Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00098
Bing Niu, Honggao Huang, Li Zhang and Jianbo Tan*,
The creation of well-defined surface nanostructures is important for a diverse set of applications such as cell adhesion, superhydrophobic coating, and lithography. In this study, we describe a robust bottom-up method for surface functionalization that involves surface-initiated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) and the grafting of block copolymer nanoparticles to material surfaces via aqueous photoinduced polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) at room temperature. Using silica nanoparticles as a model substrate, colloidal mesoscale hybrid assemblies with various morphologies were successfully prepared. The morphologies can be easily tuned by changing the lengths of macromolecular chain transfer agents and parameters of the silica nanoparticles. The surface-initiated photo-PISA approach can also be employed for other large-scale substrates such as silicon wafer. Taking advantage of mild reaction conditions of this method (room temperature, aqueous medium, and visible light), enzymatic deoxygenation was introduced to develop oxygen-tolerant surface-initiated photo-PISA that can fabricate well-defined nanostructures on large-scale substrates under open-to-air conditions.
{"title":"Grafting Block Copolymer Nanoparticles to a Surface via Aqueous Photoinduced Polymerization-induced Self-Assembly at Room Temperature","authors":"Bing Niu, Honggao Huang, Li Zhang and Jianbo Tan*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00098","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00098","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The creation of well-defined surface nanostructures is important for a diverse set of applications such as cell adhesion, superhydrophobic coating, and lithography. In this study, we describe a robust bottom-up method for surface functionalization that involves surface-initiated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) and the grafting of block copolymer nanoparticles to material surfaces via aqueous photoinduced polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) at room temperature. Using silica nanoparticles as a model substrate, colloidal mesoscale hybrid assemblies with various morphologies were successfully prepared. The morphologies can be easily tuned by changing the lengths of macromolecular chain transfer agents and parameters of the silica nanoparticles. The surface-initiated photo-PISA approach can also be employed for other large-scale substrates such as silicon wafer. Taking advantage of mild reaction conditions of this method (room temperature, aqueous medium, and visible light), enzymatic deoxygenation was introduced to develop oxygen-tolerant surface-initiated photo-PISA that can fabricate well-defined nanostructures on large-scale substrates under open-to-air conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140642897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00112
Åsa Jerlhagen, Olivia Wilson and Eva Malmström*,
Self-catalyzed hydrolysis upon storage of the common RAFT chain-transfer agent (CTA) 4-cyano-4-[(thiothiopropyl)sulfanyl] pentanoic acid (CTPPA) is confirmed, where the nitrile group is transformed into an amide by catalysis from the adjacent carboxylic acid moiety. The amide-CTA (APP) is found to poorly control molecular weight evolution during polymerization of two methacrylates, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and N,N-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), likely due to poor reinitiation speed in the pre-equilibrium. However, when attached to a macromolecule, the impact of this amide moiety becomes insignificant and chain extension proceeds as expected with CTPPA. In light of CTPPA and similarly hydrolyzable CTAs being extensively employed for aqueous polymerizations of methacrylates, these findings highlight the importance of CTA purity when performing RAFT polymerizations.
{"title":"Self-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Nitrile-Containing RAFT Chain-Transfer Agent and Its Impact upon Polymerization Control of Methacrylic Monomers","authors":"Åsa Jerlhagen, Olivia Wilson and Eva Malmström*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00112","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00112","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Self-catalyzed hydrolysis upon storage of the common RAFT chain-transfer agent (CTA) 4-cyano-4-[(thiothiopropyl)sulfanyl] pentanoic acid (CTPPA) is confirmed, where the nitrile group is transformed into an amide by catalysis from the adjacent carboxylic acid moiety. The amide-CTA (APP) is found to poorly control molecular weight evolution during polymerization of two methacrylates, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), likely due to poor reinitiation speed in the pre-equilibrium. However, when attached to a macromolecule, the impact of this amide moiety becomes insignificant and chain extension proceeds as expected with CTPPA. In light of CTPPA and similarly hydrolyzable CTAs being extensively employed for aqueous polymerizations of methacrylates, these findings highlight the importance of CTA purity when performing RAFT polymerizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highly ordered, network-nanostructured polymers offer compelling geometric features and application potential. However, their practical utilization is hampered by the restricted accessibility. Here, we address this challenge using commercial Pluronic surfactants with a straightforward modification of tethering polymerizable groups. By leveraging lyotropic self-assembly, we achieve facile production of double-gyroid mesophases, which are subsequently solidified via photoinduced cross-linking. The exceptionally ordered periodicities of Ia3d symmetry in the photocured polymers are unambiguously confirmed by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which can capture single-crystal-like diffraction patterns. Electron density maps reconstructed from SAXS data complemented by transmission electron microscopy analysis further elucidate the real-space gyroid assemblies. Intriguingly, by tuning the cross-linking through thiol–acrylate chemistry, the mechanical properties of the polymer are modulated without compromising the integrity of Ia3d assemblies. The 3-D percolating gyroid nanochannels demonstrate an ionic conductivity that surpasses that of disordered structures, offering promising prospects for scalable fabrication.
{"title":"Highly Ordered Gyroid Nanostructured Polymers: Facile Fabrication by Polymerizable Pluronic Surfactants","authors":"Yinuo Wang, Ya-Xin Li, Qing Li, Ruoyin Jia, Qingchen Tang, Hairui Huang, Yizhou Zhang* and Xunda Feng*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00161","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00161","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Highly ordered, network-nanostructured polymers offer compelling geometric features and application potential. However, their practical utilization is hampered by the restricted accessibility. Here, we address this challenge using commercial Pluronic surfactants with a straightforward modification of tethering polymerizable groups. By leveraging lyotropic self-assembly, we achieve facile production of double-gyroid mesophases, which are subsequently solidified via photoinduced cross-linking. The exceptionally ordered periodicities of <i>Ia</i><span>3</span><i>d</i> symmetry in the photocured polymers are unambiguously confirmed by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which can capture single-crystal-like diffraction patterns. Electron density maps reconstructed from SAXS data complemented by transmission electron microscopy analysis further elucidate the real-space gyroid assemblies. Intriguingly, by tuning the cross-linking through thiol–acrylate chemistry, the mechanical properties of the polymer are modulated without compromising the integrity of <i>Ia</i><span>3</span><i>d</i> assemblies. The 3-D percolating gyroid nanochannels demonstrate an ionic conductivity that surpasses that of disordered structures, offering promising prospects for scalable fabrication.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140607956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00093
Joshua W. Goetze, Cesar Benitez, Frank S. Bates* and Christopher J. Ellison*,
In this study, porous poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) fibers were produced by melt blowing cocontinuous blends of PBT and polystyrene (PS) and selectively extracting the interconnected PS domains. Small amounts of hydroxyl terminated PS additives that can undergo transesterification with the ester units in PBT were added to stabilize the cocontinuous structure during melt processing. The resulting fibers are highly ductile and display fine porous structural features, which persist at temperatures over 150 °C. Single fiber tensile testing and electron microscopy are presented to demonstrate the role of rapid quenching and drawing of the melt blowing process in defining the fiber properties. The templated highly aligned pore structure, which is not easily produced in solvent-based fiber spinning methods, leads to remarkable mechanical properties of the porous fibers and overcomes the notoriously poor tensile properties common to other cellular materials like foams.
在这项研究中,通过熔融吹制聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)和聚苯乙烯(PS)的共混物,并选择性地提取相互连接的 PS 结构域,生产出了多孔聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)纤维。在熔融加工过程中,加入少量可与 PBT 中的酯单元发生酯交换反应的羟基端 PS 添加剂,以稳定椰壳结构。由此制成的纤维具有很高的延展性,并显示出细微的多孔结构特征,这些特征在温度超过 150 °C 时仍能保持。单根纤维拉伸测试和电子显微镜显示了熔体吹塑过程中快速淬火和拉伸在确定纤维特性方面的作用。在溶剂型纤维纺丝方法中不易产生的模板化高度排列的孔隙结构,使多孔纤维具有显著的机械性能,并克服了泡沫等其他蜂窝材料常见的众所周知的拉伸性能差的问题。
{"title":"Porous Melt Blown Poly(butylene terephthalate) Fibers with High Ductility and High-Temperature Structural Stability","authors":"Joshua W. Goetze, Cesar Benitez, Frank S. Bates* and Christopher J. Ellison*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00093","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00093","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this study, porous poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) fibers were produced by melt blowing cocontinuous blends of PBT and polystyrene (PS) and selectively extracting the interconnected PS domains. Small amounts of hydroxyl terminated PS additives that can undergo transesterification with the ester units in PBT were added to stabilize the cocontinuous structure during melt processing. The resulting fibers are highly ductile and display fine porous structural features, which persist at temperatures over 150 °C. Single fiber tensile testing and electron microscopy are presented to demonstrate the role of rapid quenching and drawing of the melt blowing process in defining the fiber properties. The templated highly aligned pore structure, which is not easily produced in solvent-based fiber spinning methods, leads to remarkable mechanical properties of the porous fibers and overcomes the notoriously poor tensile properties common to other cellular materials like foams.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00028
Young Hun Kim, Nayeong Jeon, Sujin Park, Siyoung Q. Choi, Eunji Lee* and Sheng Li*,
We report the complexation of poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated double-stranded oligoDNA (PEG-(ds)oligoDNA) with imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) to form polyelectrolyte complex aggregates (PCAs). The PEG-(ds)oligoDNA conjugates are prepared following a solution-phase coupling reaction. The binding of PEG-(ds)oligoDNA with either 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) or 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([HMIM][BF4]) is confirmed by a fluorescence displacement assay. Both ILs show stronger binding affinity to PEG-(ds)oligoDNA than bare (ds)oligoDNA due to the PEG-assisted increase in IL cation concentration in the vicinity of (ds)oligoDNA. The complex morphology formed at various amine (N) to phosphate (P) ratios is also examined. At high N/P ratios above 4, nanosized PCAs are formed, driven by a counterion-mediated attraction among the IL-bound (ds)oligoDNA segments and stabilized by the conjugated PEG segments. The PCAs exhibit near-neutral surface charges and resistance to DNase degradation, suggesting their potential use in gene delivery applications.
我们报告了聚乙二醇共轭双链寡 DNA(PEG-(ds)oligoDNA)与咪唑基离子液体(ILs)络合形成聚电解质复合物聚集体(PCAs)的过程。PEG-(ds)oligoDNA 共轭物是通过溶液相偶联反应制备的。PEG-(ds)oligoDNA 与 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM][BF4])或 1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([HMIM][BF4])的结合通过荧光置换试验得到了证实。与裸(ds)寡核苷酸相比,这两种 IL 与 PEG-(ds)寡核苷酸的结合亲和力都更强,这是因为 PEG 辅助增加了(ds)寡核苷酸附近的 IL 阳离子浓度。我们还研究了在不同胺(N)与磷酸盐(P)比率下形成的复合物形态。当 N/P 比率高于 4 时,在反离子介导的 IL 结合 (ds)oligoDNA 片段之间的吸引力驱动下,并在共轭 PEG 片段的稳定下,形成了纳米级的 PCAs。PCAs 显示出接近中性的表面电荷和抗 DNase 降解性,这表明它们有可能用于基因递送应用。
{"title":"Complexation of Poly(ethylene glycol)-(ds)OligoDNA Conjugates with Ionic Liquids","authors":"Young Hun Kim, Nayeong Jeon, Sujin Park, Siyoung Q. Choi, Eunji Lee* and Sheng Li*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00028","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We report the complexation of poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated double-stranded oligoDNA (PEG-(ds)oligoDNA) with imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) to form polyelectrolyte complex aggregates (PCAs). The PEG-(ds)oligoDNA conjugates are prepared following a solution-phase coupling reaction. The binding of PEG-(ds)oligoDNA with either 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF<sub>4</sub>]) or 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([HMIM][BF<sub>4</sub>]) is confirmed by a fluorescence displacement assay. Both ILs show stronger binding affinity to PEG-(ds)oligoDNA than bare (ds)oligoDNA due to the PEG-assisted increase in IL cation concentration in the vicinity of (ds)oligoDNA. The complex morphology formed at various amine (N) to phosphate (P) ratios is also examined. At high N/P ratios above 4, nanosized PCAs are formed, driven by a counterion-mediated attraction among the IL-bound (ds)oligoDNA segments and stabilized by the conjugated PEG segments. The PCAs exhibit near-neutral surface charges and resistance to DNase degradation, suggesting their potential use in gene delivery applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140603919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seeded growth termed “living” crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) has been identified as a powerful method to create one- or two-dimensional nanoparticles. Epitaxial crystallization is usually regarded as the growth mechanism for the formation of uniform micelles. From this perspective, the unimer depositing rate is largely related to the crystallization temperature, which is a key factor to determine the crystallization rate and regulate the core composition distribution among nanoparticles. In the present work, the coassembly of two distinct crystallizable polymers is explored in detail in a one-pot seeded growth protocol. Results have shown that polylactone containing a larger number of methylene groups (−CH2−) in their repeating units such as poly(η-octalactone) (POL) has a faster crystallization rate compared to poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with a smaller number of −CH2– at ambient temperature (25 °C), thus a block or blocky platelet structure with heterogeneous composition distribution is formed. In contrast, when the crystallization temperature decreases to 4 °C, the difference of crystallization rate between both cores become negligible. Consequently, a completely random component distribution within 2D platelets is observed. Moreover, we also reveal that the core component of seed micelles is also paramount for the coassembly seeded growth, and a unique structure of flower-like platelet micelle is created from the coassembly of PCL/POL using POL core-forming seeds. This study on the formation of platelet micelles by one-pot seeded growth using two crystallizable components offers a considerable scope for the design of 2D polymer nanomaterials with a controlled core component distribution.
{"title":"Regulation of Two-Dimensional Platelet Micelles with Tunable Core Composition Distribution via Coassembly Seeded Growth Approach","authors":"Liping Liu, Xiancheng Meng, Meili Li, Zhenyan Chu and Zaizai Tong*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00124","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00124","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Seeded growth termed “living” crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) has been identified as a powerful method to create one- or two-dimensional nanoparticles. Epitaxial crystallization is usually regarded as the growth mechanism for the formation of uniform micelles. From this perspective, the unimer depositing rate is largely related to the crystallization temperature, which is a key factor to determine the crystallization rate and regulate the core composition distribution among nanoparticles. In the present work, the coassembly of two distinct crystallizable polymers is explored in detail in a one-pot seeded growth protocol. Results have shown that polylactone containing a larger number of methylene groups (−CH<sub>2</sub>−) in their repeating units such as poly(η-octalactone) (POL) has a faster crystallization rate compared to poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with a smaller number of −CH<sub>2</sub>– at ambient temperature (25 °C), thus a block or blocky platelet structure with heterogeneous composition distribution is formed. In contrast, when the crystallization temperature decreases to 4 °C, the difference of crystallization rate between both cores become negligible. Consequently, a completely random component distribution within 2D platelets is observed. Moreover, we also reveal that the core component of seed micelles is also paramount for the coassembly seeded growth, and a unique structure of flower-like platelet micelle is created from the coassembly of PCL/POL using POL core-forming seeds. This study on the formation of platelet micelles by one-pot seeded growth using two crystallizable components offers a considerable scope for the design of 2D polymer nanomaterials with a controlled core component distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140603741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report the preparation of chiral silica using a linear polysiloxane main chain with a preferred-handed helical structure as the template. Poly(methylvinyl siloxane) (PMVS) with a cysteine derivative side chain designated as PMVS-Cys was prepared using anionic polymerization and an ene-thiol reaction. PMVS-Cys forms a helical conformation in both solution and film via hydrogen bonding between amide groups at side chains. The helical structure remains during the calcination process, resulting in silica with helical structure. The silica with a helical structure shows optical activity.
{"title":"Chiral Transfer of Linear Polysiloxane with Preferred-Handed Helical Conformation","authors":"Tomoki Mure, Yakumo Kinoshita, Hinari Sakai, Shunsuke Morii, Hsin-Ni Wu, Tsz-Ming Yung, Hao-Cheng Yu, Kodai Nagashima, Wataru Higashiguchi, Noboru Ohta, Teruaki Hayakawa, Yoshinobu Nakamura, Syuji Fujii, Ming-Chia Li* and Tomoyasu Hirai*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00122","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00122","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We report the preparation of chiral silica using a linear polysiloxane main chain with a preferred-handed helical structure as the template. Poly(methylvinyl siloxane) (PMVS) with a cysteine derivative side chain designated as PMVS-Cys was prepared using anionic polymerization and an ene-thiol reaction. PMVS-Cys forms a helical conformation in both solution and film via hydrogen bonding between amide groups at side chains. The helical structure remains during the calcination process, resulting in silica with helical structure. The silica with a helical structure shows optical activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140603774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00106
David J. Lundberg, Kwangwook Ko, Landon J. Kilgallon and Jeremiah A. Johnson*,
The incorporation of cleavable comonomers as additives into polymers can imbue traditional polymers with controlled deconstructability and expanded end-of-life options. The efficiency with which cleavable comonomer additives (CCAs) can enable deconstruction is sensitive to their local distribution within a copolymer backbone, which is dictated by their copolymerization behavior. While qualitative heuristics exist that describe deconstructability, comprehensive quantitative connections between CCA loadings, reactivity ratios, polymerization mechanisms, and deconstruction reactions on the deconstruction efficiency of copolymers containing CCAs have not been established. Here, we broadly define these relationships using stochastic simulations characterizing various polymerization mechanisms (e.g., coltrolled/living, free-radical, and reversible ring-opening polymerizations), reactivity ratio pairs (spanning 2 orders of magnitude between 0.01 and 100), CCA loadings (2.5% to 20%), and deconstruction reactions (e.g., comonomer sequence-dependent deconstruction behavior). We show general agreement between simulated and experimentally observed deconstruction fragment sizes from the literature, demonstrating the predictive power of the methods used herein. These results will guide the development of more efficient CCAs and inform the formulation of deconstructable materials.
将可裂解共聚单体作为添加剂加入聚合物中,可使传统聚合物具有可控的解构性,并扩大其报废选择范围。可裂解共聚单体添加剂(CCA)的解构效率对其在共聚物骨架中的局部分布非常敏感,而共聚行为决定了这种分布。虽然已有定性的启发式方法来描述可解构性,但 CCA 的负载量、反应率、聚合机理和解构反应对含有 CCA 的共聚物的解构效率的全面定量联系尚未建立。在此,我们利用随机模拟对各种聚合机理(如受控/活化、自由基和可逆开环聚合)、反应率对(跨越 0.01 到 100 之间的 2 个数量级)、CCA 用量(2.5% 到 20%)和解构反应(如依赖于共聚单体序列的解构行为)进行了描述,从而大致确定了这些关系。我们显示模拟结果与文献中实验观察到的解构片段大小基本一致,证明了本文所用方法的预测能力。这些结果将为开发更高效的 CCA 提供指导,并为可解构材料的配方提供信息。
{"title":"Defining Reactivity–Deconstructability Relationships for Copolymerizations Involving Cleavable Comonomer Additives","authors":"David J. Lundberg, Kwangwook Ko, Landon J. Kilgallon and Jeremiah A. Johnson*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00106","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00106","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The incorporation of cleavable comonomers as additives into polymers can imbue traditional polymers with controlled deconstructability and expanded end-of-life options. The efficiency with which cleavable comonomer additives (CCAs) can enable deconstruction is sensitive to their local distribution within a copolymer backbone, which is dictated by their copolymerization behavior. While qualitative heuristics exist that describe deconstructability, comprehensive quantitative connections between CCA loadings, reactivity ratios, polymerization mechanisms, and deconstruction reactions on the deconstruction efficiency of copolymers containing CCAs have not been established. Here, we broadly define these relationships using stochastic simulations characterizing various polymerization mechanisms (e.g., coltrolled/living, free-radical, and reversible ring-opening polymerizations), reactivity ratio pairs (spanning 2 orders of magnitude between 0.01 and 100), CCA loadings (2.5% to 20%), and deconstruction reactions (e.g., comonomer sequence-dependent deconstruction behavior). We show general agreement between simulated and experimentally observed deconstruction fragment sizes from the literature, demonstrating the predictive power of the methods used herein. These results will guide the development of more efficient CCAs and inform the formulation of deconstructable materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140557264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00048
Sean M. Bannon, and , Geoffrey M. Geise*,
The classic Born model can be used to predict salt partitioning properties observed in hydrated polymers, but there are often significant quantitative discrepancies between these predictions and the experimental data. Here, we use an updated version of the Born model, reformulated to account for the local environment and mesh size of a hydrated polymer, to describe previously published NaCl, KCl, and LiCl partitioning properties of model cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate polymers. This reformulated Born model describes the influence of polymer structure (i.e., network mesh size and its relationship with water content) and external salt concentration on salt partitioning in the polymers with a significant improvement relative to the classic Born model. The updated model most effectively describes NaCl partitioning properties and provides an additional fundamental understanding of salt partitioning processes, for NaCl, KCl, and LiCl, in hydrated polymers that are of interest for a variety of environmental and biological applications.
经典的 Born 模型可用于预测水合聚合物中观察到的盐分分配特性,但这些预测结果与实验数据之间往往存在显著的定量差异。在此,我们使用更新版的 Born 模型,并根据水合聚合物的局部环境和网孔大小重新制定了模型,以描述之前公布的交联聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯聚合物的 NaCl、KCl 和 LiCl 分配特性。这一重新制定的博恩模型描述了聚合物结构(即网络网格大小及其与含水量的关系)和外部盐浓度对聚合物中盐分配的影响,与经典博恩模型相比有了显著改进。更新后的模型能最有效地描述 NaCl 的分盐特性,并能让人们从根本上了解 NaCl、KCl 和 LiCl 在水合聚合物中的分盐过程。
{"title":"Application of the Born Model to Describe Salt Partitioning in Hydrated Polymers","authors":"Sean M. Bannon, and , Geoffrey M. Geise*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00048","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00048","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The classic Born model can be used to predict salt partitioning properties observed in hydrated polymers, but there are often significant quantitative discrepancies between these predictions and the experimental data. Here, we use an updated version of the Born model, reformulated to account for the local environment and mesh size of a hydrated polymer, to describe previously published NaCl, KCl, and LiCl partitioning properties of model cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate polymers. This reformulated Born model describes the influence of polymer structure (i.e., network mesh size and its relationship with water content) and external salt concentration on salt partitioning in the polymers with a significant improvement relative to the classic Born model. The updated model most effectively describes NaCl partitioning properties and provides an additional fundamental understanding of salt partitioning processes, for NaCl, KCl, and LiCl, in hydrated polymers that are of interest for a variety of environmental and biological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140557242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00117
Samuel B. H. Patterson, Valeria Arrighi and Filipe Vilela*,
Polymeric materials that undergo photoinduced degradation have wide application in fields such as controlled release. Most methods for photoinduced degradation rely on the UV or near-UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum; however, use of the deeply penetrating and benign wavelengths of visible light offers a multitude of advantages. Here we report a lactone monomer for ring-opening copolymerizations to introduce a sacrificial linker into a polymer backbone which can be cleaved by reactive oxygen species which are produced by a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. We find that copolymers of this material readily degrade under visible light. We followed polymer degradation using a continuous flow size exclusion chromatography system, the components of which are described herein.
{"title":"A Sacrificial Linker in Biodegradable Polyesters for Accelerated Photoinduced Degradation, Monitored by Continuous Atline SEC Analysis","authors":"Samuel B. H. Patterson, Valeria Arrighi and Filipe Vilela*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00117","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00117","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polymeric materials that undergo photoinduced degradation have wide application in fields such as controlled release. Most methods for photoinduced degradation rely on the UV or near-UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum; however, use of the deeply penetrating and benign wavelengths of visible light offers a multitude of advantages. Here we report a lactone monomer for ring-opening copolymerizations to introduce a sacrificial linker into a polymer backbone which can be cleaved by reactive oxygen species which are produced by a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. We find that copolymers of this material readily degrade under visible light. We followed polymer degradation using a continuous flow size exclusion chromatography system, the components of which are described herein.</p>","PeriodicalId":18,"journal":{"name":"ACS Macro Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140603755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}