{"title":"An improved technique for mounting Heterodera cysts for light microscopy","authors":"F. J. Correia, I. Abrantes","doi":"10.1163/005125997X00101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005125997X00101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77271449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heterorhabditis hepialius and Heterorhabditis marelatus were studied to evaluate their taxonomic position. Results from morphological and morphometric analysis and cross-breeding tests indicated these species are conspecific. Therefore, H. hepialius is considered a junior synonym of H. marelatus. A redescription of this taxon is presented.
{"title":"Heterorhabditis Hepialius Stock, Strong & Gardner, 1996 a Junior Synonym of H. Marelatus Liu & Berry, 1996 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) With a Redescription of the Species","authors":"S. Stock","doi":"10.1163/005125997X00057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005125997X00057","url":null,"abstract":"Heterorhabditis hepialius and Heterorhabditis marelatus were studied to evaluate their taxonomic position. Results from morphological and morphometric analysis and cross-breeding tests indicated these species are conspecific. Therefore, H. hepialius is considered a junior synonym of H. marelatus. A redescription of this taxon is presented.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90911415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steinernema kushidai infective juveniles (IJs), that had been placed onto soil and stored at 5°C after recovery from artificial culture, did not survive well, with over 90% dying within 10 days. When the IJs were preconditioned at 10°C for over 8 days, a survival rate of over 50% was seen 100 days after storage at 5°C. This preconditioning at 10°C could also be carried out on IJs suspended in distilled water. Trehalose concentration in the IJs increased from almost undetectable levels to 1.4% of the dry weight when S. kushidai IJs in distilled water were preconditioned at 10°C for 20 days.
{"title":"Cold tolerance and preconditioning of infective juveniles of Steinernema kushidai (Nematoda: Steinernematidae)","authors":"N. Ogura, T. Nakashima","doi":"10.1163/004725997X00070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004725997X00070","url":null,"abstract":"Steinernema kushidai infective juveniles (IJs), that had been placed onto soil and stored at 5°C after recovery from artificial culture, did not survive well, with over 90% dying within 10 days. When the IJs were preconditioned at 10°C for over 8 days, a survival rate of over 50% was seen 100 days after storage at 5°C. This preconditioning at 10°C could also be carried out on IJs suspended in distilled water. Trehalose concentration in the IJs increased from almost undetectable levels to 1.4% of the dry weight when S. kushidai IJs in distilled water were preconditioned at 10°C for 20 days.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79742828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The history of the genus Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 is reviewed. Type material of B. paragracilis and Neopsilenchus (Acusilenchus) bilineatus, populations of B. gracilis from Poland, Iran, USA, and a specimen of B. siddiqii from Sudan have been studied. Neopsilenchus (A.) bilineatus is transferred from Neopsilenchus to Basiria and synonymized with B. gracilis.
{"title":"The Genus Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) I. Introduction and Species With Two Lateral Lines","authors":"A. Karegar, E. Geraert","doi":"10.1163/005025997X00076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005025997X00076","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the genus Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 is reviewed. Type material of B. paragracilis and Neopsilenchus (Acusilenchus) bilineatus, populations of B. gracilis from Poland, Iran, USA, and a specimen of B. siddiqii from Sudan have been studied. Neopsilenchus (A.) bilineatus is transferred from Neopsilenchus to Basiria and synonymized with B. gracilis.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85148727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steinernema feltiae was selectively cultured in Galleria mellonella as follows: 13 infective cycles at 22°C, near to the optimum temperature for development of S. feltiae, four infective cycles at 10°C close to the lowest temperature at which reproduction occurs, or four infective cycles at 10°C followed by one cycle at 22° C. After four cycles at 10°C the LT 50 (Galleria mortality) was shorter, the establishment higher and the size of infective juveniles longer and wider than those produced after 13 infective cycles at 22°C. After treatment at four cycles at 10°C followed by one cycle at 22°C the decrease in LT 50 observed after four cycles at 10°C was lost when tested at 7°C and 10°C and partially lost when tested at 12°C and 15°C. Reproduction was not affected by previous culture temperatures.
{"title":"The Effect of Selective Culture of Steinernema Feltiae At Low Temperature On Establishment, Pathogenicity, Reproduction and Size of Infective Juveniles","authors":"A. Schirocki, N. Hague","doi":"10.1163/005125997X00075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005125997X00075","url":null,"abstract":"Steinernema feltiae was selectively cultured in Galleria mellonella as follows: 13 infective cycles at 22°C, near to the optimum temperature for development of S. feltiae, four infective cycles at 10°C close to the lowest temperature at which reproduction occurs, or four infective cycles at 10°C followed by one cycle at 22° C. After four cycles at 10°C the LT 50 (Galleria mortality) was shorter, the establishment higher and the size of infective juveniles longer and wider than those produced after 13 infective cycles at 22°C. After treatment at four cycles at 10°C followed by one cycle at 22°C the decrease in LT 50 observed after four cycles at 10°C was lost when tested at 7°C and 10°C and partially lost when tested at 12°C and 15°C. Reproduction was not affected by previous culture temperatures.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73852799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Didilia ooglypta is a parasitic nematode of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Afghanistan. The vulva of the nematode is located at the front tip of the body close to the mouth. The only free-living stage is the egg and all other stages live in the body cavity of the host. First instar sandfly larvae become infected by ingesting nematode eggs; 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars are not susceptible. The infective juvenile worms hatch in the mid-gut of the sandfly larva and migrate through the gut wall into the haemocoel where they complete their development. After mating, female nematodes begin to develop quickly while the males shrink and die. Female nematodes are fully mature after 37 days of infection by the time the adult flies emerge from pupae, at which stage they bore a hole through the cuticle of the abdomen of the imago to expose the vulva and lay eggs. The eggs survive for two and a half years in humid larval frass, but almost all die within two weeks in water. The development of infected larvae is retarded and, compared to uninfected larvae, significantly fewer survive to the imago stage. Infection causes an inversion in the normal pattern of emergence of sandflies with more females than males emerging in the first three days. P. duboscqi, a sandfly closely related to P. papatasi, is susceptible to infection, but sandflies of the subgenus Larroussius do not fully support the development of the parasite.
{"title":"Life Cycle of Didilia Ooglypta (Nematoda: Tetradonematidae), a Parasite of Phlebotomine Sandflies of Afghanistan","authors":"Y. Tang, R. Killick-Kendrick, W. Hominick","doi":"10.1163/005125997X00084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005125997X00084","url":null,"abstract":"Didilia ooglypta is a parasitic nematode of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Afghanistan. The vulva of the nematode is located at the front tip of the body close to the mouth. The only free-living stage is the egg and all other stages live in the body cavity of the host. First instar sandfly larvae become infected by ingesting nematode eggs; 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars are not susceptible. The infective juvenile worms hatch in the mid-gut of the sandfly larva and migrate through the gut wall into the haemocoel where they complete their development. After mating, female nematodes begin to develop quickly while the males shrink and die. Female nematodes are fully mature after 37 days of infection by the time the adult flies emerge from pupae, at which stage they bore a hole through the cuticle of the abdomen of the imago to expose the vulva and lay eggs. The eggs survive for two and a half years in humid larval frass, but almost all die within two weeks in water. The development of infected larvae is retarded and, compared to uninfected larvae, significantly fewer survive to the imago stage. Infection causes an inversion in the normal pattern of emergence of sandflies with more females than males emerging in the first three days. P. duboscqi, a sandfly closely related to P. papatasi, is susceptible to infection, but sandflies of the subgenus Larroussius do not fully support the development of the parasite.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81186764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spicules and gubernacula of Steinernema species were dissected out and observed under a scanning electron microcope (SEM), showing that morphological characteristics of these structures can be used for species differentiation. This paper describes and presents SEM micrographs of spicules and gubernacula of 11 species of Steinernema and shows how they can be used to recognize species. The species discussed are S. affine, S. anomalae, S. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. intermedium, S. kraussei, S. kushidai, S. longicaudum, S. neocurtillae, S. puertoricense, S. riobrave, S. scapterisci.
{"title":"Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Spicules and Gubernacula of Steinernema Spp. (Nemata: Steinernematidae) 1 )","authors":"K. Nguyen, G. Smart","doi":"10.1163/005125997X00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005125997X00066","url":null,"abstract":"Spicules and gubernacula of Steinernema species were dissected out and observed under a scanning electron microcope (SEM), showing that morphological characteristics of these structures can be used for species differentiation. This paper describes and presents SEM micrographs of spicules and gubernacula of 11 species of Steinernema and shows how they can be used to recognize species. The species discussed are S. affine, S. anomalae, S. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. intermedium, S. kraussei, S. kushidai, S. longicaudum, S. neocurtillae, S. puertoricense, S. riobrave, S. scapterisci.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76400892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"INSTITUT FÜR NEMATOLOGIE UND WIRBELTIERKUNDE: 50 Jahre Forsuchung am Standort Münster. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fiir Land und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem. 317 (1996) 235 pp. Berlin: Parey Buchverlag. ISSN 0067-5849 ISBN 3-8263-3121-4. Price 55 DM","authors":"J. W. Seinhorst","doi":"10.1163/004725997X00106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004725997X00106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89659645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within the order Tylenchida the number of oesophageal cells could be expected to be constant; comparison of published information on Aphelenchoides and Hoplolaimus suggests there are similar sets of cells. In Aphelenchoides the first set of radial cells is very elongated (from head framework to metacorpus) and subsequent radial cells are all compressed in the metacorpus. In Hoplolaimus the sets of radial cells are more regular in length, but the first set (six stylet protractor muscles) shows a similar, complicated structure. These similarities confirm that the Aphelenchina represent a suborder of the Tylenchida.
{"title":"Comparison of the oesophageal structure in Aphelenchoides and Hoplolaimus (Tylenchida: Nematoda)","authors":"E. Geraert","doi":"10.1163/005025997X00058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005025997X00058","url":null,"abstract":"Within the order Tylenchida the number of oesophageal cells could be expected to be constant; comparison of published information on Aphelenchoides and Hoplolaimus suggests there are similar sets of cells. In Aphelenchoides the first set of radial cells is very elongated (from head framework to metacorpus) and subsequent radial cells are all compressed in the metacorpus. In Hoplolaimus the sets of radial cells are more regular in length, but the first set (six stylet protractor muscles) shows a similar, complicated structure. These similarities confirm that the Aphelenchina represent a suborder of the Tylenchida.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90613303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The autecology of Tobrilus gracilis (n = 1705 individuals) and T. medius (n = 298 individuals), two common nematode species of Lake Konigssee, was studied throughout the year 1986. T. gracilis comprised 3.5% of all nematodes in the littoral, 6.3% in the littoriprofundal and 2.7% in the profundal. T. medius comprised 0.3% of all nematodes in the littoral, 1.4% in the littoriprofundal and 3.3% in the profundal. The species contributed to a considerable portion of nematode biomass in Lake Konigssee. Mean yearly biomass of T. gracilis was greatest at 1 m depth (0.52 mg/100 cm 2 ww; 65% of total nematode biomass) and of T. medius at 60 m depth (0.2 mg/100 cm 2 ww; 49% of total nematode biomass). Density of T. gracilis peaked twice a year in 1 m water depth (winter and summer) and once in deeper regions (winter/spring). T. medius peaked once a year in 10 m depth (spring), showed no distinct maximum in 30 m depth and reached higher numbers in 60 m depth in winter. There was considerable water depth- and time-dependent variation in sex ratios of T. gracilis. The main reproductive period seemed to be different for the investigated depths. The proportion of individuals of T. gracilis in the top sediment layer was about 57% and of T. medius about 72%. Juveniles and adults of T. gracilis were partially segregated in the sediment column. Morphometric data of both species revealed sexual dimorphism in size, body shape and weight.
1986年对国王湖两种常见线虫——细纹托布氏线虫(n = 1705)和中纹托氏线虫(n = 298)进行了昆虫学研究。浅海线虫占3.5%，浅海线虫占6.3%，浅海线虫占2.7%。在沿海地区，T.培养基占所有线虫的0.3%，在沿海深层中占1.4%，在深海中占3.3%。该物种在国王湖线虫生物量中占有相当大的比例。1 m深度时平均年生物量最大(0.52 mg/100 cm 2 ww;占线虫总生物量的65%)和60 m深度的T. medium (0.2 mg/100 cm 2 ww;占线虫总生物量的49%)。在水深为1 m的地区，每年两次(冬季和夏季)和一次(冬季/春季)，扁叶蝉的密度达到峰值。在10 m深度(春季)有1年高峰，30 m深度无明显高峰，60 m深度冬季数量较多。在不同的水深和时间条件下，扁叶藻的性别比例存在显著的变化。主要的繁殖时期似乎因所调查的深度而异。顶沉积层中薄壁棘球蚴个体占57%，中棘球蚴个体占72%。在沉积物柱中，薄叶蝉的幼虫和成虫部分分离。两个物种的形态测量数据显示在大小、体型和体重上存在两性二态性。
{"title":"Distribution, Seasonal Occurrence and Vertical Pattern of Tobrilus Gracilis (Bastian, 1865) and T. Medius (Schneider, 1916)","authors":"W. Traunspurger","doi":"10.1163/004725997X00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004725997X00043","url":null,"abstract":"The autecology of Tobrilus gracilis (n = 1705 individuals) and T. medius (n = 298 individuals), two common nematode species of Lake Konigssee, was studied throughout the year 1986. T. gracilis comprised 3.5% of all nematodes in the littoral, 6.3% in the littoriprofundal and 2.7% in the profundal. T. medius comprised 0.3% of all nematodes in the littoral, 1.4% in the littoriprofundal and 3.3% in the profundal. The species contributed to a considerable portion of nematode biomass in Lake Konigssee. Mean yearly biomass of T. gracilis was greatest at 1 m depth (0.52 mg/100 cm 2 ww; 65% of total nematode biomass) and of T. medius at 60 m depth (0.2 mg/100 cm 2 ww; 49% of total nematode biomass). Density of T. gracilis peaked twice a year in 1 m water depth (winter and summer) and once in deeper regions (winter/spring). T. medius peaked once a year in 10 m depth (spring), showed no distinct maximum in 30 m depth and reached higher numbers in 60 m depth in winter. There was considerable water depth- and time-dependent variation in sex ratios of T. gracilis. The main reproductive period seemed to be different for the investigated depths. The proportion of individuals of T. gracilis in the top sediment layer was about 57% and of T. medius about 72%. Juveniles and adults of T. gracilis were partially segregated in the sediment column. Morphometric data of both species revealed sexual dimorphism in size, body shape and weight.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87434453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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