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Through a teratological lens: A narrative review of exposure to stress and drugs of abuse during pregnancy on neurodevelopment 从畸形学的角度:妊娠期接触压力和滥用药物对神经发育影响的叙述性综述。
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107384
Jennifer A. Willford, Jesse M. Kaufman

Teratological research shows that both prenatal stress and prenatal substance exposure have a significant impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Using human research, the purpose of this narrative review is to explore the degree to which these exposures may represent complex prenatal and postnatal risks for the development of cognition and behavior in children. An understanding of the HPA axis and its function during pregnancy as well as the types and operationalization of prenatal stress provide a context for understanding the direct and indirect mechanisms by which prenatal stress affects brain and behavior development. In turn, prenatal substance exposure studies are evaluated for their importance in understanding variables that indicate a potential interaction with prenatal stress including reactivity to novelty, arousal, and stress reactivity during early childhood. The similarities and differences between prenatal stress exposure and prenatal substance exposure on neurodevelopmental outcomes including arousal and emotion regulation, cognition, behavior, stress reactivity, and risk for psychopathology are summarized. Further considerations for teratological studies of prenatal stress and/or substance exposure include identifying and addressing methodological challenges, embracing the complexity of pre-and postnatal environments in the research, and the importance of incorporating parenting and resilience into future studies.

畸形研究表明,产前压力和产前药物接触对儿童的神经发育结果有重大影响。本叙述性综述旨在通过人类研究,探讨这些暴露在多大程度上可能对儿童的认知和行为发展构成复杂的产前和产后风险。了解 HPA 轴及其在孕期的功能以及产前压力的类型和可操作性,有助于理解产前压力影响大脑和行为发育的直接和间接机制。反过来,产前物质暴露研究也被评估为对了解表明与产前压力有潜在相互作用的变量的重要性,这些变量包括对新奇事物的反应性、唤醒和幼儿期的压力反应性。总结了产前压力暴露和产前物质暴露对神经发育结果的异同,包括唤醒和情绪调节、认知、行为、压力反应性和精神病理学风险。对产前压力和/或药物暴露的畸形研究的进一步考虑包括确定和解决方法学上的挑战,在研究中考虑产前和产后环境的复杂性,以及将养育和恢复能力纳入未来研究的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in withdrawal symptoms, microglia activity, and cognitive functioning in rats exposed to continuous low-dose heroin in-utero 胎儿期连续接触低剂量海洛因的大鼠在戒断症状、小胶质细胞活性和认知功能方面的差异。
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107385
Sara L. Mills-Huffnagle , Charles N. Zawatsky , Gjhvona Bryant , Michael Ebert , Corinne M. Augusto , Ann Sipe , Nelli Horvath , Jennifer E. Nyland

Introduction

Opioid use during pregnancy and subsequent neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) have been associated with poor developmental outcomes including cognitive functioning. Less is known about the underlying molecular effects of prenatal opioid exposure and subsequent withdrawal; however, given the recent increase in NOWS cases, there is a pressing need to better understand these effects, which may partially explain cognitive deficits that have been observed in both preclinical NOWS models and patients with NOWS. This study evaluated the effects of prenatal heroin exposure and subsequent precipitated withdrawal symptoms on microglial reactivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal hippocampus (HC), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rat neonates, as well as cognitive functioning at three developmental time points using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task.

Methods

Heroin or saline (2 mg/kg) was randomly assigned and administered to six pregnant Sprague Dawley rat dams via osmotic minipump. A total of 63 rat neonates underwent naloxone-precipitated (5 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection) withdrawal testing at postnatal day 10 (PN10). Following withdrawal testing, neonates were randomly assigned to undergo perfusion and subsequent immunohistochemistry experiments to fluoresce Iba-1 for microglia detection, or to undergo the MWM task at three separate developmental time points (PN21–23; PN37; PN60) for cognitive testing.

Results

Results suggest that in-utero heroin exposure led to an increase in ultrasonic vocalizations during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal; a sensitive index of withdrawal in rat neonates. Additional results suggest increased microglial reactivity in the HC and VTA, but not the NAc, as well as reduced performance during the MWM in the group exposed to heroin in-utero.

Discussion

Together, these data suggest that in-utero opioid exposure is associated with microglial reactivity in brain regions associated with learning and memory, and may be associated with later cognitive deficits. Further research is needed to characterize these findings, which may inform future therapeutic strategies for this vulnerable population.

导言:孕期使用阿片类药物及随后的新生儿阿片类药物戒断综合征(NOWS)与包括认知功能在内的不良发育结果有关。然而,鉴于近来新生儿阿片类药物戒断综合征病例的增加,我们迫切需要更好地了解这些影响,这可能是临床前新生儿阿片类药物戒断综合征模型和新生儿阿片类药物戒断综合征患者认知缺陷的部分原因。本研究利用莫里斯水迷宫(MWM)任务评估了产前海洛因暴露和随后的骤发戒断症状对新生大鼠伏隔核(NAc)、海马背侧(HC)和腹侧被盖区(VTA)的小胶质细胞反应性的影响,以及在三个发育时间点的认知功能。方法:将海洛因或生理盐水(2 毫克/千克)随机分配给六只怀孕的 Sprague Dawley 大鼠母鼠,并通过渗透压微型泵给药。共有 63 只新生大鼠在出生后第 10 天(PN10)接受了纳洛酮沉淀(5 毫克/千克,皮下注射)戒断测试。戒断测试后,新生大鼠被随机分配接受灌注和随后的免疫组化实验,以荧光Iba-1检测小胶质细胞,或在三个不同的发育时间点(PN21-23;PN37;PN60)接受MWM任务进行认知测试:结果:结果表明,胎儿期海洛因暴露会导致纳洛酮诱导戒断时超声波发声的增加;这是大鼠新生儿戒断的一个敏感指标。其他结果表明,宫内暴露于海洛因的大鼠组在HC和VTA(而非NAc)中的小胶质细胞反应性增加,在MWM中的表现下降:总之,这些数据表明,胎内阿片类药物暴露与学习和记忆相关脑区的小胶质细胞反应性有关,并可能与日后的认知障碍有关。还需要进一步研究来确定这些发现的特征,从而为未来针对这一弱势群体的治疗策略提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Adolescent exposure to bisphenol-a antagonizes androgen regulation of social behavior in male mice 雄性小鼠在青春期接触双酚 A 会拮抗雄性激素对其社会行为的调节。
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107374
Xiaoyu Zhong, Jisui Li, Xiaohong Xu

Social behavior is sexually dimorphic, which is regulated by gonadal hormones in the brain. Our recent study found that exposure to low doses of bisphenol-A (BPA) during adolescence, permanently alters social behavior in adult male mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using adolescent gonadectomy (GDX) male mice with testosterone propionate (TP, 0.5 mg/kg) supplement (TP-GDX), this study showed that BPA antagonized promoting effects of TP on social interaction, sexual behavior, and aggression in GDX mice. BPA eliminated the reversal effects of TP on GDX-induced decrease in the number of immunoreactive to arginine vasopressin (AVP-ir) neurons in the medial amygdala (MeA) and the levels of AVP receptor 1a (V1aR) in the MeA and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In addition, BPA removed down-regulation in the levels of dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) and DA receptor 1 (DR1) in the NAc of TP-GDX mice. BPA exposure reduced testosterone (T) levels in the brain and serum and the expression of androgen receptor (AR) protein in the amygdala and striatum of sham-operated and TP-GDX males. These results suggest that adolescent exposure to BPA inhibits regulation of androgen in AVP and DA systems of the brain regions associated with social behavior, and thus alters social behaviors of adult male mice.

社交行为具有性别二态性,受大脑中性腺激素的调节。我们最近的研究发现,在青春期暴露于低剂量的双酚 A(BPA)会永久性地改变成年雄性小鼠的社会行为,但其潜在机制仍不清楚。本研究使用青春期性腺切除(GDX)雄性小鼠,并辅以丙酸睾酮(TP,0.5 mg/kg)(TP-GDX),结果表明双酚 A 可拮抗 TP 对 GDX 小鼠社会交往、性行为和攻击行为的促进作用。双酚 A 可消除 TP 对 GDX 引起的内侧杏仁核(MeA)精氨酸血管加压素(AVP-ir)免疫反应神经元数量减少以及 MeA 和纳氏核(NAc)中 AVP 受体 1a (V1aR)水平下降的逆转效应。此外,双酚 A 还消除了 TP-GDX 小鼠 NAc 中多巴胺(DA)转运体(DAT)和 DA 受体 1(DR1)水平的下调。暴露于双酚 A 会降低假手术和 TP-GDX 雄性小鼠大脑和血清中的睾酮(T)水平,以及杏仁核和纹状体中雄激素受体(AR)蛋白的表达。这些结果表明,青春期暴露于双酚 A 会抑制与社会行为相关的脑区 AVP 和 DA 系统对雄性激素的调节,从而改变成年雄性小鼠的社会行为。
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引用次数: 0
Gestational buprenorphine-naloxone exposure and fetal neurobehavior 妊娠期丁丙诺啡-纳洛酮暴露与胎儿神经行为。
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107368
Lauren M. Jansson , Krystle McConnell , Martha L. Velez , Nancy Spencer , Lorraine Milio , Jeannie Leoutsakos , Janet A. DiPietro

Background

Buprenorphine-naloxone treatment may confer substantial benefits for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) during pregnancy including lower risk for overdose/death, less diversion potential and reduced use of other substances. Treatment may also result in less severe Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), but little is known about the effects of this medication on fetal neurodevelopment.

Methods

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate neurobehaviors among fetuses exposed to buprenorphine-naloxone at four time points over the second and third trimesters of gestation in pregnant women with OUD on buprenorphine-naloxone therapy. Sixty minutes of continuous fetal monitoring via fetal actocardiograph with a single wide array abdominal transducer took place at times of peak and trough buprenorphine-naloxone levels in 24 pregnant women. Data collection, which included measures of fetal heart rate and motor activity, was conducted between 24 and 36 weeks gestation, with the majority (84.6%) monitored at two or more gestational ages. Medication dose and other substance use was monitored throughout the study and infant NAS severity was assessed.

Results

Fetal heart rate (FHR), FHR variability, accelerations in FHR, and motor activity were suppressed when buprenorphine-naloxone levels were at pharmacologic peak as compared to trough concentrations at 36 weeks, but not earlier in gestation. Maternal medication dose was unrelated to infant NAS severity.

Conclusions

Conclusions: There were evident subclinical fetal neurophysiological responses at times of peak maternal buprenorphine/naloxone levels in later gestation, similar to those previously described for buprenorphine only. Further studies evaluating the effects of these changes in fetal neurobehaviors on the longer-term infant development are needed.

背景:丁丙诺啡-纳洛酮治疗可为孕期阿片类药物使用障碍(OUD)的治疗带来巨大益处,包括降低用药过量/死亡的风险、减少药物转用的可能性以及减少其他药物的使用。治疗还可能减轻新生儿窒息综合征(NAS)的严重程度,但人们对这种药物对胎儿神经发育的影响知之甚少:本研究的目的是评估接受丁丙诺啡-纳洛酮治疗的 OUD 孕妇在妊娠期第二和第三季度四个时间点暴露于丁丙诺啡-纳洛酮的胎儿的神经行为。在 24 名孕妇的丁丙诺啡-纳洛酮水平达到峰值和谷值时,使用单个宽阵列腹部传感器通过胎儿心动图对胎儿进行了 60 分钟的连续监测。数据收集包括胎儿心率和运动活动的测量,在妊娠 24 至 36 周期间进行,大多数孕妇(84.6%)在两个或两个以上的妊娠期接受监测。在整个研究过程中对药物剂量和其他药物使用情况进行监测,并对婴儿NAS的严重程度进行评估:结果:当丁丙诺啡-纳洛酮的药理浓度在36周达到峰值时,胎儿心率(FHR)、FHR变异性、FHR加速度和运动活动受到抑制,而在妊娠早期则没有抑制。产妇用药剂量与婴儿NAS的严重程度无关:结论在妊娠后期母体丁丙诺啡/纳洛酮水平达到峰值时,胎儿会出现明显的亚临床神经生理学反应,这与之前描述的仅丁丙诺啡的反应类似。需要进一步研究评估胎儿神经行为的这些变化对婴儿长期发育的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Neurotoxicity assessment of the herbicide pethoxamid in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae 除草剂 pethoxamid 对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎/幼体的神经毒性评估。
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107369
Cole D. English , Emma Ivantsova , Lev Avidan , Kira Kazi , Eliana Maira Agostini Valle , Isaac Konig , Christopher J. Martyniuk

Pethoxamid, a member of the chloroacetamide herbicide family, is a recently approved chemical for pre- or post-emergence weed control; however, toxicity data for sublethal effects in aquatic organisms exposed to pethoxamid are non-existent in literature. To address this, we treated zebrafish embryos/larvae to pethoxamid over a 7-day period post-fertilization and evaluated several toxicological endpoints associated with oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Continuous pethoxamid exposure did not affect survival nor hatch success in embryos/larvae for 7 days up to 1000 μg L−1. Exposure to pethoxamid did not affect embryonic ATP-linked respiration, but it did reduce non-mitochondrial respiration at the highest concentration tested. We also noted a significant increase in both apoptosis and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in larvae zebrafish following exposure to pethoxamid. Increases in apoptosis and ROS, however, were not correlated with any altered gene expression pattern for apoptotic and oxidative damage response transcripts. To assess neurotoxicity potential, we measured behavior and several transcripts implicated in neural processes in the central nervous system. While locomotor activity of larval zebrafish was affected by pethoxamid exposure (hyperactivity was observed at concentrations below 1 μg L−1, and hypoactivity was noted at higher exposures to 10 and 100 μg L−1 pethoxamid), there were no effects on steady state mRNA abundance for neurotoxicity-related transcripts tested. This data contributes to knowledge regarding exposure risks for chloroacetamide-based herbicides and is the first study investigating sublethal toxicity for this newly registered herbicide.

Pethoxamid 是氯乙酰胺类除草剂家族的一员,是最近获准用于萌芽前或萌芽后除草的一种化学品;然而,文献中并没有关于暴露于 Pethoxamid 的水生生物亚致死效应的毒性数据。为了解决这个问题,我们在斑马鱼胚胎/幼体受精后对其进行了为期 7 天的醚菊酯处理,并评估了与氧化应激和神经毒性相关的几个毒理学终点。胚胎/幼体连续接触乙草胺 7 天(1000 μg L-1)不会影响存活率或孵化成功率。接触乙草胺不会影响胚胎的 ATP 链接呼吸,但在测试的最高浓度下,乙草胺会降低非线粒体呼吸。我们还注意到,接触醚菊酯后,斑马鱼幼体的细胞凋亡和活性氧(ROS)水平都明显增加。但是,凋亡和活性氧的增加与凋亡和氧化损伤反应转录本基因表达模式的改变无关。为了评估潜在的神经毒性,我们测量了行为和几种与中枢神经系统神经过程有关的转录本。虽然斑马鱼幼虫的运动活动会受到乙草胺暴露的影响(浓度低于 1 μg L-1 时会出现运动亢进,浓度高于 10 μg L-1 和 100 μg L-1 时会出现运动乏力),但神经毒性相关转录本的稳态 mRNA 丰度没有受到影响。该数据有助于了解氯乙酰胺类除草剂的暴露风险,也是对这种新登记除草剂亚致死毒性的首次研究。
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引用次数: 0
Tyrosinase inhibition prevents non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers-induced hyperactivity in developing zebrafish: Interaction between pigmentation and neurobehavior 抑制酪氨酸酶可防止非共面多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚诱发发育中斑马鱼的多动症:色素沉着与神经行为之间的相互作用
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107373
Yasuaki Tanaka , Asako Shindo , Wenjing Dong , Tatsuro Nakamura , Kyoko Ogura , Kei Nomiyama , Hiroki Teraoka

Non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture Aroclor 1254 and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) BDE-47 are known to impede neurogenesis and neuronal development. We previously reported that exposure to PCB and PBDE leads to increased embryonic movement in zebrafish by decreasing dopamine levels. In this study, we studied the connection between the melanin and dopamine synthesis pathways in this context. Both genetic and chemical inhibition of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, not only led to reduced pigmentation but also inhibit PCB/PBDE-induced embryonic hyperactivity. Furthermore, PCB and PBDE rarely affected tyrosinase expression in the potential pigment cells, suggesting that these compounds reduce dopamine through enzymatic regulation, including a competitive interaction for the substrate tyrosine. Our results provide new insights into the interactions between melanogenesis and dopaminergic neuronal activity, which may contribute to understanding the mechanisms underlying PCB/PBDE toxicity in developing organisms.

众所周知,非共面多氯联苯(PCB)混合物 Aroclor 1254 和多溴联苯醚(PBDE)BDE-47 会阻碍神经发生和神经元发育。我们以前曾报道过,暴露于多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚会降低多巴胺水平,从而导致斑马鱼胚胎运动增加。在这项研究中,我们研究了黑色素和多巴胺合成途径之间的联系。通过遗传和化学方法抑制黑色素合成过程中的限速酶--酪氨酸酶,不仅能减少色素沉着,还能抑制 PCB/PBDE 诱导的胚胎多动症。此外,多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚很少影响潜在色素细胞中酪氨酸酶的表达,这表明这些化合物通过酶调节减少多巴胺,包括对底物酪氨酸的竞争性相互作用。我们的研究结果为黑色素生成与多巴胺能神经元活动之间的相互作用提供了新的见解,这可能有助于理解多氯联苯/多溴联苯醚在发育中生物体内的毒性机制。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of maternal LPS and developmental exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture on neuron number in the rat medial prefrontal cortex 母体 LPS 和发育过程中接触与环境相关的邻苯二甲酸酯混合物对大鼠内侧前额叶皮层神经元数量的影响
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107370
V.R. Riesgo , E.P. Sellinger , A.S. Brinks , J.M. Juraska , J. Willing

The brain is especially vulnerable to environmental influences during the perinatal period. While the effects of environmental factors are usually studied in isolation, it is more typical to be exposed to multiple influences during early development, necessitating study of synergistic actions on the developing brain. Both maternal infection and endocrine disrupting phthalates can decrease cell number in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a region critical for executive functioning. In the present study, groups of pregnant Long Evans rats were treated with either (1) 100 μg/kg (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on embryonic days 15 and 16 combined with a low-dose (1 mg/kg) phthalate mixture throughout gestation and the neonatal period, (2) LPS alone, (3) phthalates alone, or (4) neither phthalates nor LPS (control). Neurons and glial cells were stereologically quantified in the mPFC. The adult offspring previously exposed to LPS or phthalates alone had reduced mPFC neuron number in exposed males, but not females, while the combination treatment did not produce significant effects. In males, LPS alone also reduced the number of glia in the mPFC. Additionally, the combination of LPS and phthalates resulted in fewer pregnancies to term and decreased litter size. These results provide insight into how common environmental factors can interact to alter the developmental trajectory of the mPFC.

围产期的大脑特别容易受到环境的影响。虽然环境因素的影响通常是单独研究的,但在早期发育过程中受到多种影响的情况更为典型,因此有必要研究这些因素对发育中大脑的协同作用。母体感染和干扰内分泌的邻苯二甲酸盐都会减少内侧前额叶皮层(mPFC)的细胞数量,而内侧前额叶皮层是执行功能的关键区域。在本研究中,各组怀孕的 Long Evans 大鼠在胚胎第 15 天和第 16 天分别接受(1)100 μg/kg(i.p.)脂多糖(LPS)和低剂量(1 mg/kg)邻苯二甲酸盐混合物(整个妊娠期和新生儿期)处理;(2)单独 LPS;(3)单独邻苯二甲酸盐;或(4)邻苯二甲酸盐和 LPS(对照组)均不处理。对 mPFC 中的神经元和神经胶质细胞进行了立体定量分析。成年后代暴露于 LPS 或单独暴露于邻苯二甲酸盐后,雄性 mPFC 神经元数量减少,雌性则没有,而混合处理则没有产生显著影响。在雄性动物中,单独使用 LPS 还会减少 mPFC 中神经胶质细胞的数量。此外,LPS 和邻苯二甲酸盐的联合使用导致妊娠次数减少,产仔数减少。这些结果让我们了解到常见的环境因素是如何相互作用改变 mPFC 的发育轨迹的。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to “Effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) within a developmental context” 全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)对发育的影响 "介绍
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107372
Helen J.K. Sable , Francheska M. Merced-Nieves , Jerrold S. Meyer
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引用次数: 0
Prenatal tobacco and tobacco-cannabis co-exposure: Relationship with attention and memory in middle childhood 产前烟草和烟草大麻共同暴露:与儿童中期注意力和记忆力的关系
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107371

We examined associations between prenatal tobacco exposure (with and without cannabis exposure) and children's performance on laboratory measures of sustained attention, attentional set shifting, and working memory in middle childhood (9–12 years of child age). Participants were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy and oversampled for prenatal tobacco exposure; with a smaller sample (n = 133; n = 34 non-substance exposed, n = 37 exposed to tobacco only, n = 62 co-exposed) invited (oversampled for co-exposure) to participate in the middle-childhood assessment (M age = 10.6, SD = 0.77; 68% Black, 20% Hispanic). Results for sustained attention indicated lower attention (percent hits) at the first epoch for tobacco only exposed compared to non-exposed and co-exposed; a trend (p = .07) towards increases in impulsive responding across time (a total of 8 epochs) for tobacco exposed (with and without cannabis) compared to non-exposed children; and a significant association between higher number of cigarettes in the first trimester and greater increases in impulsive responding across epochs. However, children prenatally exposed to tobacco (with and without cannabis) demonstrated greater short-term memory compared to children not prenatally exposed, and this difference was driven by higher scores for children prenatally co-exposed to tobacco and cannabis compared to those who were non-exposed. Overall, results suggest that prenatal tobacco exposure, especially in the first trimester, may increase risk for impulsive responding on tasks requiring sustained attention, and that co-use of cannabis did not exacerbate these associations. The higher short-term memory scores among children who were co-exposed compared to non-exposed are perplexing and need replication, particularly in studies with larger sample sizes and samples exposed only to cannabis to examine this more closely.

我们研究了产前烟草暴露(包括和不包括大麻暴露)与儿童在中年期(9-12 岁)持续注意力、注意集转移和工作记忆的实验室测量中的表现之间的关系。受试者是在怀孕前三个月被招募的,产前烟草暴露的受试者被超额抽样调查;同时邀请了一个较小的样本(n = 133;n = 34 个未接触药物的样本,n = 37 个仅接触烟草的样本,n = 62 个共同接触烟草的样本)(共同接触烟草的受试者被超额抽样调查)参加中童期评估(中童期年龄 = 10.6,SD = 0.77;68% 为黑人,20% 为西班牙裔)。持续注意力的结果表明,与未接触烟草和共同接触烟草的儿童相比,仅接触烟草的儿童在第一个时间点的注意力(命中百分比)较低;与未接触烟草的儿童相比,接触烟草(吸食和不吸食大麻)的儿童在不同时间点(共 8 个时间点)的冲动反应有增加的趋势(p = .07);在怀孕前三个月吸食香烟数量较多与不同时间点冲动反应增加之间存在显著关联。然而,与未接触烟草的儿童相比,产前接触过烟草(包括和未接触过大麻)的儿童表现出更强的短期记忆力,这种差异是由于产前同时接触过烟草和大麻的儿童与未接触过烟草和大麻的儿童相比得分更高所致。总之,研究结果表明,产前接触烟草(尤其是在妊娠头三个月)可能会增加在需要持续注意力的任务中做出冲动反应的风险,而同时吸食大麻并不会加剧这些关联。与未暴露于烟草的儿童相比,共同暴露于烟草的儿童的短期记忆得分更高,这一点令人困惑,需要进行重复研究,特别是在样本量较大和仅暴露于大麻的样本中进行研究,以便更仔细地研究这一问题。
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引用次数: 0
The 4th Joint ENTIS-OTIS conference abstracts September 12th–15th 2024, Nyborg, Denmark 第四届 ENTIS-OTIS 联席会议摘要 2024 年 9 月 12-15 日,丹麦尼堡
IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107359
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Neurotoxicology and teratology
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