U. C. Okafor, C. Onyekwuluje, E.J. Kenechukwu, N. Okafor, S. N. Egonu, H.C. Obayi, C. A. Adeosun
The drought tolerance of two local varieties of Zea mays L. (var. indentata and var. everta) were studied using different concentrations (0 g/l, 3 g/l and 5 g/l) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The maize seeds were surface sterilized with 10% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for 15 minutes and subsequently in 70% (v/v) ethanol for 1 minute and thereafter rinsed thrice with sterile water. The sterile seeds were inoculated in the growth media and observed for growth. The experiment was done in a completely randomized design (CRD) with ten replicates for a period of 15 days and growth parameters were evaluated. The result showed that for var. indentata, the shoot length (19.15 ± 1.34cm), leaf length (16.62 ± 1.27cm), leaf width (1.19 ± 0.07cm) and leaf number (3.00 ± 0.15cm) of the plants grown in the control medium were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those grown in media containing 3g/l and 5g/l PEG, but the root number (8.80 ± 1.03cm) was lower in the control compared to the media containing PEG. The same pattern of increase in control compared to media containing PEG were also observed for var. everta. With the growth parameters of the control being the highest for both varieties, it therefore shows that both var. indentata and var. everta are susceptible to drought.
{"title":"In Vitro Screening of Zea mays L. for drought tolerance","authors":"U. C. Okafor, C. Onyekwuluje, E.J. Kenechukwu, N. Okafor, S. N. Egonu, H.C. Obayi, C. A. Adeosun","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The drought tolerance of two local varieties of Zea mays L. (var. indentata and var. everta) were studied using different concentrations (0 g/l, 3 g/l and 5 g/l) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The maize seeds were surface sterilized with 10% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for 15 minutes and subsequently in 70% (v/v) ethanol for 1 minute and thereafter rinsed thrice with sterile water. The sterile seeds were inoculated in the growth media and observed for growth. The experiment was done in a completely randomized design (CRD) with ten replicates for a period of 15 days and growth parameters were evaluated. The result showed that for var. indentata, the shoot length (19.15 ± 1.34cm), leaf length (16.62 ± 1.27cm), leaf width (1.19 ± 0.07cm) and leaf number (3.00 ± 0.15cm) of the plants grown in the control medium were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those grown in media containing 3g/l and 5g/l PEG, but the root number (8.80 ± 1.03cm) was lower in the control compared to the media containing PEG. The same pattern of increase in control compared to media containing PEG were also observed for var. everta. With the growth parameters of the control being the highest for both varieties, it therefore shows that both var. indentata and var. everta are susceptible to drought. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88884156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food insecurity (characterised by poor nutrition) and ill health are interlinked problems which constitute major sustainable development challenges globally. Effective tackling of these challenges must, among other efforts, involve exploring and exploiting the nutrients and medicinal potentials of many underutilised indigenous vegetables. This study assessed the nutrient, mineral and phytochemical constituents of four different Amaranthus plants as a basis for establishing their nutritional and medicinal values. In dried and powdered forms, the plants were subjected to nutrient, mineral and phytochemical analyses using standard chemical methods. All the plants were found to contain appreciable amounts of proteins (16.94 – 194.47 mg/g), carbohydrates (5.12 – 16.74 mg/g), vitamin C (8.10 - 44.07 mg/g), beta carotenes (2.67 – 5.89 mg/g), crude fibre (3.81 – 4.47 mg/g), ash (2.11 – 19.08 mg/g), calcium (35.3 – 384 mg/g), iron (6.71 – 74.61 mg/g), magnesium (19.19 – 31.10 mg/g), zinc (2.84 – 31.84 mg/g) and potassium (10.86 – 50.80 mg/g). The vegetables containedalkaloids (except A. spinosus var. red), flavonoids, saponins, phenols, steroids (except A. viridis) and glycosides. Amaranthus spinosus var. green had the highest concentrations of 161.1 mg/g, 214.11 mg/g, 38.11 mg/g, 21.03 mg/g and 89.16 mg/g for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides respectively while A. dubius had the highest concentration (18.03 GAE) of phenols. The considerable good nutritional and phytochemical properties of the vegetables make them highly recommended for inclusion in diets and food products. The results of the study also indicate that the plants could be useful for new drug development and managing various ailments.
{"title":"Nutrient, Mineral and Phytochemical Properties of Selected Underutilized Amaranthus Vegetable Species in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"E. Ogie-odia, J. Mensah, O. E. Ehilen, D. Eseigbe","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i1.1s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i1.1s","url":null,"abstract":"Food insecurity (characterised by poor nutrition) and ill health are interlinked problems which constitute major sustainable development challenges globally. Effective tackling of these challenges must, among other efforts, involve exploring and exploiting the nutrients and medicinal potentials of many underutilised indigenous vegetables. This study assessed the nutrient, mineral and phytochemical constituents of four different Amaranthus plants as a basis for establishing their nutritional and medicinal values. In dried and powdered forms, the plants were subjected to nutrient, mineral and phytochemical analyses using standard chemical methods. All the plants were found to contain appreciable amounts of proteins (16.94 – 194.47 mg/g), carbohydrates (5.12 – 16.74 mg/g), vitamin C (8.10 - 44.07 mg/g), beta carotenes (2.67 – 5.89 mg/g), crude fibre (3.81 – 4.47 mg/g), ash (2.11 – 19.08 mg/g), calcium (35.3 – 384 mg/g), iron (6.71 – 74.61 mg/g), magnesium (19.19 – 31.10 mg/g), zinc (2.84 – 31.84 mg/g) and potassium (10.86 – 50.80 mg/g). The vegetables containedalkaloids (except A. spinosus var. red), flavonoids, saponins, phenols, steroids (except A. viridis) and glycosides. Amaranthus spinosus var. green had the highest concentrations of 161.1 mg/g, 214.11 mg/g, 38.11 mg/g, 21.03 mg/g and 89.16 mg/g for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides respectively while A. dubius had the highest concentration (18.03 GAE) of phenols. The considerable good nutritional and phytochemical properties of the vegetables make them highly recommended for inclusion in diets and food products. The results of the study also indicate that the plants could be useful for new drug development and managing various ailments.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72693631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aimed at determining the digestive ability of nine legumes-associated bacteria on the peels of some fruits (orange, watermelon, plantain, banana, pineapple and pawpaw). The bacteria were cultivated separately on each peel for 18 hours at 28oC; the amount of glucose released was quantified using Dinitrosalicylic acid reagent method. The results obtained showed that the bacteria degraded all the peels with the highest (0.297 mg/mL) and lowest (0.087 mg/mL) glucose concentrations produced by Rhizobium leguminosarum FUBO001 and Bonitrorhizobium winogradskyi FUBO004 in banana and pawpaw peels, respectively. The Bo. winogradskyi FUBO004 synthesized 0.101 mg/mL as minimum sugar amount in the former peel while Bradyrhizobium nigeriasis FUBO005 produced the highest glucose quantity (0.167 mg/mL) in the latter peel. The lowest amounts of glucose in orange, watermelon, pineapple and plantain peels produced by Bradyrhizobium nigeriasis FUBO003, Rhizobium nigeriasis, R. nigeriasis and Br. nigeriasis FUBO003 were 0.095, 0.132, 0.09 and 0.248 mg/mL respectively. In these peels, the highest amount of the reducing sugar made was 0.131 mg/mL by Br. nigeriasis FUBO005, 0.211 mg/mL by Br. nigeriasis FUBO005, 0.156 mg/mL by Bo. winogradskyi FUBO004 and 0.291 mg/mL by R. nigeriasis. These results suggest that the bacteria catabolized the fruit peels, reflecting their high potential in the conversion of the fruit peels to useful products.
{"title":"Fruit-peel-degrading Potential of Some Legumes-associated Bacteria","authors":"G. Ajayi, B. Boboye, F. Adetuyi","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i1.2s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i1.2s","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed at determining the digestive ability of nine legumes-associated bacteria on the peels of some fruits (orange, watermelon, plantain, banana, pineapple and pawpaw). The bacteria were cultivated separately on each peel for 18 hours at 28oC; the amount of glucose released was quantified using Dinitrosalicylic acid reagent method. The results obtained showed that the bacteria degraded all the peels with the highest (0.297 mg/mL) and lowest (0.087 mg/mL) glucose concentrations produced by Rhizobium leguminosarum FUBO001 and Bonitrorhizobium winogradskyi FUBO004 in banana and pawpaw peels, respectively. The Bo. winogradskyi FUBO004 synthesized 0.101 mg/mL as minimum sugar amount in the former peel while Bradyrhizobium nigeriasis FUBO005 produced the highest glucose quantity (0.167 mg/mL) in the latter peel. The lowest amounts of glucose in orange, watermelon, pineapple and plantain peels produced by Bradyrhizobium nigeriasis FUBO003, Rhizobium nigeriasis, R. nigeriasis and Br. nigeriasis FUBO003 were 0.095, 0.132, 0.09 and 0.248 mg/mL respectively. In these peels, the highest amount of the reducing sugar made was 0.131 mg/mL by Br. nigeriasis FUBO005, 0.211 mg/mL by Br. nigeriasis FUBO005, 0.156 mg/mL by Bo. winogradskyi FUBO004 and 0.291 mg/mL by R. nigeriasis. These results suggest that the bacteria catabolized the fruit peels, reflecting their high potential in the conversion of the fruit peels to useful products.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85763489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
King tuber mushroom (Pleurotus tuber-regium) is a tropical mushroom commonly seen in Australia, Africa and Asia. Trado-medical practitioners use the sclerotia for the treatment of various health disorders. This research aimed at identifying the biologically active compounds present in the sclerotia of this mushroom. In this study, the fungus was first extracted with methanol and re-extracted with ethyl acetate (EA) and dichloromethane (DCM) separately to obtain EA and DCM extracts. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC-MS) technique was used for the identification of compounds present in EA and DCM extracts. Results revealed the presence of a total of at least twenty-six (26) compounds with 14 and 12 from EA and DCM extracts respectively. The bioactives include n-Hexadecanoic acid, Oleic acid, 10-Octadecenal, Palmitoleic acid, 9, 17-octadecadienal-(z), 11-octadecenoic and methyl ester-(z). In EA extract, n-Hexadecanoic acid had highest concentration (37.67%) followed by 20.65% of 9,12 Octadecadienoic acid and the least was 9,17 Octadecadienal with 0.539%. In DCM extract, 11-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester was most abundant (18.344%) followed by Pentadecanoic acid 14 methyl-methyl ester (14.105%) and the least (4.058%) was 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid. These compounds possess various reported medicinal properties (such as the treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes, asthma, fever and cancer) that could be harnessed for health benefits. Other identified compounds with unknown functions are Trans-2-Dodecen-1-ol trifluoroacetate, cis-11-Hexadecenal, Methyl-18-methylnonadecanoate and Methyl-18-methyl-tetracosanoate. This identification is useful for the establishment of the medicinal properties of the mushroom and isolation of the bioactive compounds, which production can further be enhanced by cost-effective biotechnology techniques.
{"title":"Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Sclerotia Extracts from Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Sing. using Gas Chromatograph– Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS)","authors":"J.O. Odiase-Omoighe, B. Agoreyo","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i1.4s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i1.4s","url":null,"abstract":"King tuber mushroom (Pleurotus tuber-regium) is a tropical mushroom commonly seen in Australia, Africa and Asia. Trado-medical practitioners use the sclerotia for the treatment of various health disorders. This research aimed at identifying the biologically active compounds present in the sclerotia of this mushroom. In this study, the fungus was first extracted with methanol and re-extracted with ethyl acetate (EA) and dichloromethane (DCM) separately to obtain EA and DCM extracts. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC-MS) technique was used for the identification of compounds present in EA and DCM extracts. Results revealed the presence of a total of at least twenty-six (26) compounds with 14 and 12 from EA and DCM extracts respectively. The bioactives include n-Hexadecanoic acid, Oleic acid, 10-Octadecenal, Palmitoleic acid, 9, 17-octadecadienal-(z), 11-octadecenoic and methyl ester-(z). In EA extract, n-Hexadecanoic acid had highest concentration (37.67%) followed by 20.65% of 9,12 Octadecadienoic acid and the least was 9,17 Octadecadienal with 0.539%. In DCM extract, 11-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester was most abundant (18.344%) followed by Pentadecanoic acid 14 methyl-methyl ester (14.105%) and the least (4.058%) was 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid. These compounds possess various reported medicinal properties (such as the treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes, asthma, fever and cancer) that could be harnessed for health benefits. Other identified compounds with unknown functions are Trans-2-Dodecen-1-ol trifluoroacetate, cis-11-Hexadecenal, Methyl-18-methylnonadecanoate and Methyl-18-methyl-tetracosanoate. This identification is useful for the establishment of the medicinal properties of the mushroom and isolation of the bioactive compounds, which production can further be enhanced by cost-effective biotechnology techniques.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80533968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bolaji, A. S. Oladejo, O.T. Elegbeleye, A.C. Ilori, N.F. Dauda
The limitation of morphological characterization in revealing genetic variation in species has been the predisposition of most quantitative characters and some qualitative characters to environmental influences. This has necessitated the use of molecular methods in the characterization of species in the recent time. This study was designed to examine and characterize Basella alba and Basella rubra using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) profiling in order to provide useful information that could enhance the elucidation of their taxonomic status. Genomic DNA of fresh leaf samples of the two species were isolated and subsequently subjected to RAPD analysis by scoring for presence (1) or absence (0) of bands. Monomorphic and polymorphic bands were identified, number of amplified alleles determined, percentage polymorphism established, genetic diversity and genetic distance were calculated. The study revealed 123 individual fragments obtained from the 11 primers used, with 112 (91.06%) of the fragments being monomorphic, with 11 being polymorphic. The genetic variation between the species studied was 8.94%, while the genetic distance was 0.21. The results obtained indicated that the Basella alba and Basella rubra studied were quite close genetically, thus suggesting that there could be a possibility of gene flow between them.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Basella alba L. and Basella rubra L. using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Profiling","authors":"A. Bolaji, A. S. Oladejo, O.T. Elegbeleye, A.C. Ilori, N.F. Dauda","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i1.5s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i1.5s","url":null,"abstract":"The limitation of morphological characterization in revealing genetic variation in species has been the predisposition of most quantitative characters and some qualitative characters to environmental influences. This has necessitated the use of molecular methods in the characterization of species in the recent time. This study was designed to examine and characterize Basella alba and Basella rubra using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) profiling in order to provide useful information that could enhance the elucidation of their taxonomic status. Genomic DNA of fresh leaf samples of the two species were isolated and subsequently subjected to RAPD analysis by scoring for presence (1) or absence (0) of bands. Monomorphic and polymorphic bands were identified, number of amplified alleles determined, percentage polymorphism established, genetic diversity and genetic distance were calculated. The study revealed 123 individual fragments obtained from the 11 primers used, with 112 (91.06%) of the fragments being monomorphic, with 11 being polymorphic. The genetic variation between the species studied was 8.94%, while the genetic distance was 0.21. The results obtained indicated that the Basella alba and Basella rubra studied were quite close genetically, thus suggesting that there could be a possibility of gene flow between them. ","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78665022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azanza garckeana is a tropical fruit plant found in Africa. Its edible fruit is used as food or herbal medicines, while the seeds are discarded. In an attempt to turn waste to wealth and obtain useful substances from it, this study was carried out to identify the bioactive compounds with nutritional and health-promoting benefits present in methanol and aqueous extracts of the seeds of this fruit. Freshly harvested few fruits of A. garckeana containing the seeds were obtained from Tula in Kaltungo LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. They were identified and authenticated at the Forest Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria. The pulverized seeds were used to obtain methanol and aqueous extracts and subjected to GC-MS analysis. The results of the study revealed the presence of thirtyeight bioactive compounds which have been reported to have anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-androgenic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. Among these compounds are the following with reported biological functions namely: Pentadecanoic acid, Octadecadienoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, Tetradecanoic acid, Heneicosane, 2-Methyltetracosane and Methyl stearate. There concentrations range from 0.33% for 9-Octadecenoic acid-methyl ester (Methyl oleate) to 24.3% for 9,12– octadecadienoic acid-(z-z) (Linoleic acid) in methanol extract. In the aqueous extract, the bioactive components measured 0.18% (lowest) for Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl- and 2-Methyltetracosane (Isopentacosone) to 7.34% (highest) for 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- (Oleic acid). Other compounds without known reported functions are 10,13-Octadecadienoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid 12-hydroxy-methyl ester [R-(Z)]- and 1,13-Tetradecadiene among others. The seeds of A. garckeana have useful constituents that can be exploited for health benefits.
{"title":"Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Methanol and Aqueous Seed Extracts of Azanza garckeana Fruits","authors":"I. Momodu, E. Okungbowa, B. Agoreyo, M. Maliki","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i1.3s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i1.3s","url":null,"abstract":"Azanza garckeana is a tropical fruit plant found in Africa. Its edible fruit is used as food or herbal medicines, while the seeds are discarded. In an attempt to turn waste to wealth and obtain useful substances from it, this study was carried out to identify the bioactive compounds with nutritional and health-promoting benefits present in methanol and aqueous extracts of the seeds of this fruit. Freshly harvested few fruits of A. garckeana containing the seeds were obtained from Tula in Kaltungo LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. They were identified and authenticated at the Forest Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria. The pulverized seeds were used to obtain methanol and aqueous extracts and subjected to GC-MS analysis. The results of the study revealed the presence of thirtyeight bioactive compounds which have been reported to have anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-androgenic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. Among these compounds are the following with reported biological functions namely: Pentadecanoic acid, Octadecadienoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, Tetradecanoic acid, Heneicosane, 2-Methyltetracosane and Methyl stearate. There concentrations range from 0.33% for 9-Octadecenoic acid-methyl ester (Methyl oleate) to 24.3% for 9,12– octadecadienoic acid-(z-z) (Linoleic acid) in methanol extract. In the aqueous extract, the bioactive components measured 0.18% (lowest) for Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl- and 2-Methyltetracosane (Isopentacosone) to 7.34% (highest) for 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- (Oleic acid). Other compounds without known reported functions are 10,13-Octadecadienoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid 12-hydroxy-methyl ester [R-(Z)]- and 1,13-Tetradecadiene among others. The seeds of A. garckeana have useful constituents that can be exploited for health benefits.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80197020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Salisu, B. Umar, J. Appah, V. Aina, Yahuza Tanimu, U. Yahaya
The international dependence on non-renewable power supply including fossil fuels has led the sector toward power insecurity. This has necessitated the worldwide attempt to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and broaden an economically feasible and scalable alternative fuel supply so that it will additionally lessen huge emissions of CO2 within side the surroundings which in flip will result in discount environmental pollution. Biofuels have the potentials to offer a feasible opportunity to fossil fuels and can lessen overall CO2 emissions. Algae appear like a rising supply of biomass for biodiesel that has the capacity to absolutely displace fossil fuel. Biodiesel has gain sufficient interest in latest years because of its green nature, non-poisonous characteristics, biodegradability and decrease net carbon cycle as compared to standard diesel fuel. In this research, Spirogyra sp. was collected from Tubu river, a tributary of River Kaduna, as a source of biomass feedstock for biodiesel production. Spirogyra sp. turned into cultured in various nitrogen (2.94 x 103 (100%), 2.20 x 103 (75%), 1.47 x 103 (50%), 0.73 x 104 (25%), and 0.000 (0%)) concentrations in Bold’s Basal Media (BBM) in a laboratory test for 21 days at 25-28°C ambient temperature. Oil from Spirogyra sp. become extracted in soxhlet extractor using n-hexane as solvent and transformed into biodiesel through transesterification reaction. The highest biomass growth, oil, lipid content and biodiesel production were observed in treatment with 75% (2.20 x 103) Spirogyra sp. has a big capability for biodiesel production.
{"title":"Effects Of Nitrogen Concentrations On The Biomass, Lipid And Biodiesel Production Potentials Of Spirogyra Specie","authors":"A. Salisu, B. Umar, J. Appah, V. Aina, Yahuza Tanimu, U. Yahaya","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"The international dependence on non-renewable power supply including fossil fuels has led the sector toward power insecurity. This has necessitated the worldwide attempt to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and broaden an economically feasible and scalable alternative fuel supply so that it will additionally lessen huge emissions of CO2 within side the surroundings which in flip will result in discount environmental pollution. Biofuels have the potentials to offer a feasible opportunity to fossil fuels and can lessen overall CO2 emissions. Algae appear like a rising supply of biomass for biodiesel that has the capacity to absolutely displace fossil fuel. Biodiesel has gain sufficient interest in latest years because of its green nature, non-poisonous characteristics, biodegradability and decrease net carbon cycle as compared to standard diesel fuel. In this research, Spirogyra sp. was collected from Tubu river, a tributary of River Kaduna, as a source of biomass feedstock for biodiesel production. Spirogyra sp. turned into cultured in various nitrogen (2.94 x 103 (100%), 2.20 x 103 (75%), 1.47 x 103 (50%), 0.73 x 104 (25%), and 0.000 (0%)) concentrations in Bold’s Basal Media (BBM) in a laboratory test for 21 days at 25-28°C ambient temperature. Oil from Spirogyra sp. become extracted in soxhlet extractor using n-hexane as solvent and transformed into biodiesel through transesterification reaction. The highest biomass growth, oil, lipid content and biodiesel production were observed in treatment with 75% (2.20 x 103) Spirogyra sp. has a big capability for biodiesel production.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76605706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need to reclaim contaminated soils is important in ensuring the sustainability of life and biodiversity. Food crops grown in heavy metal contaminated soils have the risk of passing the accumulated metals to man and such has been demonstrated to cause various diseases in man. In this study, we investigated the potentials to reclaim heavy metal contaminated soil using Eudrilus euginae and Lumbricus terrestris. The contaminated soils were obtained from mechanic, welder and metallic workshops and were grouped individually and as combinations. The soils were incubated with the earthworms and the quantities of heavy metals in soil were determined before and after the growth of the earthworms. The percentage of the heavy lost from soils at the end of the study was calculated to evaluate the ability of the earthworm to enhance the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. The presence of the earthworms led to more reduction of the levels of the heavy metals in the soils than natural attenuation. The presence of L. terrestris led to a lower reduction of Cd, Cr and Pb in the combined soil from the three sites but a greater reduction of Zn and Ni from such soil. The presence of E. euginae led to greater loss of all the heavy metals in the soil from the welder workshop and greater loss of Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn in the soil the mechanic workshop than L. terrestris. The presence of E. euginae led to more loss of Cr, Pb, and Ni in combined soils of mechanic and welder workshops and mechanic workshop and metallic dumpsite. The findings of this study show that although the presence of both earthworms enhanced the remediation of heavy metals from the soils, the efficiency of the remediation is organism-specific and site-specific. Study on detailed mechanisms of enhancing heavy metals by earthworms is recommended.
{"title":"Vermiremediation Potentials of Lumbricus terrestris and Eudrilus euginae in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil from Mechanic, Welder workshop and Metallic Dumpsite","authors":"P. Iheme, A. Ajayi, K.O. Ayo-Komolafe, K. Njoku","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"The need to reclaim contaminated soils is important in ensuring the sustainability of life and biodiversity. Food crops grown in heavy metal contaminated soils have the risk of passing the accumulated metals to man and such has been demonstrated to cause various diseases in man. In this study, we investigated the potentials to reclaim heavy metal contaminated soil using Eudrilus euginae and Lumbricus terrestris. The contaminated soils were obtained from mechanic, welder and metallic workshops and were grouped individually and as combinations. The soils were incubated with the earthworms and the quantities of heavy metals in soil were determined before and after the growth of the earthworms. The percentage of the heavy lost from soils at the end of the study was calculated to evaluate the ability of the earthworm to enhance the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. The presence of the earthworms led to more reduction of the levels of the heavy metals in the soils than natural attenuation. The presence of L. terrestris led to a lower reduction of Cd, Cr and Pb in the combined soil from the three sites but a greater reduction of Zn and Ni from such soil. The presence of E. euginae led to greater loss of all the heavy metals in the soil from the welder workshop and greater loss of Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn in the soil the mechanic workshop than L. terrestris. The presence of E. euginae led to more loss of Cr, Pb, and Ni in combined soils of mechanic and welder workshops and mechanic workshop and metallic dumpsite. The findings of this study show that although the presence of both earthworms enhanced the remediation of heavy metals from the soils, the efficiency of the remediation is organism-specific and site-specific. Study on detailed mechanisms of enhancing heavy metals by earthworms is recommended.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73592845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current Musa breeding strategies are complex and time consuming involving the selection of tetraploids from 3x - 2x crosses. Secondary triploids are then obtained by crossing these tetraploids with diploids. Considering the very low hybrid seed set, routine embryo rescue procedures of hybrid seeds and the long growth cycle of banana, it takes approximately 10 - 12 years to produce an acceptable banana hybrid. The banana breeding process could benefit tremendously if triploid bananas could be obtained directly from 2x - 2x crosses through the process of unilateral sexual polyploidization. There are few reports on the mechanisms through which Musa species produce 2n pollen. This study investigated the type of meiotic irregularities that lead to 2n pollen formation in diploid, triploid and tetraploid Musa accessions using cytological analyses. The results showed that aberrations in cytokinesis and karyokinesis during microsporogenesis are possible mechanisms for 2n pollen formation in Musa. The meiotic aberrations described in this study have implications for Musa breeding. It appears that 2n pollen formation in Musa occurs via both first division restitution (FDR) and second division restitution (SDR). FDR is said to be more promising in transferring more heterozygosity from parents to offspring.
{"title":"Cytological Study of 2n Pollen Formation in Musa","authors":"M. Adeleke, M. Pillay, B. Okoli","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Current Musa breeding strategies are complex and time consuming involving the selection of tetraploids from 3x - 2x crosses. Secondary triploids are then obtained by crossing these tetraploids with diploids. Considering the very low hybrid seed set, routine embryo rescue procedures of hybrid seeds and the long growth cycle of banana, it takes approximately 10 - 12 years to produce an acceptable banana hybrid. The banana breeding process could benefit tremendously if triploid bananas could be obtained directly from 2x - 2x crosses through the process of unilateral sexual polyploidization. There are few reports on the mechanisms through which Musa species produce 2n pollen. This study investigated the type of meiotic irregularities that lead to 2n pollen formation in diploid, triploid and tetraploid Musa accessions using cytological analyses. The results showed that aberrations in cytokinesis and karyokinesis during microsporogenesis are possible mechanisms for 2n pollen formation in Musa. The meiotic aberrations described in this study have implications for Musa breeding. It appears that 2n pollen formation in Musa occurs via both first division restitution (FDR) and second division restitution (SDR). FDR is said to be more promising in transferring more heterozygosity from parents to offspring.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"311 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76852222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Akinyemi, O. okukenu, P. Dele, O.B. Kalenikanse, M. Wheto, F. Sanda, A. Jolaosho
Pastures have over the years been selected for important traits and their breeding has resulted in some high yielding forage grasses with great adaptive and population expansion traits. The research was carried out to study genetic diversity of nine Andropogon spp. sourced from Remo zone of Ogun State using four microsatellite markers (Phil227562, Xcup63, CTM59, and Xcup14). Genomic DNA was extracted from succulent leaf part of Andropogon grass using DNA extraction procedure of Zymo spin™ technology. Every one of the loci–populace is in with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrum. A sum of eight alleles were noticed and the quantity of alleles per locus has an estimation of 2.00, while the number of alleles ranged from 1.528 (Phil227562) to 1.946 (Xcup63). The viable number of alleles was lesser than noticed number at all the loci. The Shannon's Information Index differed among the loci with 0.530 (Phil227562) to 0.679 (Xcup63) though Inbreeding coefficient across the Andropogon grass clones was negative (mean = - 0.429), going from 0.07 (Phil 227562) to 0.714 (Xcup63) with 100% polymorphic loci. The noticed heterozygosity was higher than expected heterozygosity for all markers of the grass considered.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity Of Andropogon Species With Different Microsatellite Markers For Better Selection And Improvement","authors":"B. Akinyemi, O. okukenu, P. Dele, O.B. Kalenikanse, M. Wheto, F. Sanda, A. Jolaosho","doi":"10.4314/njb.v38i2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Pastures have over the years been selected for important traits and their breeding has resulted in some high yielding forage grasses with great adaptive and population expansion traits. The research was carried out to study genetic diversity of nine Andropogon spp. sourced from Remo zone of Ogun State using four microsatellite markers (Phil227562, Xcup63, CTM59, and Xcup14). Genomic DNA was extracted from succulent leaf part of Andropogon grass using DNA extraction procedure of Zymo spin™ technology. Every one of the loci–populace is in with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrum. A sum of eight alleles were noticed and the quantity of alleles per locus has an estimation of 2.00, while the number of alleles ranged from 1.528 (Phil227562) to 1.946 (Xcup63). The viable number of alleles was lesser than noticed number at all the loci. The Shannon's Information Index differed among the loci with 0.530 (Phil227562) to 0.679 (Xcup63) though Inbreeding coefficient across the Andropogon grass clones was negative (mean = - 0.429), going from 0.07 (Phil 227562) to 0.714 (Xcup63) with 100% polymorphic loci. The noticed heterozygosity was higher than expected heterozygosity for all markers of the grass considered.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86829078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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