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The elimination of metformin is exclusively through the kidneys and elevated plasma concentrations can cause lactic acidosis. We report a case of severe lactic acidosis (pH 6.60) occuring with ostensibly normal therapeutic doses of metformin in the setting of acute renal failure. Continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration decreased plasma metformin concentrations from 266 lmol/L at presentation to 68 lmol/L, 21 h later. The patient improved rapidly.

There is an ongoing increase in the number of elderly or frail patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Assisted automated peritoneal dialysis (aAPD) is one treatment option for this patient group and is becoming increasingly recognized as a distinct dialysis modality. In this article, we review the current status of aAPD and its evolution across Europe, describing the differences in service provision. We also report our experience locally of outcomes on our aAPD population over the last 4 years. We found that aAPD is a viable dialysis modality in the frail and elderly with limited lifespan, and complications of peritoneal dialysis are perhaps lower than would be expected in this population. This form of therapy also avoids the disruption to life which results from hospital-based dialysis.

A 27-year-old woman developed a graft loss due to an accelerated humoral rejection after receiving a blood group identical, human leucocyte antigens (HLA) haploidentical living-related kidney, despite the fact that she did not refer any sensitization event before transplantation. The complement-dependent cytotoxicity and flow cytometry crossmatches were negative for T and B cells. Retrospectively, IgM antibodies against donor precursor endothelial Tie-2(+) cells were detected using a commercially available assay and the pre-transplant serum sample. This case illustrates the necessity of detection of other than the classical HLA-directed antibodies prior organ grafting.

A 19-year-old female presented with bilateral severe loin pain associated with recurrent macroscopic haematuria. A provisional diagnosis of loin pain haematuria syndrome was made; the severity and frequency of pain led to referral to the pain management service. Alternative diagnoses were considered. Although previous reports of obstruction of the left renal vein have not described pain of this severity, magnetic resonance angiography was performed; it showed obstruction of the left renal vein as it passed between the superior mesenteric artery and aorta, i.e. the nutcracker phenomenon. Both pain and haematuria resolved fully after autotransplantation.

Anticoagulation is an important component of haemodialysis treatment in all settings. The therapeutic options available for anticoagulation of home haemodialysis are similar to those for haemodialysis in other settings. However, dialysis sessions with a wide range of treatment durations are undertaken at home, which can require different approaches to anticoagulation. Conference delegates were asked about the types of anticoagulation used in home dialysis and about surveillance strategies for monitoring vascular access, and the results are presented and discussed.

Background. There is strong evidence from a range of long-term conditions of improved outcomes where patients are involved in self-management. Against this background, the international trend for home dialysis continues to decline, with centre-based haemodialysis continuing its dominance. Methods. An opinion-based commentary exploring practice patterns and drivers for home dialysis internationally. Data are drawn from a number of sources including the 2010 United States Renal Data System report. Results. Drivers behind the use of home dialysis are complex including factors relating to the patient and their carers, health care team, health care system, geography and cultural factors. There are important examples where local champions or public health initiatives have had a positive impact on the use of home dialysis; however, in many settings significant barriers remain. Better systems for giving patient information, shared decision making and involving patients in their own care may have the potential to act as a driver for change. Conclusion. Centre-based haemodialysis continues to dominate renal replacement therapy internationally with notable exceptions. Such dominance suggests that most patients worldwide do not get much choice when it comes to modality selection.

Minimal-change disease (MCD) is an exceptional paraneoplastic presentation. We are describing the case of an ovarian paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome. The kidney biopsy was consistent with MCD. Steroids and immunosuppressive therapy were given with no change in the nephrotic-range proteinuria. A complete resolution of the nephrotic syndrome was soon observed with improvement of her clinical condition after five cycles of chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin and tumor-debulking surgery. Ovarian carcinoma paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome secondary to MCD is an extremely rare event, which is important to recognize since it is responsive to the standard chemotherapy.