographic information system tools. The factors considered in the present case that can influence landslides are lithology, proximity to fault, land use, proximity to drainage, slope gradient, aspect and elevation. The results are validated with the inventory of landslide occurrences. The landslide susceptibility index (LSI) is calculated using the weighted -linear combination (WLC) technique based on the assigned weight and rating given by the AHP method. The accuracy of the results verified using the existing landslide locations is about 88.6%.The landslide susceptibility zonation map has identified our classes/zones: very high (29%), high (44%), moderate (20.0%) and low (7%). Keywords:  Landslide susceptibility; Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP); Tarmaber; Ethiopia.
在埃塞俄比亚,山体滑坡是经常造成巨大生命损失和财产破坏的自然威胁之一。埃塞俄比亚中部裂谷边缘的Tarmaber地区是受不同类型和规模滑坡影响的地区之一。考虑到因果关系和缓减措施,本个案采用层次分析法(AHP)来了解滑坡的可能原因。基于层次分析法,利用野外调查资料、遥感资料和地理信息系统工具,绘制了塔玛伯尔滑坡易感性图。在本案例中,可以影响滑坡的因素包括岩性、靠近断层、土地利用、靠近排水、坡度、坡向和海拔。用滑坡事故清单对结果进行了验证。在AHP法确定的权重和等级的基础上,采用加权线性组合法计算滑坡易感性指数。利用现有滑坡位置验证结果的准确率约为88.6%。滑坡易感性区划图确定了我们的等级/区域:非常高(29%),高(44%),中等(20.0%)和低(7%)。关键词:滑坡易感性;层次分析法;Tarmaber;埃塞俄比亚。
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引用次数: 25
Groundwater Recharge Estimation Using WetSpass Modeling in Upper Bilate Catchment, Southern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚南部Bilate上游集水区利用WetSpas模型估算地下水补给
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-05-30 DOI: 10.4314/MEJS.V11I1.3
Bitsiet Dereje, D. Nedaw
The study area, upper Bilate catchment, is strongly dependent on groundwater like other rural catchments in the country. The main objective of this work is to quantify the amount of groundwater recharge in upper Bilate catchment. Recharge was estimated using physically based distributed recharge model called WetSpass. As input to the model precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, temperature and wind speed were estimated using data collected from meteorological stations located within the catchment and nearby areas. The physical environmental data including land use, soil type, and groundwater depth were collected from field and existing maps. Slope and topography map were generated from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission elevation data. Using the model the mean annual recharge of the catchment was found to be 9.4 % of the precipitation whereas the direct runoff was found to be 20 % of the precipitation. The study area is characterized by lower groundwater recharge relative to surface runoff due to the effect of impermeable soils, morphology of the land and land use/land cover of the study area. The western and northern parts of the area are identified as recharging zone and the central and southern part are discharge zone. The groundwater recharge zoning map was validated using base flow separation method and also compared with previous groundwater recharge works of the study area. This study revealed that the groundwater recharge estimation using WetSpass model is reasonable and useful for quantification of annual groundwater recharge with spatial and seasonal variation and also capable in the identification of groundwater recharge zones in the area under study. Keywords:  Runoff; Evapotranspiration; Groundwater; WetSpass; Bilate catchment; Ethiopia.
研究区域位于比拉特上游集水区,与该国其他农村集水区一样,严重依赖地下水。这项工作的主要目标是量化比拉特上游集水区的地下水补给量。补给使用基于物理的分布式补给模型WetSpas进行估算。作为模型降水量的输入,使用从集水区和附近地区的气象站收集的数据估计了潜在的蒸散量、温度和风速。包括土地利用、土壤类型和地下水深度在内的物理环境数据是从现场和现有地图中收集的。坡度和地形图是根据航天飞机雷达地形任务的高程数据生成的。使用该模型,发现集水区的年平均补给量为降雨量的9.4%,而直接径流为降雨量的20%。由于研究区域的不透水土壤、土地形态和土地利用/土地覆盖的影响,研究区域的地下水补给量低于地表径流。该区域的西部和北部被确定为补给区,中部和南部被确定为排泄区。采用基流分离法对地下水补给分区图进行了验证,并与研究区以往的地下水补给工程进行了比较。本研究表明,使用WetSpas模型估算地下水补给量是合理的,有助于量化具有空间和季节变化的年度地下水补给量,也有助于识别研究区域的地下水补给带。关键词:径流;蒸发蒸腾量;地下水;湿地;胆汁集水区;埃塞俄比亚。
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引用次数: 12
Erratum : “Reduced Tillage and Intercropping as a Means to Increase Yield and Financial Return in the Drylands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A Case Study Under Rainfed and Irrigation Conditions” 勘误:“在埃塞俄比亚北部提格雷旱地减少耕作和间作作为增加产量和经济回报的手段:在雨养和灌溉条件下的案例研究”
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-05-30 DOI: 10.4314/mejs.v11i1.10
The Editor
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引用次数: 0
Flood Hazard and Flood Risk Vulnerability Mapping Using Geo-Spatial and MCDA around Adigrat, Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia 利用地理空间和MCDA在埃塞俄比亚北部提格雷地区阿迪格拉周边地区绘制洪水灾害和洪水风险脆弱性地图
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-05-30 DOI: 10.4314/MEJS.V11I1.6
A. Nigusse, Okubay Gidey Adhanom
In Ethiopia, urban floods incidents are becoming a serious problem in recent years. They are mainly associated with poorly designed urban drainage system and land use planning. Combined to it, lack of early warning system and organized flood disaster mitigation measures at national and local level further increases the gravity of the problem. Adigrat is one of the north Ethiopian towns which is frequently attacked by these floods. To understand and address the issue, a study was conducted around Adigrat town with the aim to spatially delineate the flood hazard and risk with the help of geo-spatial and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tools. Baseline maps were developed using Landsat satellite images, DEM, aerial photographs, rainfall data and census population data. Different variables like slope, elevation, rainfall, water table, flow direction and flow accumulation, LULC, population density, building density and road density were considered for developing a model. After the data is collected and organized, Erdas Imagine and ArcGIS software were used to process and prepare the model, and finally weighted overlay model was adopted to stimulate the prototype. Each baseline maps was weighted against its impact since all factors have no the same importance. Accordingly, slope, LULC, elevations; and population density, flood hazard and LULC were found the most important factors. The flood risk areas are delineated based on flood hazard, LULC, population density, road and building density. The results indicate that the Kebeles03, 04 and 05 (center of the town) with flat slopes, low altitudes, more population and significant amount of built up area are found to be the most vulnerable for flood hazard. On the other hand, the Kebeles 01, 02 and 06 lying southwest and west of the study area are least affected by flood due to steep topography and high altitudes. It is suggested that similar type of inter-disciplinary studies are essential to minimize the damages and assure sustainable urban development. Keywords:  Geo-spatial; Flood hazard; Flood risk; Vulnerability mapping; Adigrat town; Ethiopia
在埃塞俄比亚,城市洪水事件近年来正成为一个严重的问题。它们主要与城市排水系统和土地利用规划设计不当有关。再加上国家和地方一级缺乏早期预警系统和有组织的洪水减灾措施,进一步加剧了问题的严重性。阿迪格拉是埃塞俄比亚北部城镇之一,经常受到洪水的袭击。为了了解和解决这一问题,研究人员在Adigrat镇周围进行了一项研究,目的是借助地理空间和多标准决策分析(MCDA)工具在空间上描绘洪水危害和风险。基线地图是利用陆地卫星图像、DEM、航空照片、降雨数据和人口普查数据制作的。建立模型时考虑了坡度、高程、降雨量、地下水位、流向和流量积累、LULC、人口密度、建筑密度和道路密度等不同变量。在收集整理数据后,利用Erdas Imagine和ArcGIS软件对模型进行处理和制备,最后采用加权叠加模型对原型进行仿真。由于所有因素的重要性不尽相同,因此每个基线图都根据其影响进行加权。相应的,坡度、LULC、高程;人口密度、洪涝灾害和LULC是最重要的影响因素。根据洪涝灾害危险性、土地利用成本、人口密度、道路密度和建筑密度等因素,划定洪涝风险区。结果表明:坡平、海拔低、人口多、建成区面积大的Kebeles03、04和05(镇中心)最容易发生洪涝灾害;另一方面,位于研究区西南和西部的Kebeles 01、02和06由于地形陡峭、海拔高,受洪水影响最小。建议类似类型的跨学科研究是必要的,以尽量减少损害和确保可持续的城市发展。关键词:地理空间;洪水风险;洪水风险;脆弱的映射;Adigrat镇;埃塞俄比亚
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引用次数: 26
Numerical and experimental Analysis of Solar Injera Baking with a PCM Heat Storage 基于PCM蓄热装置的太阳辐照烘烤数值与实验分析
IF 0.3 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-05-30 DOI: 10.4314/MEJS.V11I1.1
A. Tesfay, M. Kahsay, O. Nydal
Today, many developing countries are using biomass as their primary energy supply. However, this energy affects the environment, health and safety of women and children. In addition, utilization of this energy using traditional cooking stoves is causing indoor air pollution and in turn health problems to millions of people. To overcome such problems, efforts are being made by researchers globally and are suggesting alternative safe energy sources. This paper demonstrates solar cooker with an integrated PCM thermal storage and heat transportation loop system suitable for high temperature applications. The system has designed to address Injera baking application. Injera, a fermented flat bread type, is the most common food type served three to four times a day in Ethiopia. Other countries like Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen also use this food. The storage system has storing capacity of heat up to 250 0 C and it can retain this heat for about two days. The storage has coupled to a polar mounted concentrator, fixed receiver and used steam heat transfer fluid. The steam circulates naturally between the evaporator and condenser in a closed loop. The paper focuses on indirect charging, simultaneous charging-discharging and discharging of the stored heat for the purpose of Injera baking. The frying pan is a custom-made aluminum plate casted by embedding a 10mm coiled stainless steel steam pipe as heating element. The pan is 500mm in diameter and 30mm thick; and the fins are 20mm in diameter and 140mm long. The fins have immersed into a 20kg PCM, which is coupled to a 1.8m diameter parabolic dish collector. The solar fryer demonstrates Injera baking for average family size. Baking is tested from the stored heat, while storage is charging. A fully charged storage has supplied enough heat to baked average household Injera demands about 19Injeras and additional breads with the remaining heat. Keywords:  Solar Injera baking; PCM charging; PCM storage; Solar Injera stove design; Solar cooking; Ethiopia.
今天,许多发展中国家正在使用生物质作为其主要能源供应。然而,这种能量会影响环境、妇女和儿童的健康和安全。此外,使用传统炉灶利用这种能源正在造成室内空气污染,进而给数百万人带来健康问题。为了克服这些问题,全球研究人员正在努力,并提出替代安全能源。本文展示了一种适用于高温应用的集成PCM储热和传热回路系统的太阳能炊具。该系统旨在解决Injera烘焙应用程序。Injera是一种发酵扁平面包,是埃塞俄比亚最常见的食物类型,每天供应三到四次。厄立特里亚、索马里、苏丹和也门等其他国家也使用这种食物。该储存系统具有高达250摄氏度的储热能力,可以将这种热量保持大约两天。该储存器与一个安装在极地的集中器、固定接收器和用过的蒸汽传热流体相连。蒸汽在蒸发器和冷凝器之间以闭环自然循环。本文着重介绍了以Injera烘烤为目的的间接充热、同时充放电和蓄热放电。煎锅是一种定制的铝板,通过嵌入10毫米的不锈钢蒸汽盘管作为加热元件铸造而成。平底锅直径500毫米,厚度30毫米;翅片直径为20mm,长度为140mm。翅片浸入了一个20公斤重的PCM中,PCM与一个直径1.8米的抛物面碟形收集器相连。太阳能油炸锅展示了Injera对普通家庭规模的烘焙。烘焙是从储存的热量中测试的,而储存是充电的。一个充满电的储藏室为普通家庭提供了足够的热量。Injera需要大约19个Injera和额外的面包。关键词:太阳能Injera烘焙;PCM充电;PCM存储;太阳能Injera炉灶设计;太阳能烹饪;埃塞俄比亚。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science
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