Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1934578x251395919
Yan Liu, Zhixu Gao, Yintao Zhao, Lingjuan Kong, Xiaoqing Ji, Jinyang Wu, Zhanhua Gao
Objective Lonicera japonica primarily originates from artificial cultivation; however, varying environmental conditions in different production areas lead to inconsistencies in the quality of the medicinal materials. Consequently, it is essential to identify the key factors influencing the quality of Lonicera japonica to enhance its cultivation standards. This study compares the chlorogenic acid content of Lonicera japonica from various production areas, explores the climate and soil factors that influence chlorogenic acid accumulation, and provides a basis for optimizing artificial planting methods and quality control of Lonicera japonica . Methods We collected Lonicera japonica samples from three origins: Henan, Hebei, and Shandong, determined the chlorogenic acid content using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and analyzed the variations in samples from different origins. We tested the soil physicochemical properties according to national standards, detected the soil microbial community composition using 16S amplicon sequencing technology, and analyzed the climatic and soil factors affecting chlorogenic acid accumulation. Results Chlorogenic acid content was highest in the Hebei Lonicera japonica samples. The annual mean temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed negatively correlate with chlorogenic acid content. In contrast, the annual sunshine duration positively correlates with chlorogenic acid content. Rhizosphere samples from Shandong have higher total nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon content than those from Henan and Hebei. Furthermore, Henan soils exhibit slightly higher nitrate nitrogen content and slightly lower nitrite content, while Hebei soils have higher ammonium nitrogen concentration. The weakly acidic pH value was positively correlated with chlorogenic acid content. The rhizosphere soil of Lonicera japonica in Shandong exhibited the highest bacterial abundance, and the rhizosphere soil of Lonicera japonica from Henan yielded the highest number of ASVs. Strains 27F-1492R, KF-JG30-B3, Pla4_lineage, Bacillus , and bacteriap25 were highly abundant in rhizosphere soil samples from Henan. Ohtaekwangia , Caulobacter , and Larkinella were abundant in the Shandong rhizosphere samples. The abundances of Subgroup_10, Bryobacter , and Uncultured were negatively correlated with the chlorogenic acid content, whereas Terrimonas showed positive correlations. Conclusion Lonicera japonica from the Hebei Province had the highest chlorogenic acid content. Environmental factors affect the quality of Lonicera japonica. In artificial cultivation, the quality of Lonicera japonica can be enhanced by controlling the temperature, soil nitrogen content, and the quantity of beneficial bacteria.
{"title":"The Influence of Climate and Soil on Chlorogenic Acid Content in Lonicera japonica Thunb. from Different Regions in China","authors":"Yan Liu, Zhixu Gao, Yintao Zhao, Lingjuan Kong, Xiaoqing Ji, Jinyang Wu, Zhanhua Gao","doi":"10.1177/1934578x251395919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x251395919","url":null,"abstract":"Objective Lonicera japonica primarily originates from artificial cultivation; however, varying environmental conditions in different production areas lead to inconsistencies in the quality of the medicinal materials. Consequently, it is essential to identify the key factors influencing the quality of Lonicera japonica to enhance its cultivation standards. This study compares the chlorogenic acid content of Lonicera japonica from various production areas, explores the climate and soil factors that influence chlorogenic acid accumulation, and provides a basis for optimizing artificial planting methods and quality control of Lonicera japonica . Methods We collected Lonicera japonica samples from three origins: Henan, Hebei, and Shandong, determined the chlorogenic acid content using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and analyzed the variations in samples from different origins. We tested the soil physicochemical properties according to national standards, detected the soil microbial community composition using 16S amplicon sequencing technology, and analyzed the climatic and soil factors affecting chlorogenic acid accumulation. Results Chlorogenic acid content was highest in the Hebei Lonicera japonica samples. The annual mean temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed negatively correlate with chlorogenic acid content. In contrast, the annual sunshine duration positively correlates with chlorogenic acid content. Rhizosphere samples from Shandong have higher total nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon content than those from Henan and Hebei. Furthermore, Henan soils exhibit slightly higher nitrate nitrogen content and slightly lower nitrite content, while Hebei soils have higher ammonium nitrogen concentration. The weakly acidic pH value was positively correlated with chlorogenic acid content. The rhizosphere soil of Lonicera japonica in Shandong exhibited the highest bacterial abundance, and the rhizosphere soil of Lonicera japonica from Henan yielded the highest number of ASVs. Strains 27F-1492R, KF-JG30-B3, Pla4_lineage, Bacillus , and bacteriap25 were highly abundant in rhizosphere soil samples from Henan. Ohtaekwangia , Caulobacter , and Larkinella were abundant in the Shandong rhizosphere samples. The abundances of Subgroup_10, Bryobacter , and Uncultured were negatively correlated with the chlorogenic acid content, whereas Terrimonas showed positive correlations. Conclusion Lonicera japonica from the Hebei Province had the highest chlorogenic acid content. Environmental factors affect the quality of Lonicera japonica. In artificial cultivation, the quality of Lonicera japonica can be enhanced by controlling the temperature, soil nitrogen content, and the quantity of beneficial bacteria.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"20 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Panax ginseng root extract (PGRE), rich in bioactive ginsenosides, has been widely recognized for its potential health benefits. However, its skincare efficacy, particularly in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, remains to be fully elucidated. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the skincare efficacy of PGRE using primary keratinocytes and a 3D human epidermal model (EpiKutis ® ), focusing on its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and barrier repair mechanisms. Methods The cytotoxicity of PGRE was assessed at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, and its anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring the suppression of IL-1α, PGE2, and NF-κB activation. The antioxidant activity of PGRE was tested under 4-HNE-induced oxidative stress by quantifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction. Additionally, the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway was investigated to understand its role in mitigating inflammatory feedback loops. Results PGRE at 50 μg/mL showed no cytotoxicity (>80% cell viability) and demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing IL-1α (34.17%), PGE2 (20.70%), and NF-κB activation (43.65%). Under oxidative stress conditions, PGRE significantly reduced ROS levels by 51.6%, highlighting its strong anti-carbonylation activity. Furthermore, PGRE effectively modulated the NF-κB signaling pathway, mitigating inflammatory feedback loops and underscoring its multitarget mechanism in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Conclusion PGRE exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a promising natural ingredient for anti-aging and anti-inflammatory skincare formulations. These findings suggest that PGRE could play a vital role in barrier repair and inflammation modulation. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate these in vitro results and to explore the role of NF-κB in PGRE's anti-inflammatory and barrier repair mechanisms.
{"title":"Panax Ginseng Root Extract Exhibits Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties by Diminishing Oxidative Stress Levels and Modulating the NF-κB Signaling Pathway at Both the Cellular and Tissue Levels in the Skin","authors":"Bo-Zheng Zhang, Haoyang Yu, Chao-Fan Tian, Ming‐Lung Yu, Yun Ha Lee, Zhi Xiong","doi":"10.1177/1934578x251364582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x251364582","url":null,"abstract":"Background Panax ginseng root extract (PGRE), rich in bioactive ginsenosides, has been widely recognized for its potential health benefits. However, its skincare efficacy, particularly in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, remains to be fully elucidated. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the skincare efficacy of PGRE using primary keratinocytes and a 3D human epidermal model (EpiKutis ® ), focusing on its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and barrier repair mechanisms. Methods The cytotoxicity of PGRE was assessed at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, and its anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring the suppression of IL-1α, PGE2, and NF-κB activation. The antioxidant activity of PGRE was tested under 4-HNE-induced oxidative stress by quantifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction. Additionally, the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway was investigated to understand its role in mitigating inflammatory feedback loops. Results PGRE at 50 μg/mL showed no cytotoxicity (>80% cell viability) and demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing IL-1α (34.17%), PGE2 (20.70%), and NF-κB activation (43.65%). Under oxidative stress conditions, PGRE significantly reduced ROS levels by 51.6%, highlighting its strong anti-carbonylation activity. Furthermore, PGRE effectively modulated the NF-κB signaling pathway, mitigating inflammatory feedback loops and underscoring its multitarget mechanism in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Conclusion PGRE exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a promising natural ingredient for anti-aging and anti-inflammatory skincare formulations. These findings suggest that PGRE could play a vital role in barrier repair and inflammation modulation. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate these in vitro results and to explore the role of NF-κB in PGRE's anti-inflammatory and barrier repair mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X251364582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1177/1934578x251382350
Wenling Zhang, Haibing Zhang, Xingyu Chen, Teng Liu, Tingting Feng, Peipei Zhu, Qingyu Nie
Objective Citrus reticulata cv. ‘Dahongpao’ is an ancient Chinese cultivar whose by-products, peel, flower, and leaf remain underexplored. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive comparative characterization of the volatilomic profiles, odor-active signatures, and antioxidant activities of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from these three tissues to establish a scientific basis for their differentiated valorization. Methods Essential oils were obtained from the three tissues using ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation. The volatile metabolomes were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated using spectrophotometric assays to determine total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and scavenging activities against superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Results A total of 985 volatile metabolites were identified, dominated by terpenoids (25.99%), esters (15.63%), and heterocyclic compounds (9.44%). Tissue-specific chemical signatures were observed: peel EOs were enriched in terpenoids such as α-citral and (1α,3β,4β)-p-menthane-3,8-diol; flower EOs accumulated oxygenated monoterpene like linalool and nerolidol; leaf EOs were characterized by green-note aldehydes and alcohols, including (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and phytol. Antioxidant profiling revealed functional divergence: leaf EO showed the highest superoxide scavenging, flower EO exhibited the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing power, while peel EO had the highest total phenolic content. Differential metabolite analysis highlighted extensive divergence, with 834 metabolites differing between peel and flower EOs (815 upregulated in peel). Notably, 2-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, a potent odorant with a 0.4 ppb threshold was significantly enriched in peel EO, along with high-impact volatiles like α-citral, 2,4-decadienal, and 2-octanol acetate. Conclusion Red mandarin tissues possess distinct metabolite architectures. The peel is a rich reservoir of phenolics and high-impact odorants, making it a prime candidate for the food and fragrance industries. The flower and leaf EOs harbor unique aromatic and bioactive traits suitable for specialized nutraceutical or cosmetic applications. These findings strongly support the differentiated, value-added utilization of all three by-products.
{"title":"Volatilomic Signatures and Antioxidant Activities of red Mandarin ( <i>Citrus reticulata</i> ‘Dahongpao’) Essential Oils from Peel, Flower, and Leaf","authors":"Wenling Zhang, Haibing Zhang, Xingyu Chen, Teng Liu, Tingting Feng, Peipei Zhu, Qingyu Nie","doi":"10.1177/1934578x251382350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x251382350","url":null,"abstract":"Objective Citrus reticulata cv. ‘Dahongpao’ is an ancient Chinese cultivar whose by-products, peel, flower, and leaf remain underexplored. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive comparative characterization of the volatilomic profiles, odor-active signatures, and antioxidant activities of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from these three tissues to establish a scientific basis for their differentiated valorization. Methods Essential oils were obtained from the three tissues using ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation. The volatile metabolomes were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated using spectrophotometric assays to determine total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and scavenging activities against superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Results A total of 985 volatile metabolites were identified, dominated by terpenoids (25.99%), esters (15.63%), and heterocyclic compounds (9.44%). Tissue-specific chemical signatures were observed: peel EOs were enriched in terpenoids such as α-citral and (1α,3β,4β)-p-menthane-3,8-diol; flower EOs accumulated oxygenated monoterpene like linalool and nerolidol; leaf EOs were characterized by green-note aldehydes and alcohols, including (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and phytol. Antioxidant profiling revealed functional divergence: leaf EO showed the highest superoxide scavenging, flower EO exhibited the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing power, while peel EO had the highest total phenolic content. Differential metabolite analysis highlighted extensive divergence, with 834 metabolites differing between peel and flower EOs (815 upregulated in peel). Notably, 2-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, a potent odorant with a 0.4 ppb threshold was significantly enriched in peel EO, along with high-impact volatiles like α-citral, 2,4-decadienal, and 2-octanol acetate. Conclusion Red mandarin tissues possess distinct metabolite architectures. The peel is a rich reservoir of phenolics and high-impact odorants, making it a prime candidate for the food and fragrance industries. The flower and leaf EOs harbor unique aromatic and bioactive traits suitable for specialized nutraceutical or cosmetic applications. These findings strongly support the differentiated, value-added utilization of all three by-products.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1177/1934578x251348383
Wenjiao Li, Yiyang Zhu, Qiwei Xuan, Xiangyu Zhu, Hanwen Miao, Yufang Zhang, Yi Cui, Shengliang Liao, Zhaojun Sheng, Zhongze Lin
Objectives To identify new active compounds with mosquito larvicidal properties from natural products, the larvicidal activity of several traditional Chinese medicinal herbs extracts against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) was screened. Methods The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was employed to process seven Chinese medicinal herbs. Subsequently, the extractums were fractionated using solvents with varying polarities and identify the extract phase exhibiting potent larvicidal activity. The active extract phase was further purified via silica gel column chromatography, followed by the identification of active components using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the larvicidal activity of the identified components, as well as their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were evaluated. Results The Q1 fraction of the petroleum ether phase extract of Artemisia scoparia exhibited a 100% mortality rate against mosquito larvae at 100 ppm. GC-MS analysis results showed that capillene, methyl eugenol, capillin, and caryophyllene oxide are the most representative constituents. The following larvicidal activity results showed that caryophyllene oxide and methyl eugenol had potent larvicidal activity with 50% lethal concentration (LC 50 ) values of 67.6 ppm and 101.6 ppm, respectively. These two monomer compounds had potent inhibitory activity against ALP with inhibition rates of 47% and 37% respectively. Conclusion In this study, the Q1 fraction of A. scoparia PE extract demonstrated potent larvicidal activity against Aedes albopictus . Notably, methyl eugenol and caryophyllene oxide were found to exhibit significant larvicidal activity. Enzyme inhibition assays further revealed that these two compounds may induce larval mortality by inhibiting ALP activity. These findings suggest that A. scoparia extract, as well as its active constituents, holds promise as an effective larvicide for mosquito control.
{"title":"Chemical Composition, Insecticidal Activity and Action Mode of <i>Artemisia scoparia</i> Methanolic Extracts on <i>Aedes albopictus</i>","authors":"Wenjiao Li, Yiyang Zhu, Qiwei Xuan, Xiangyu Zhu, Hanwen Miao, Yufang Zhang, Yi Cui, Shengliang Liao, Zhaojun Sheng, Zhongze Lin","doi":"10.1177/1934578x251348383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x251348383","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives To identify new active compounds with mosquito larvicidal properties from natural products, the larvicidal activity of several traditional Chinese medicinal herbs extracts against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) was screened. Methods The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was employed to process seven Chinese medicinal herbs. Subsequently, the extractums were fractionated using solvents with varying polarities and identify the extract phase exhibiting potent larvicidal activity. The active extract phase was further purified via silica gel column chromatography, followed by the identification of active components using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the larvicidal activity of the identified components, as well as their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were evaluated. Results The Q1 fraction of the petroleum ether phase extract of Artemisia scoparia exhibited a 100% mortality rate against mosquito larvae at 100 ppm. GC-MS analysis results showed that capillene, methyl eugenol, capillin, and caryophyllene oxide are the most representative constituents. The following larvicidal activity results showed that caryophyllene oxide and methyl eugenol had potent larvicidal activity with 50% lethal concentration (LC 50 ) values of 67.6 ppm and 101.6 ppm, respectively. These two monomer compounds had potent inhibitory activity against ALP with inhibition rates of 47% and 37% respectively. Conclusion In this study, the Q1 fraction of A. scoparia PE extract demonstrated potent larvicidal activity against Aedes albopictus . Notably, methyl eugenol and caryophyllene oxide were found to exhibit significant larvicidal activity. Enzyme inhibition assays further revealed that these two compounds may induce larval mortality by inhibiting ALP activity. These findings suggest that A. scoparia extract, as well as its active constituents, holds promise as an effective larvicide for mosquito control.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1177/1934578x251327922
Yongxia Shi, Xiaoning Sun, Zhaoxia Yu, Dalan Dai, Hongyu Guo, Lijuan Mei, Jun Dai, Lei Jiang
Objective Bergenia purpurascens , a medicinal herb indigenous to southwestern China, has garnered interest for its potential therapeutic properties. This study investigates the herb's water extract's capacity to interfere with the interaction between the COVID-19 S1 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and the ACE2 receptor, a critical step in the virus's infection process. Methods Quality standards for the Bergenia purpurascens extract were established to ensure consistency. The extract's efficacy was assessed using a Vero-E6 cell infection model to inhibit live virus infection of the COVID-19 XBB1.5 variant. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) was employed to explore the mechanism of action. The extract's composition was further analyzed using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), with active compounds identified through a combination of in silico screening and actual activity testing. Results The water extract of Bergenia purpurascens demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against the COVID-19 XBB1.5 variant, with stability and high potency, reflected by an IC50 value of 0.037 mg/mL. The selectivity index for the antiviral effect is approximately 9. The extract's composition was predominantly Phenylpropanoids and Carbohydrates, accounting for over 60% of the total. Interestingly, a majority of the high-content compounds were inactive, while the low-content compounds, exemplified by Ellagic acid, showed synergistic activity. The extract's inhibitory mechanism was characterized as a non-specific inhibition of ACE2 with a steady-state binding affinity (KD) of 7.9 × 10 −7 M. Conclusions The study concludes that the water extract of Bergenia purpurascens is a promising, cost-effective non-specific ACE2 inhibitor with potential applications in COVID-19 therapy. The identification of active compounds and the elucidation of its inhibitory mechanism provide a foundation for further research and development of this traditional medicinal herb in combating viral infections.
{"title":"Investigation on the Inhibitory Effect of Bergenia purpurascens Water Extract on COVID-19 XBB1.5 Variant and Its Blocking ACE2 Mechanism","authors":"Yongxia Shi, Xiaoning Sun, Zhaoxia Yu, Dalan Dai, Hongyu Guo, Lijuan Mei, Jun Dai, Lei Jiang","doi":"10.1177/1934578x251327922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x251327922","url":null,"abstract":"Objective Bergenia purpurascens , a medicinal herb indigenous to southwestern China, has garnered interest for its potential therapeutic properties. This study investigates the herb's water extract's capacity to interfere with the interaction between the COVID-19 S1 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and the ACE2 receptor, a critical step in the virus's infection process. Methods Quality standards for the Bergenia purpurascens extract were established to ensure consistency. The extract's efficacy was assessed using a Vero-E6 cell infection model to inhibit live virus infection of the COVID-19 XBB1.5 variant. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) was employed to explore the mechanism of action. The extract's composition was further analyzed using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), with active compounds identified through a combination of in silico screening and actual activity testing. Results The water extract of Bergenia purpurascens demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against the COVID-19 XBB1.5 variant, with stability and high potency, reflected by an IC50 value of 0.037 mg/mL. The selectivity index for the antiviral effect is approximately 9. The extract's composition was predominantly Phenylpropanoids and Carbohydrates, accounting for over 60% of the total. Interestingly, a majority of the high-content compounds were inactive, while the low-content compounds, exemplified by Ellagic acid, showed synergistic activity. The extract's inhibitory mechanism was characterized as a non-specific inhibition of ACE2 with a steady-state binding affinity (KD) of 7.9 × 10 −7 M. Conclusions The study concludes that the water extract of Bergenia purpurascens is a promising, cost-effective non-specific ACE2 inhibitor with potential applications in COVID-19 therapy. The identification of active compounds and the elucidation of its inhibitory mechanism provide a foundation for further research and development of this traditional medicinal herb in combating viral infections.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1934578x251319221
Sonia Hayat, Ghulam Abbas Miana, Madiha Kanwal, Zartab Ahsan, Muhammad Junaid Tariq
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antiepileptic potential of the ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium aerial parts. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH photometric assay, and flavonoid content was quantified via the aluminum chloride method. The extract's neuroprotective effect was assessed using the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model, along with immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. Methods The antioxidant potential of the extract was determined through DPPH radical scavenging activity, while flavonoid content was assessed as quercetin equivalents (QE). The in vivo antiepileptic activity was evaluated in mice using the PTZ-induced seizure model. Key biomarkers of oxidative stress, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase, and lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured to evaluate the extract's ability to ameliorate PTZ-induced oxidative stress. Results The extract demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, with 72% scavenging activity observed at 900 µg/mL. Flavonoid content was determined to be 39.45 ± 1.84 µg QE/mg. In the PTZ-induced seizure model, Achillea millefolium extract at 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg significantly reduced neuroinflammatory markers and oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased LPO and increased levels of GSH, GST, and catalase. IHC and H&E staining revealed neuroprotective effects, including reduced neuroinflammation and enhanced neuronal survival. Conclusion The ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium exhibited strong antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, effectively mitigating PTZ-induced seizures, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. These findings suggest its potential as a natural alternative for epilepsy treatment.
目的研究千叶阿喀琉叶乙醇提取物的抗氧化和抗癫痫作用。用DPPH光度法测定其抗氧化活性，用氯化铝法测定其类黄酮含量。采用戊四唑（PTZ）诱导癫痫发作模型，免疫组织化学（IHC）分析和苏木精伊红（H&；E）染色评估提取物的神经保护作用。方法采用清除DPPH自由基的方法测定提取物的抗氧化能力，并用槲皮素当量（QE）测定其类黄酮含量。采用ptz诱导的小鼠癫痫模型评价其体内抗癫痫活性。氧化应激的关键生物标志物，包括谷胱甘肽（GSH）、谷胱甘肽- s -转移酶（GST）、过氧化氢酶和脂质过氧化（LPO），被测量以评估提取物改善ptz诱导的氧化应激的能力。结果黄芪提取物具有明显的抗氧化活性，在浓度为900µg/mL时，其清除率达72%。测定黄酮含量为39.45±1.84µg QE/mg。在ptz诱导的癫痫模型中，400 mg/kg和600 mg/kg的千叶水蛭提取物显著降低了LPO，增加了GSH、GST和过氧化氢酶的水平，显著降低了神经炎症标志物和氧化应激。免疫组化和H&；E染色显示神经保护作用，包括减少神经炎症和增强神经元存活。结论千叶水仙醇提物具有较强的抗氧化和神经保护作用，可有效减轻ptz诱导的癫痫发作、氧化应激和炎症反应。这些发现表明它有可能成为治疗癫痫的天然替代品。
{"title":"Determination of Total Flavonoid Content and Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Assay, and Antiepileptic Activity of <i>Achillea millefolium</i> Extract","authors":"Sonia Hayat, Ghulam Abbas Miana, Madiha Kanwal, Zartab Ahsan, Muhammad Junaid Tariq","doi":"10.1177/1934578x251319221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x251319221","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antiepileptic potential of the ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium aerial parts. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH photometric assay, and flavonoid content was quantified via the aluminum chloride method. The extract's neuroprotective effect was assessed using the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model, along with immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. Methods The antioxidant potential of the extract was determined through DPPH radical scavenging activity, while flavonoid content was assessed as quercetin equivalents (QE). The in vivo antiepileptic activity was evaluated in mice using the PTZ-induced seizure model. Key biomarkers of oxidative stress, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase, and lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured to evaluate the extract's ability to ameliorate PTZ-induced oxidative stress. Results The extract demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, with 72% scavenging activity observed at 900 µg/mL. Flavonoid content was determined to be 39.45 ± 1.84 µg QE/mg. In the PTZ-induced seizure model, Achillea millefolium extract at 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg significantly reduced neuroinflammatory markers and oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased LPO and increased levels of GSH, GST, and catalase. IHC and H&E staining revealed neuroprotective effects, including reduced neuroinflammation and enhanced neuronal survival. Conclusion The ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium exhibited strong antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, effectively mitigating PTZ-induced seizures, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. These findings suggest its potential as a natural alternative for epilepsy treatment.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1177/1934578x241284735
Milica Aćimović, Jovana Stanković Jeremić, Marina Todosijević, Mirjana Cvetković, Biljana Lončar, Vladimir Vukić, Tamara Erceg, Lato Pezo, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
ObjectivesImmortelle has garnered global attention for its cosmetic, medicinal, and culinary applications worldwide. Apart from neryl acetate, α-pinene and γ-curcumene as the most important components for the estimation of the essential oil quality, in recent years a group of β-diketones, known as italidiones, appear as significant quality parameters. However, it is unknown how weather conditions (temperature and precipitation) influence their accumulation in essential oil and hydrosol, nor their anti-inflammatory potential.MethodsThis study investigates the chemical composition of immortelle essential oil and hydrosol over three successive years (2019/20, 2020/21, and 2021/22), by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. In silico molecular docking model with Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1) was used for the simulation of the anti-inflammatory potential of italidiones, as well as other β-diketones present in immortelle essential oil and hydrosol.ResultsDuring the three-year trial, it was established that essential oil compounds such as α-pinene, neryl acetate, and italicene were positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with precipitation, as well as β-diketones and total italidiones. Moreover, trans-caryophyllene, γ-curcumene, and ar-curcumene were in negative correlation with temperature, and a slight positive correlation with precipitation. On the other side, in the hydrosol the content of both total β-diketones and total italidiones was strongly negatively correlated with temperatures, and positively correlated with precipitation, which was the opposite of essential oil. Additionally, findings indicated that italidiones could bind the human VAP-1 protein in the vicinity of the topiquinone and block its function.ConclusionWeather conditions affect variations in the accumulation of volatile compounds in essential oil and hydrosol, which in some cases can affect changes in olfactory characteristics, as well as criteria prescribed by standards, and even changes in biological activities. These results indicate that italidiones, as well as other β-diketones present in immortelle, may be responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity.
{"title":"The Influence of Weather Conditions on the Immortelle Volatile Constituents from Essential oil and Hydrosol with a Focus on Italidiones and Its Molecular Docking Anti-Inflammatory Potential","authors":"Milica Aćimović, Jovana Stanković Jeremić, Marina Todosijević, Mirjana Cvetković, Biljana Lončar, Vladimir Vukić, Tamara Erceg, Lato Pezo, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov","doi":"10.1177/1934578x241284735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x241284735","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectivesImmortelle has garnered global attention for its cosmetic, medicinal, and culinary applications worldwide. Apart from neryl acetate, α-pinene and γ-curcumene as the most important components for the estimation of the essential oil quality, in recent years a group of β-diketones, known as italidiones, appear as significant quality parameters. However, it is unknown how weather conditions (temperature and precipitation) influence their accumulation in essential oil and hydrosol, nor their anti-inflammatory potential.MethodsThis study investigates the chemical composition of immortelle essential oil and hydrosol over three successive years (2019/20, 2020/21, and 2021/22), by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. In silico molecular docking model with Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1) was used for the simulation of the anti-inflammatory potential of italidiones, as well as other β-diketones present in immortelle essential oil and hydrosol.ResultsDuring the three-year trial, it was established that essential oil compounds such as α-pinene, neryl acetate, and italicene were positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with precipitation, as well as β-diketones and total italidiones. Moreover, trans-caryophyllene, γ-curcumene, and ar-curcumene were in negative correlation with temperature, and a slight positive correlation with precipitation. On the other side, in the hydrosol the content of both total β-diketones and total italidiones was strongly negatively correlated with temperatures, and positively correlated with precipitation, which was the opposite of essential oil. Additionally, findings indicated that italidiones could bind the human VAP-1 protein in the vicinity of the topiquinone and block its function.ConclusionWeather conditions affect variations in the accumulation of volatile compounds in essential oil and hydrosol, which in some cases can affect changes in olfactory characteristics, as well as criteria prescribed by standards, and even changes in biological activities. These results indicate that italidiones, as well as other β-diketones present in immortelle, may be responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1177/1934578x241264621
Kunqin Ma, Xu Xu, Shengdong Wang, Chang Liu, Liping Liu
Objective: Traditional Chinese patent medicine Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid (HXZQOL) can be used topical to treat mosquito bite dermatitis (MBD). The study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of HXZQOL in treatment of MBD based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. Methods: TCMSP, SwissTargetPrediction and PubChem database were used to predict the active compounds and targets of HXZQOL and GeneCards database was utilized to predict the potential targets of MBD. Target interaction analysis was performed using Venn database, PPI and core targets were assessed using String database, and Cytoscape. Enrichment analysis on Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were performed using David online tool. “HXZQOL-compound-target-pathway-MBD” networks were constructed using Cytoscape. Molecular docking was carried out with Autodock vina. The inflammation model of HaCaT cells induced by TNF-a/IFN-γ was established .to validate the mechanism of HXZQOL against MBD, with the levels of inflammatory factors and protein related to IL-7 signaling pathway assessed using Elisa and Western Blot. Results: HXZQOL contained 154 active compounds and shared 88 common targets with MBD. Quercetin, apigenin, ursolic acid and luteolin were identified as potential candidate compounds, while JUN, IL-6, TNF and VEGFA were suggested as main potential targets. HXZQOL was found to act on MBD through multiple pathways including IL-17, AGE-RAGE and TNF signaling pathways. The candidate compounds demonstrated effectively binding to JUN and IL-6 targets, with binding energies below −5 kcal/mol. Western blot experiments confirmed that these compounds could down-regulate the expression of JUN protein in IL-17 signaling pathway, and significantly reduce levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and NO in HaCaT cells. Conclusion: HXZQOL mainly exerts its anti MAD effect by reducing inflammation. The relevant results have laid the foundation for improving the local anti MBD effect of HXZQOL and the secondary development of HXZQOL formulations.
{"title":"Exploring the Mechanism of Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid Against Mosquito Bite Dermatitis Through Network Pharmacology and in Vitro Validation","authors":"Kunqin Ma, Xu Xu, Shengdong Wang, Chang Liu, Liping Liu","doi":"10.1177/1934578x241264621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x241264621","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Traditional Chinese patent medicine Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid (HXZQOL) can be used topical to treat mosquito bite dermatitis (MBD). The study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of HXZQOL in treatment of MBD based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. Methods: TCMSP, SwissTargetPrediction and PubChem database were used to predict the active compounds and targets of HXZQOL and GeneCards database was utilized to predict the potential targets of MBD. Target interaction analysis was performed using Venn database, PPI and core targets were assessed using String database, and Cytoscape. Enrichment analysis on Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were performed using David online tool. “HXZQOL-compound-target-pathway-MBD” networks were constructed using Cytoscape. Molecular docking was carried out with Autodock vina. The inflammation model of HaCaT cells induced by TNF-a/IFN-γ was established .to validate the mechanism of HXZQOL against MBD, with the levels of inflammatory factors and protein related to IL-7 signaling pathway assessed using Elisa and Western Blot. Results: HXZQOL contained 154 active compounds and shared 88 common targets with MBD. Quercetin, apigenin, ursolic acid and luteolin were identified as potential candidate compounds, while JUN, IL-6, TNF and VEGFA were suggested as main potential targets. HXZQOL was found to act on MBD through multiple pathways including IL-17, AGE-RAGE and TNF signaling pathways. The candidate compounds demonstrated effectively binding to JUN and IL-6 targets, with binding energies below −5 kcal/mol. Western blot experiments confirmed that these compounds could down-regulate the expression of JUN protein in IL-17 signaling pathway, and significantly reduce levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and NO in HaCaT cells. Conclusion: HXZQOL mainly exerts its anti MAD effect by reducing inflammation. The relevant results have laid the foundation for improving the local anti MBD effect of HXZQOL and the secondary development of HXZQOL formulations.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1177/1934578x241276966
Tingjie Ye, Xiaofeng Yan, Wenhao Xiu, Changtai Qin, Yuxi Yang, Jinzu Yang, Limin Zhu, Xiaoling Wang, Wei Xu, Yanlin Lu
BackgroundTraditional Chinese Medicine Astragalus was commonly used to assist chemo-drug treatment in clinical cancer patients. However, whether Astragalus injection (AGI) reverses drug resistance remains unclear. Therefore, a meta-analysis is necessary to assess the effect of AGI on resistance reversement in cancer patients.MethodThe studies presenting tumor response rates in cancer patients receiving chemo-drugs treatment in combination with AGI were systematically searched from six common scientific databases until February 2024. The relative risks (RRs) indicating the tumor response rate, 1-year survival rate, and quality of life improvement in clinical patients among two groups were calculated in metan package. The pooled RRs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to explore the effect of AGI on enhancing drug sensitivity in terms of tumor response, 1-year survival rate and quality of life improvement in cancer patients.ResultFifty-one studies were included for meta-analysis following a thorough screening process that adhered to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 4613 patients were enrolled in all included trials. Results obtained indicated that AGI significantly enhanced the sensitivity of cancers to chemo-drugs with pooled RRs (95% CI) of 1.25 (1.18, 1.32), prolonged the 1-year survival rate of patients with pooled RRs (95% CI) of 1.34 (1.14, 1.57), improved the quality of life with pooled RRs (95% CI) of 1.61 (1.34, 1.93). Similarly, Astragalus's main component, astragaloside polysaccharides (APS), also enhances drug sensitivity in clinical cancer patients.ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that AGI had the ability to resensitize cancers to chemo-drugs and improve the quality of life of cancer patients. Therefore, AGI could potentially be used as a drug resistance reversal for resistant cancer treatment.
{"title":"Astragalus Injection Enhances the Sensitivity of Clinical Cancer Patients to Chemotherapy: A Systematic meta-Analysis","authors":"Tingjie Ye, Xiaofeng Yan, Wenhao Xiu, Changtai Qin, Yuxi Yang, Jinzu Yang, Limin Zhu, Xiaoling Wang, Wei Xu, Yanlin Lu","doi":"10.1177/1934578x241276966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x241276966","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundTraditional Chinese Medicine Astragalus was commonly used to assist chemo-drug treatment in clinical cancer patients. However, whether Astragalus injection (AGI) reverses drug resistance remains unclear. Therefore, a meta-analysis is necessary to assess the effect of AGI on resistance reversement in cancer patients.MethodThe studies presenting tumor response rates in cancer patients receiving chemo-drugs treatment in combination with AGI were systematically searched from six common scientific databases until February 2024. The relative risks (RRs) indicating the tumor response rate, 1-year survival rate, and quality of life improvement in clinical patients among two groups were calculated in metan package. The pooled RRs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to explore the effect of AGI on enhancing drug sensitivity in terms of tumor response, 1-year survival rate and quality of life improvement in cancer patients.ResultFifty-one studies were included for meta-analysis following a thorough screening process that adhered to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 4613 patients were enrolled in all included trials. Results obtained indicated that AGI significantly enhanced the sensitivity of cancers to chemo-drugs with pooled RRs (95% CI) of 1.25 (1.18, 1.32), prolonged the 1-year survival rate of patients with pooled RRs (95% CI) of 1.34 (1.14, 1.57), improved the quality of life with pooled RRs (95% CI) of 1.61 (1.34, 1.93). Similarly, Astragalus's main component, astragaloside polysaccharides (APS), also enhances drug sensitivity in clinical cancer patients.ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that AGI had the ability to resensitize cancers to chemo-drugs and improve the quality of life of cancer patients. Therefore, AGI could potentially be used as a drug resistance reversal for resistant cancer treatment.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1177/1934578x241282923
Gabriel Atampugbire, Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako, Osbourne Quaye
This paper explores a diverse field of medicinal plants as potential antiviral agents, and delves into utilization of plant medicine for combating viral infections, emphasizing recent surge in research on natural products from plants as antiviral agents. Specific plant-derived compounds, like phyllanthin and iscador, have been proven to exhibit antiviral properties with great potential for pharmaceutical development. Mechanisms of antiviral action by phytochemicals that are present in medicinal plants, including direct viral inhibition, degradation of viral capsid, and immunomodulation were identified, and a combination therapy of medicinal plants with conventional antiviral drugs were explored. Efficacy of medicinal plants as antiviral agents was critically assessed and revealed that the complexity and variability of herbal formulations, and safety concerns regarding toxicity levels, pose challenges in drug development. However, research on medicinal plants is often hindered by limited understanding of phytochemical mechanisms, the complexity and variability of herbal formulations, and safety concerns regarding toxicity and interactions with other medications. The way forward in harnessing full potential of medicinal plants as antiviral agents underscores the need for further research into developing models that seek to enhance the selectivity of plant extracts in order to minimize toxicity levels.
{"title":"Medicinal Plants as Effective Antiviral Agents and Their Potential Benefits","authors":"Gabriel Atampugbire, Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako, Osbourne Quaye","doi":"10.1177/1934578x241282923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x241282923","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores a diverse field of medicinal plants as potential antiviral agents, and delves into utilization of plant medicine for combating viral infections, emphasizing recent surge in research on natural products from plants as antiviral agents. Specific plant-derived compounds, like phyllanthin and iscador, have been proven to exhibit antiviral properties with great potential for pharmaceutical development. Mechanisms of antiviral action by phytochemicals that are present in medicinal plants, including direct viral inhibition, degradation of viral capsid, and immunomodulation were identified, and a combination therapy of medicinal plants with conventional antiviral drugs were explored. Efficacy of medicinal plants as antiviral agents was critically assessed and revealed that the complexity and variability of herbal formulations, and safety concerns regarding toxicity levels, pose challenges in drug development. However, research on medicinal plants is often hindered by limited understanding of phytochemical mechanisms, the complexity and variability of herbal formulations, and safety concerns regarding toxicity and interactions with other medications. The way forward in harnessing full potential of medicinal plants as antiviral agents underscores the need for further research into developing models that seek to enhance the selectivity of plant extracts in order to minimize toxicity levels.","PeriodicalId":19019,"journal":{"name":"Natural Product Communications","volume":"195 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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