The comparative study of morphometrical variability and the evaluation of characters of para-types of eight Hemicycliophora species provided a basis for the proposal of four new synonyms in the genus. H. lutosoides, H. ekdavici, H. karachiensis and H. ferrisae are proposed as junior synonyms of H. lutosa, H. natalensis, H. typica and H. uniformis, respectively.
{"title":"Proposal of New Synonyms in Hemicycliophora De Man, 1921 (Nematoda: Tylenchida)","authors":"E. Costa-Manso","doi":"10.1163/005325998X00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005325998X00027","url":null,"abstract":"The comparative study of morphometrical variability and the evaluation of characters of para-types of eight Hemicycliophora species provided a basis for the proposal of four new synonyms in the genus. H. lutosoides, H. ekdavici, H. karachiensis and H. ferrisae are proposed as junior synonyms of H. lutosa, H. natalensis, H. typica and H. uniformis, respectively.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"46 44 1","pages":"125-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87775738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bursaphelenchus hellenicus sp. n. was found in the wood of a dying Pinus brutia tree in Thessaloniki, Greece, together with B. leoni, in 1996. The tree was affected by Blastophagus piniperda and blue stain of wood. B. hellenicus sp. n. is characterised by an a-value of 30 (22-38), stylet length of 15 (13-17) μm, distinct constriction of the lip region, spicules of males with blunt prominent rostrum, narrow high condylus and cucullus, females with slightly extended anterior vulval lip, medium long postuterine branch and conoid tail with rounded terminus.
{"title":"Bursaphelenchus hellenicus sp. n. (Nematoda, Aphelenchoididae) from Greek pine wood.","authors":"G. Skarmoutsos, H. Braasch, H. Michalopoulou","doi":"10.1163/005725998X00032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005725998X00032","url":null,"abstract":"Bursaphelenchus hellenicus sp. n. was found in the wood of a dying Pinus brutia tree in Thessaloniki, Greece, together with B. leoni, in 1996. The tree was affected by Blastophagus piniperda and blue stain of wood. B. hellenicus sp. n. is characterised by an a-value of 30 (22-38), stylet length of 15 (13-17) μm, distinct constriction of the lip region, spicules of males with blunt prominent rostrum, narrow high condylus and cucullus, females with slightly extended anterior vulval lip, medium long postuterine branch and conoid tail with rounded terminus.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"196 ","pages":"623-629"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91445992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The influence of the use of vetch or fallow in rotation with cereals on the dynamics of nematode populations was studied in a field experiment conducted on a luvisol in Central Spain. All the nematodes present in the trial were monitored by seasonal samplings for three consecutive years, starting one year after the first rotation cycle was completed. Vetch in rotation with cereals controlled soil populations of some virus transmitters (Xiphinema pachtaicum and Trichodorus sp.) and the cyst nematode Heterodera avenae. Fallow also controlled X. pachtaicum and H. avenae, as well as Pratylenchus thornei, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchorhynchus maximus and Tylenchus sp. Other Dorylaimidae and Rhabditidae species seemed to be influenced by vetch and fallow only indirectly. Neither rotation influenced Longidorus profundorum populations. The maturity index based on the nematode fauna was used as a measure of the disturbance in this ecosystem.
{"title":"Effects of crop rotations of cereals with vetch and fallow on soil nematofauna in Central Spain","authors":"G. Nombela, A. Navas, A. Bello","doi":"10.1163/005225998X00073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005225998X00073","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of the use of vetch or fallow in rotation with cereals on the dynamics of nematode populations was studied in a field experiment conducted on a luvisol in Central Spain. All the nematodes present in the trial were monitored by seasonal samplings for three consecutive years, starting one year after the first rotation cycle was completed. Vetch in rotation with cereals controlled soil populations of some virus transmitters (Xiphinema pachtaicum and Trichodorus sp.) and the cyst nematode Heterodera avenae. Fallow also controlled X. pachtaicum and H. avenae, as well as Pratylenchus thornei, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchorhynchus maximus and Tylenchus sp. Other Dorylaimidae and Rhabditidae species seemed to be influenced by vetch and fallow only indirectly. Neither rotation influenced Longidorus profundorum populations. The maturity index based on the nematode fauna was used as a measure of the disturbance in this ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"61 1","pages":"63-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77916046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The potential of Pasteuria penetrans for the biological control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants was examined in a pot experiment. P. penetrans in dried powdered roots was applied at 11000 and 55 000 spores/cm 3 soil in pots inoculated with 420 or 4200 second stage juveniles. At 4 months after planting there was significantly less galling on plants grown in pots inoculated with 420 nematodes and 55 000 spores/cm 3 than in the unamended control pots. There was a 96% decrease in numbers of egg masses on these roots. The period of assessment had to be shortened because the control plants in the treatment with the higher nematode inoculum died prematurely curtailing further reproduction. Treatment with P. penetrans prevented premature senescence of the plants allowing nematode reproduction to continue. A significant interaction between P. penetrans density and nematode density was obtained on the number of juveniles in soil after the first crop. Where the nematode population was initially large (4200/pot), there were more juveniles in the treatments to which P. penetrans had been applied than in the untreated controls. However, where the nematode population was initially small (420/pot), there were more juveniles in the untreated control than in the treatment with the higher dose of P. penetrans. A second crop was grown in soil from the different treatments after either removing or incorporating the dried roots of the preceding crop. After 30 days, root galling and egg production were higher in pots initially inoculated with 420 nematodes. The effect of root incorporation on egg production was influenced by both nematode and P. penetrans level; greater numbers of eggs were produced on treatments with the initially higher levels. It is concluded that P. penetrans, deployed as a single control measure, may not give consistent or durable control, but that it may have a role in an integrated approach to nematode management.
{"title":"Control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by the parasite Pasteuria penetrans as influenced by the initial nematode population densities.","authors":"A. Channer, S. Gowen, E. Tzortzakakis","doi":"10.1163/005525998X00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005525998X00043","url":null,"abstract":"The potential of Pasteuria penetrans for the biological control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants was examined in a pot experiment. P. penetrans in dried powdered roots was applied at 11000 and 55 000 spores/cm 3 soil in pots inoculated with 420 or 4200 second stage juveniles. At 4 months after planting there was significantly less galling on plants grown in pots inoculated with 420 nematodes and 55 000 spores/cm 3 than in the unamended control pots. There was a 96% decrease in numbers of egg masses on these roots. The period of assessment had to be shortened because the control plants in the treatment with the higher nematode inoculum died prematurely curtailing further reproduction. Treatment with P. penetrans prevented premature senescence of the plants allowing nematode reproduction to continue. A significant interaction between P. penetrans density and nematode density was obtained on the number of juveniles in soil after the first crop. Where the nematode population was initially large (4200/pot), there were more juveniles in the treatments to which P. penetrans had been applied than in the untreated controls. However, where the nematode population was initially small (420/pot), there were more juveniles in the untreated control than in the treatment with the higher dose of P. penetrans. A second crop was grown in soil from the different treatments after either removing or incorporating the dried roots of the preceding crop. After 30 days, root galling and egg production were higher in pots initially inoculated with 420 nematodes. The effect of root incorporation on egg production was influenced by both nematode and P. penetrans level; greater numbers of eggs were produced on treatments with the initially higher levels. It is concluded that P. penetrans, deployed as a single control measure, may not give consistent or durable control, but that it may have a role in an integrated approach to nematode management.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"32 1","pages":"369-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87551369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proceedings of the 24th International Nematology Symposium","authors":"R. Cook, M. Phillips","doi":"10.1163/187529298X00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187529298X00015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"449-614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76073217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The infectivity of steinernematid nematodes varies with temperature. Five insect species, namely codling moth, Cydia pomonella; mealworm, Tenebrio molitor; blow fly, Sarcophaga bullata; March fly, Bibio marci; and web spinning sawfly, Cephaleia abietis were exposed to a Canadian (# 76) isolate of Steinernema kraussei at 7°C. C. abietis was exposed to the Canadian isolate # D and Czech isolate Vimperk at 4°C. These experiments were done in Petri dishes filled with moist sand, exposure time was 250 h and inoculum ranged from 50 to 800 infective juveniles (IJs). The highest larval mortality occurred in lepidopteran and coleopteran species, C. pomonella (73-100%) and T. molitor (28-70%), respectively. Few dipteran larvae, S. bullata and B. marci, were killed. The mortality of C. abietis larvae ranged from 2% (isolate # 76, at 50 IJs/dish) to 30% (isolate Vimperk, at 400 IJs/dish) at 7°C, but was negligible at 4°C. The intensity of infection expressed as the number of adult nematodes recovered from the insect cadavers, was greatest in C. pomonella where it ranged from 16 to 25% of the initial IJ inoculum, but was almost zero for both fly larval species. When analysed and fitted to the modified Anderson host-parasite model, the data confirmed a significant level of Steinernema parasitism for C. abietis, T. molitor, and C. pomonella larvae at low temperatures, and showed that the two species of fly larvae tested were almost fully resistant to parasitism by S. kraussei. Natural adaptation of the Czech Vimperk isolate to C. abietis may have enhanced this isolate's infectivity when compared with that of the Canadian nematode isolates.
{"title":"Infectivity and Specificity of Canadian and Czech Isolates of Steinernema Kraussei (Steiner, 1923) To Some Insect Pests At Low Temperatures in the Laboratory","authors":"J. M. Webster, P. Kindlmann, S. Bečár, Z. Acek","doi":"10.1163/005525998X00098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005525998X00098","url":null,"abstract":"The infectivity of steinernematid nematodes varies with temperature. Five insect species, namely codling moth, Cydia pomonella; mealworm, Tenebrio molitor; blow fly, Sarcophaga bullata; March fly, Bibio marci; and web spinning sawfly, Cephaleia abietis were exposed to a Canadian (# 76) isolate of Steinernema kraussei at 7°C. C. abietis was exposed to the Canadian isolate # D and Czech isolate Vimperk at 4°C. These experiments were done in Petri dishes filled with moist sand, exposure time was 250 h and inoculum ranged from 50 to 800 infective juveniles (IJs). The highest larval mortality occurred in lepidopteran and coleopteran species, C. pomonella (73-100%) and T. molitor (28-70%), respectively. Few dipteran larvae, S. bullata and B. marci, were killed. The mortality of C. abietis larvae ranged from 2% (isolate # 76, at 50 IJs/dish) to 30% (isolate Vimperk, at 400 IJs/dish) at 7°C, but was negligible at 4°C. The intensity of infection expressed as the number of adult nematodes recovered from the insect cadavers, was greatest in C. pomonella where it ranged from 16 to 25% of the initial IJ inoculum, but was almost zero for both fly larval species. When analysed and fitted to the modified Anderson host-parasite model, the data confirmed a significant level of Steinernema parasitism for C. abietis, T. molitor, and C. pomonella larvae at low temperatures, and showed that the two species of fly larvae tested were almost fully resistant to parasitism by S. kraussei. Natural adaptation of the Czech Vimperk isolate to C. abietis may have enhanced this isolate's infectivity when compared with that of the Canadian nematode isolates.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"6 1 1","pages":"437-448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80622668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A sterile fungus, designated as StFCh1-1, and two other fungi, Embellisia chlamydospora and Verticillium chlamydosporium, isolated from cysts of the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, were tested as biological control agents against this nematode. The combination of StFCh1-1 with either E. chlamydospora or V. chlamydosporium resulted in significantly greater impact on the nematode population than any fungus alone. More females and cysts were colonised by StFCh1-1 than by either other antagonist. These nematodes showed the typical fungal sclerotium on the outside of the body wall, and the hyphal imprint on the inside of the cyst. Few females developed on sugar beet roots in the soil of those treatments that included the sterile fungus. No juveniles emerged from cysts colonised by the sterile fungus, while some juveniles hatched from eggs within cysts colonised by either E. chlamydospora or V. chlamydosporium. The density of E. chlamydospora and V. chlamydosporium in soil, as measured by colony forming unit counts, decreased over time. Quantification of the sterile fungus in soil was not possible using this technique due to rampant growth of saprophytic fungi on the isolation medium. The results suggest that, despite the promising nature of the sterile fungus StFCh1-1 in comparison with the two other fungi used, a carefully combined inoculum could still be more effective at controlling H. schachtii. The results are discussed in the context of compatibility of these organisms.
{"title":"Biocontrol of Heterodera Schachtii Using Combinations of the Sterile Fungus, Stfch1-1, Embellisia Chlamydospora and Verticilli Um Chlamydospori Um","authors":"A. Jalali, R. Segers, J. Coosemans","doi":"10.1163/005525998X00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005525998X00025","url":null,"abstract":"A sterile fungus, designated as StFCh1-1, and two other fungi, Embellisia chlamydospora and Verticillium chlamydosporium, isolated from cysts of the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, were tested as biological control agents against this nematode. The combination of StFCh1-1 with either E. chlamydospora or V. chlamydosporium resulted in significantly greater impact on the nematode population than any fungus alone. More females and cysts were colonised by StFCh1-1 than by either other antagonist. These nematodes showed the typical fungal sclerotium on the outside of the body wall, and the hyphal imprint on the inside of the cyst. Few females developed on sugar beet roots in the soil of those treatments that included the sterile fungus. No juveniles emerged from cysts colonised by the sterile fungus, while some juveniles hatched from eggs within cysts colonised by either E. chlamydospora or V. chlamydosporium. The density of E. chlamydospora and V. chlamydosporium in soil, as measured by colony forming unit counts, decreased over time. Quantification of the sterile fungus in soil was not possible using this technique due to rampant growth of saprophytic fungi on the isolation medium. The results suggest that, despite the promising nature of the sterile fungus StFCh1-1 in comparison with the two other fungi used, a carefully combined inoculum could still be more effective at controlling H. schachtii. The results are discussed in the context of compatibility of these organisms.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"50 1","pages":"345-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78901493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samples of Panagrolaimus davidi, an Antarctic nematode which tolerates intracellular freezing, were collected from Cape Bird, Ross Island and compared with nematodes cultured for nine years. The field distribution of nematodes was patchy and was not correlated with the water content of the sample or the presence of algae. Field-collected nematodes were similar in morphology to those from cultures, although there were differences in morphometrics. Males predominated in field material, whereas cultures contained only parthenogenetic females. The freezing tolerance of field-collected nematodes was similar to those from cultures. Nematodes in culture are thus a valid model for the study of the adaptations involved in the survival of the extreme environmental stresses faced by these animals in their Antarctic habitats.
{"title":"Comparison of the Biology and Freezing Tolerance of Panagrolaimus Davidi, an Antarctic Nematode, From Field Samples and Cultures","authors":"D. Wharton","doi":"10.1163/005725998X00050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005725998X00050","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of Panagrolaimus davidi, an Antarctic nematode which tolerates intracellular freezing, were collected from Cape Bird, Ross Island and compared with nematodes cultured for nine years. The field distribution of nematodes was patchy and was not correlated with the water content of the sample or the presence of algae. Field-collected nematodes were similar in morphology to those from cultures, although there were differences in morphometrics. Males predominated in field material, whereas cultures contained only parthenogenetic females. The freezing tolerance of field-collected nematodes was similar to those from cultures. Nematodes in culture are thus a valid model for the study of the adaptations involved in the survival of the extreme environmental stresses faced by these animals in their Antarctic habitats.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"34 1","pages":"643-653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77094520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Loofilaimus, a remarkable new genus of dorylaim nematodes is described from Iran. It is characterized by a continuous lip region with amalgamated lips; sclerotized cheilostome forming a bowl-shaped cavity, odontostyle short and wide, oesophagus conspicuously muscular along its entire length, amphidelphic gonads and short hemispheroid tails in both sexes. A new Family Loofilaimidae is proposed under Superfamily Tylencholaimoidea to accommodate this genus which has a curious mixture of characters of different dorylaim groups.
{"title":"Loofilaimus, a Remarkable New Genus of Dorylaimida From Iran","authors":"D. Sturhan, M. S. Jairajpuri, W. Ahmad","doi":"10.1163/005225998X00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005225998X00028","url":null,"abstract":"Loofilaimus, a remarkable new genus of dorylaim nematodes is described from Iran. It is characterized by a continuous lip region with amalgamated lips; sclerotized cheilostome forming a bowl-shaped cavity, odontostyle short and wide, oesophagus conspicuously muscular along its entire length, amphidelphic gonads and short hemispheroid tails in both sexes. A new Family Loofilaimidae is proposed under Superfamily Tylencholaimoidea to accommodate this genus which has a curious mixture of characters of different dorylaim groups.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"107 1 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85541329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proportion of eggs of Meloidogyne incognita which hatched following extraction from egg masses with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) was shown to be related to the proportion that were embryonated at the time of extraction. Following NaOCl extraction, young egg masses (4-5 weeks after inoculation), which contained proportionally fewer embryonated eggs, yielded proportionally fewer juveniles than did old egg-masses (8-9 weeks). Using eggs extracted with NaOCl as inoculum a similar difference was observed in the numbers of juveniles which invaded tomato roots. Differences between two experiments in the rate at which eggs were released by the same nominal concentration of NaOCl were subsequently attributed to differences in chlorine (Cl) content. A further experiment where the Cl content was assayed showed that the numbers of eggs extracted increased, but that their viability decreased, with increasing concentration and duration of exposure to NaOCl. Overall, NaOCl was most effective when used on older egg masses with a high proportion of embryonated eggs.
{"title":"The viability of Meloidogyne incognita eggs released from egg masses of different ages using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite","authors":"M. Ehwaeti, M. Phillips, D. Trudgill","doi":"10.1163/005325998X00081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005325998X00081","url":null,"abstract":"The proportion of eggs of Meloidogyne incognita which hatched following extraction from egg masses with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) was shown to be related to the proportion that were embryonated at the time of extraction. Following NaOCl extraction, young egg masses (4-5 weeks after inoculation), which contained proportionally fewer embryonated eggs, yielded proportionally fewer juveniles than did old egg-masses (8-9 weeks). Using eggs extracted with NaOCl as inoculum a similar difference was observed in the numbers of juveniles which invaded tomato roots. Differences between two experiments in the rate at which eggs were released by the same nominal concentration of NaOCl were subsequently attributed to differences in chlorine (Cl) content. A further experiment where the Cl content was assayed showed that the numbers of eggs extracted increased, but that their viability decreased, with increasing concentration and duration of exposure to NaOCl. Overall, NaOCl was most effective when used on older egg masses with a high proportion of embryonated eggs.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":"8 1","pages":"207-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87903120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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