I. Omoruyi, P. Ovia, Z. Ahmad-Dirisu, E. Osemwowa, Y.I. Ibitoye
Antibiotics resistance is an increasing public health challenge globally, and very recently, global attention has focused on colistin, which is termed “last resort antibiotics”. This study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistant and multidrug resistant bacteria from 6 major abattoirs located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Two hundred and eighty-eight samples from fresh water, wastewater, utensils, and handlers were obtained over a 6-months period. Mean mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) and thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB) were determined by pour plate method, while the indoor air of the abattoirs was sampled using passive sedimentation technique. Bacterial isolates were identified by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA analysis. Phenotypic detection of colistin-resistance as well as multi-drug resistant profile of all isolates was done by the modified Kirky Bauer method. The presence and/or absence of colistin-resistance gene (mcr-1 to mcr-8) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. The MAB ranged from 0.3 ± 0.0 cfu/m3 in indoor air from both Holy Ghost B and Bob Izua abattoir to 2.6 ± 0.3 cfu/ml in wash water from Holy Ghost A abattoir, while the TCB ranged from 0.0 ± 0.0 cfu/ml in wastewater from Lawal and Sons abattoir to 0.6 ± 0.1 cfu/ml in wash water from Osazee abattoir. A total of 149 bacterial isolates, belonging to 6 different species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Enterobacter ludwigii EN-119, Providencia stuartii PRV00010, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae strain KqPF26, Enterococcus saccharolyticus ATCC 43076 and Provincia rettgeri strain AR_0082) were obtained with the majority (>90%) being multidrug resistant. Seven (4.7%) of the isolates were phenotypically resistant to colistin, while only 3 harbored the mcr-1 gene. This result shows that plasmid-borne colistinresistant and multidrug resistant bacteria are prevalent in abattoir environment located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. This is an indication that abattoir facilities could be a source of human exposure to colistin resistant bacteria, and efforts must be made at reducing the high dependence of antibiotics in farm animals.
{"title":"Plasmid-Borne Mobile Colistin Resistant Gene (Mcr-1) Detection and Multidrug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Some Abattoir Environments in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Omoruyi, P. Ovia, Z. Ahmad-Dirisu, E. Osemwowa, Y.I. Ibitoye","doi":"10.4314/njb.v40i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v40i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics resistance is an increasing public health challenge globally, and very recently, global attention has focused on colistin, which is termed “last resort antibiotics”. This study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistant and multidrug resistant bacteria from 6 major abattoirs located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Two hundred and eighty-eight samples from fresh water, wastewater, utensils, and handlers were obtained over a 6-months period. Mean mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) and thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB) were determined by pour plate method, while the indoor air of the abattoirs was sampled using passive sedimentation technique. Bacterial isolates were identified by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA analysis. Phenotypic detection of colistin-resistance as well as multi-drug resistant profile of all isolates was done by the modified Kirky Bauer method. The presence and/or absence of colistin-resistance gene (mcr-1 to mcr-8) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. The MAB ranged from 0.3 ± 0.0 cfu/m3 in indoor air from both Holy Ghost B and Bob Izua abattoir to 2.6 ± 0.3 cfu/ml in wash water from Holy Ghost A abattoir, while the TCB ranged from 0.0 ± 0.0 cfu/ml in wastewater from Lawal and Sons abattoir to 0.6 ± 0.1 cfu/ml in wash water from Osazee abattoir. A total of 149 bacterial isolates, belonging to 6 different species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Enterobacter ludwigii EN-119, Providencia stuartii PRV00010, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae strain KqPF26, Enterococcus saccharolyticus ATCC 43076 and Provincia rettgeri strain AR_0082) were obtained with the majority (>90%) being multidrug resistant. Seven (4.7%) of the isolates were phenotypically resistant to colistin, while only 3 harbored the mcr-1 gene. This result shows that plasmid-borne colistinresistant and multidrug resistant bacteria are prevalent in abattoir environment located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. This is an indication that abattoir facilities could be a source of human exposure to colistin resistant bacteria, and efforts must be made at reducing the high dependence of antibiotics in farm animals.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89428454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many areas of research in crop production have been geared towards crop improvement and increased yield. Crop improvement include but not restricted to; plant introduction and acclimatization, domestication, ploidy manipulation (polyploidization), recombinant DNA technology, crossing for superior selection (cultivar development), molecular genetics, etc. Polyploidy is a condition where the genome of an organism has more than the usual number of complete sets of chromosomes and the product of this phenomenon is called a Polyploid. Polyploidy occurs naturally, and can be induced chemically using antimitotic agents or physically using protoplast fusion and temperature shock. It is mostly artificially induced through a process called polyploidization. Polyploids are more advantageous in important plant attributes than the regular diploid. Relative success has been reported in the application of polyploidization for crop improvement which resulted chiefly in increased amount of beneficial secondary metabolites (phytochemicals), larger stomata and leaves,improved adaptation to stress and unfavourable conditions, to mention but a few. Therefore, it is imperative to state that polyploidy is an area of research that has been and will continually be deployed in crop improvement .
{"title":"Polyploidy and its relevance in crop improvement","authors":"E. A. Omere, C.N.C. Nwaoguala, T. Emede","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Many areas of research in crop production have been geared towards crop improvement and increased yield. Crop improvement include but not restricted to; plant introduction and acclimatization, domestication, ploidy manipulation (polyploidization), recombinant DNA technology, crossing for superior selection (cultivar development), molecular genetics, etc. Polyploidy is a condition where the genome of an organism has more than the usual number of complete sets of chromosomes and the product of this phenomenon is called a Polyploid. Polyploidy occurs naturally, and can be induced chemically using antimitotic agents or physically using protoplast fusion and temperature shock. It is mostly artificially induced through a process called polyploidization. Polyploids are more advantageous in important plant attributes than the regular diploid. Relative success has been reported in the application of polyploidization for crop improvement which resulted chiefly in increased amount of beneficial secondary metabolites (phytochemicals), larger stomata and leaves,improved adaptation to stress and unfavourable conditions, to mention but a few. Therefore, it is imperative to state that polyploidy is an area of research that has been and will continually be deployed in crop improvement .","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91333048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. A. Arabo, R. Bamanga, T. Abdulrazak, J. Ahmadu, H. Yakasai, M. Fadilu, F. Shehu, N. Abdullahi
This work was aimed at isolating and characterising biosurfactant producing bacteria strain from diesel oil contamination sites. The potential of the strain to degrade diesel oil n-alkanes was further studied. Soil samples were collected from diesel rich areas, and identified strains were grown on minimal media that contained diesel oil as only carbon source. Enrichment culture technique was used to identify bacteria. Seventeen bacteria strains were identified based on their capacity to use diesel oil as carbon source. Other qualitative screening methods were employed to determine the potential to produce biosurfactants. Isolate A03 was the only candidate that shows positive signs for drop collapse, foaming, haemolytic, oil displacement and emulsification tests. The effect of various culture parameters (incubation time, concentration of diesel, nitrogen source, pH and temperature) on biodegradation of diesel was evaluated. Optimum pH was 8.0 at 35° C, while the incubation time at maximum bacteria growth was five (5) days. The favourable diesel oil concentration was 7.5% for the isolate. The isolate has shown degradative ability towards dodecane, Tridecane, tetradecane but was unable to degrade 2, 6, 10-trimethyl- dodecane. It degraded between 10.09% - 45.39% of individual diesel alkanes. The strain has exhibited potential for degrading diesel alkanes and was identified as pseudomonas aeruginosa strain A3 (Accession Number: MZ027605) using the 16S rRNA. Sequencing.
{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Biosurfactant Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa YLA03 and its Diesel Degradation Potentials","authors":"A. A. Arabo, R. Bamanga, T. Abdulrazak, J. Ahmadu, H. Yakasai, M. Fadilu, F. Shehu, N. Abdullahi","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"This work was aimed at isolating and characterising biosurfactant producing bacteria strain from diesel oil contamination sites. The potential of the strain to degrade diesel oil n-alkanes was further studied. Soil samples were collected from diesel rich areas, and identified strains were grown on minimal media that contained diesel oil as only carbon source. Enrichment culture technique was used to identify bacteria. Seventeen bacteria strains were identified based on their capacity to use diesel oil as carbon source. Other qualitative screening methods were employed to determine the potential to produce biosurfactants. Isolate A03 was the only candidate that shows positive signs for drop collapse, foaming, haemolytic, oil displacement and emulsification tests. The effect of various culture parameters (incubation time, concentration of diesel, nitrogen source, pH and temperature) on biodegradation of diesel was evaluated. Optimum pH was 8.0 at 35° C, while the incubation time at maximum bacteria growth was five (5) days. The favourable diesel oil concentration was 7.5% for the isolate. The isolate has shown degradative ability towards dodecane, Tridecane, tetradecane but was unable to degrade 2, 6, 10-trimethyl- dodecane. It degraded between 10.09% - 45.39% of individual diesel alkanes. The strain has exhibited potential for degrading diesel alkanes and was identified as pseudomonas aeruginosa strain A3 (Accession Number: MZ027605) using the 16S rRNA. Sequencing. ","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79300947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phytochemicals have demonstrated considerable influence against pathogenic microbes in vitro without antimicrobial resistance. A number of studies have also reported an improved growth performance in poultry with their supplementation. In vivo antimicrobial efficacy of soursop leaf extract (SLE) was evaluated in a 49-day study on the growth performance (GP), intestinal microbes and morphology of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old chicks (Arbor Acres) were randomly distributed to five treatments and four replicates, with ten birds each in a completely randomized design. The treatments included: CTRL (control), 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% SLE per litre of drinking water. Ciprofloxacin 10% was administered to the control group as antibiotics in drinking water at 1ml/2L. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated. Two birds per replicate were sacrificed on day 49 and eviscerated. Ileum and caeca content were collected and cultured for total coliforms, Lactobacillus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Mid-ileum section was cut, rinsed with distilled water and fixed in 10% formalin for evaluation of villus height and crypt depth. Analysis of variance was used for data analysis at p<0.05 confidence. Weight gain increased from 7.5% SLE while FI reduced from 10.0% and above giving the best FCR at 12.5% SLE. SLE improved WG, eliminated salmonella and reduced total coliform (1.30 to 0.00) in the ileum section. Total coliforms were eliminated, Salmonella and Escherichia colli decreased (6.02 to 1.85; 6.91 to 2.24) in the caeca section. It was concluded that SLE reduced pathogenic intestinal microbes, improved intestinal morphology and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens.
{"title":"In vivo assessment of antibacterial and growth promoting effect of soursop (Annona muricata Linn.) leaf extract in broiler chickens","authors":"T. Kuka, T.J. Agedeson, V.A. Ebiaku","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Phytochemicals have demonstrated considerable influence against pathogenic microbes in vitro without antimicrobial resistance. A number of studies have also reported an improved growth performance in poultry with their supplementation. In vivo antimicrobial efficacy of soursop leaf extract (SLE) was evaluated in a 49-day study on the growth performance (GP), intestinal microbes and morphology of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old chicks (Arbor Acres) were randomly distributed to five treatments and four replicates, with ten birds each in a completely randomized design. The treatments included: CTRL (control), 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% SLE per litre of drinking water. Ciprofloxacin 10% was administered to the control group as antibiotics in drinking water at 1ml/2L. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated. Two birds per replicate were sacrificed on day 49 and eviscerated. Ileum and caeca content were collected and cultured for total coliforms, Lactobacillus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Mid-ileum section was cut, rinsed with distilled water and fixed in 10% formalin for evaluation of villus height and crypt depth. Analysis of variance was used for data analysis at p<0.05 confidence. Weight gain increased from 7.5% SLE while FI reduced from 10.0% and above giving the best FCR at 12.5% SLE. SLE improved WG, eliminated salmonella and reduced total coliform (1.30 to 0.00) in the ileum section. Total coliforms were eliminated, Salmonella and Escherichia colli decreased (6.02 to 1.85; 6.91 to 2.24) in the caeca section. It was concluded that SLE reduced pathogenic intestinal microbes, improved intestinal morphology and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83362629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. I. James, C. Etuk, M. Ben, R. Okon, A. Essien, A. Asuquo, E. A. Umoren
Effects of boiling, smoking and frying on the organoleptic quality, bacteriological count, proximate composition and total hydrocarbon contents of Scomber scombrus fish sold in Ikot Ekpene Metropolis were investigated. Fillets of fresh S. scombrus were made, and processed by smoking, boiling and frying methods. Portions of the fish sample were aliquoted, and used to carry out sensory evaluation, plating aliquots of diluents onto nutrient agar plates (for total viable count (TVC), and on Manitol Salt agar (for total staphylococcal count (TSC). Standard methods were used to determine moisture, ash, total lipids and crude protein contents. Total hydrocarbon content was determined by toluene extraction and measurement of absorbance of filtrate spectrophotometrically. Sensory quality obtained using smoke-drying and frying methods scored significantly higher than that of boiling and the control (p<0.05). TVC of samples were lower than in the control fish sample after processing, increasing over the 4-day period, although negligible when compared to the control. TVC were lowest in samples processed by frying. TSC decreased in all fish samples after processing, except in the control fish sample. Fried Scomber scombrus samples also showed no trace of S. aureus. Moisture, lipid, crude protein and ash contents of control S. scombrus were 68.78±1.02, 2.03±0.11, 20.14±0.06 and 0.09±0.32 respectively. The changes in moisture, lipid, crude protein and ash contents were statistically significant (P<0.05) in processed fish samples. Total hydrocarbon content also increased in processed fish; 2.914±0.005 for smoke-dried, 2.168±0.001 for fried and 1.538±0.009 for boiled, as against 1.412±0.011 in the control sample. Overall bacteriological quality indices, the proximate content and total hydrocarbon contents of samples demonstrated frying and smoking as preferable processing methods for Scomber scombrus.
{"title":"Effects of processing on bacteriological, proximate, hydrocarbon content and organoleptic indices of Scomber scombrus","authors":"I. I. James, C. Etuk, M. Ben, R. Okon, A. Essien, A. Asuquo, E. A. Umoren","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of boiling, smoking and frying on the organoleptic quality, bacteriological count, proximate composition and total hydrocarbon contents of Scomber scombrus fish sold in Ikot Ekpene Metropolis were investigated. Fillets of fresh S. scombrus were made, and processed by smoking, boiling and frying methods. Portions of the fish sample were aliquoted, and used to carry out sensory evaluation, plating aliquots of diluents onto nutrient agar plates (for total viable count (TVC), and on Manitol Salt agar (for total staphylococcal count (TSC). Standard methods were used to determine moisture, ash, total lipids and crude protein contents. Total hydrocarbon content was determined by toluene extraction and measurement of absorbance of filtrate spectrophotometrically. Sensory quality obtained using smoke-drying and frying methods scored significantly higher than that of boiling and the control (p<0.05). TVC of samples were lower than in the control fish sample after processing, increasing over the 4-day period, although negligible when compared to the control. TVC were lowest in samples processed by frying. TSC decreased in all fish samples after processing, except in the control fish sample. Fried Scomber scombrus samples also showed no trace of S. aureus. Moisture, lipid, crude protein and ash contents of control S. scombrus were 68.78±1.02, 2.03±0.11, 20.14±0.06 and 0.09±0.32 respectively. The changes in moisture, lipid, crude protein and ash contents were statistically significant (P<0.05) in processed fish samples. Total hydrocarbon content also increased in processed fish; 2.914±0.005 for smoke-dried, 2.168±0.001 for fried and 1.538±0.009 for boiled, as against 1.412±0.011 in the control sample. Overall bacteriological quality indices, the proximate content and total hydrocarbon contents of samples demonstrated frying and smoking as preferable processing methods for Scomber scombrus. ","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89293828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the screening of alkaline protease microorganism from diary effluent sludge and identified by 16S ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequence as Klebsiella aerogenes with accession number MF156964.1 and maximum identity 95.45%. The cells were immobilized with coconut pod husks and optimization studies such as the effects of particle sizes, pH, temperature, agitation speed, and incubation time were determined. Out of twenty three microorganisms screened, three were potential protease producers. K. aerogenes gave the highest zone of hydrolysis (35 mm) on the skimmed milk agar plate. The particle size (0.075 mm2) of the immobilization agent gave the highest enzyme activity 176.83 U/mL. The optimum incubation time for the production of protease was 48 h with enzyme activity 143.054 U/mL which further declined. The optimum pH of the protease was pH 9.0 with activity 209.61 U/mL which made it alkaline. The agitation speed 150 rpm resulted in a protease activity 175.83 U/mL and reduced by 56.5% at 250 rpm. The optimal temperature 35 ºC was 183.78 U/mL. This study also confirmed the stability and reusability of the immobilized cells using the coconut pod husks matrix by maintaining from 100% to 76.2% up to six times recycle. Conclusively, the study established the efficiency of low cost, readily available matrix and reusability potentials of coconut pod husks for cells immobilization technology through entrapment at optimal conditions for protease production.
{"title":"Alkaline Protease Production by Immobilized Klebsiella aerogenes Cells from Dairy Effluent Sludge","authors":"M. Osho, G. Akhigbe, G. A. Adekoya","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the screening of alkaline protease microorganism from diary effluent sludge and identified by 16S ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequence as Klebsiella aerogenes with accession number MF156964.1 and maximum identity 95.45%. The cells were immobilized with coconut pod husks and optimization studies such as the effects of particle sizes, pH, temperature, agitation speed, and incubation time were determined. Out of twenty three microorganisms screened, three were potential protease producers. K. aerogenes gave the highest zone of hydrolysis (35 mm) on the skimmed milk agar plate. The particle size (0.075 mm2) of the immobilization agent gave the highest enzyme activity 176.83 U/mL. The optimum incubation time for the production of protease was 48 h with enzyme activity 143.054 U/mL which further declined. The optimum pH of the protease was pH 9.0 with activity 209.61 U/mL which made it alkaline. The agitation speed 150 rpm resulted in a protease activity 175.83 U/mL and reduced by 56.5% at 250 rpm. The optimal temperature 35 ºC was 183.78 U/mL. This study also confirmed the stability and reusability of the immobilized cells using the coconut pod husks matrix by maintaining from 100% to 76.2% up to six times recycle. Conclusively, the study established the efficiency of low cost, readily available matrix and reusability potentials of coconut pod husks for cells immobilization technology through entrapment at optimal conditions for protease production. ","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72789457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Henry, O. Dogun, R. Ogenyi, S. M. Obidola, U. Henry
Vegetables and fruits form some of the most important components of daily nutrition owing to their high mineral and vitamin contents which are essential for a balanced diet. This research work was carried out on the phytochemicals, proximate and trace element content of three varieties of garden egg which are Solanum melongena (S. melongena), Solanum aethiopicum (S. aethiopicum) and Solanum macrocarpon (S. macrocarpon). The egg plants were extracted and their phytochemical, proximate and trace element content carried out using standard procedures. The result showed that carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones, phenols, tannins and proteins were present in the three varieties of the eggplant. Saponin was only observed in S. aethiopicum but not in the other two varieties, while alkaloids were observed to be present in only S. macrocarpon. Cardiac glycosides, anthocyanin and phlobatanins were completely absent in the three varieties. The proximate composition showed that S. melongena contained percentage moisture content (52.23%), ash (23.10%), fibre (3.16%), fat (6.02%), protein (2.38%), carbohydrate (12.05%) while S. aethiopicum contained percentage moisture (59.05%), ash (17.49%), fibre (1.69%), fat (8.05%), protein (2.49%), carbohydrate (11.84%) and S. macrocarpon contained percentage moisture (57.68%), ash (22.71%), fibre (2.05%), fat (5.04%), protein (2.56%) and carbohydrate (10.40%). The trace element content for S. melongena showed magnesium (279.57), calcium (106.80), zinc (4.77), copper (0.88), iron (57.45), manganese (5.53) in parts per million (ppm) while S. aethiopicum contained Mg (258.16), Ca (76.29), Zn (5.55), Cu (1.18), Fe (49.49), Mn (5.43) in (ppm) and S. macrocarpon contained Mg (280.5), Ca (84.95), Zn (3.98), Cu (0.29), Fe (41.49) and Mn (3.44) in (ppm). The findings showed that the three eggplant varieties will serve as a good nutritional diet while S. melongena will supply more trace elements (Fe, Ca, and Mn) and total ash, fibre and carbohydrates. S. aethiopicum has alkaloids and more terpenoids and steroids and hence, will serve as a good medicinal component.
蔬菜和水果是日常营养中最重要的组成部分，因为它们富含矿物质和维生素，是均衡饮食所必需的。对3个园蛋茄(Solanum melongena, S. melongena)、埃塞俄比亚茄(Solanum aethiopicum, S. aethiopicum)和大茄(Solanum macrocarpon, S. macrocarpon)的植物化学成分、微量元素含量进行了研究。采用标准程序提取卵株，测定其植物化学、近似值和微量元素含量。结果表明，3个茄子品种中均含有碳水化合物、黄酮类、萜类、类固醇、蒽醌类、酚类、单宁类和蛋白质。其中皂苷只存在于埃塞俄比亚松中，其他两个品种均不存在;生物碱只存在于大碳松中。心糖苷、花青素和酞菁素在三个品种中完全不存在。大致组成表明，黑松菇含有百分比水分(52.23%)、灰分(23.10%)、纤维(3.16%)、脂肪(6.02%)、蛋白质(2.38%)、碳水化合物(12.05%);埃塞俄比亚松菇含有百分比水分(59.05%)、灰分(17.49%)、纤维(1.69%)、脂肪(8.05%)、蛋白质(2.49%)、碳水化合物(11.84%);大碳松含有百分比水分(57.68%)、灰分(22.71%)、纤维(2.05%)、脂肪(5.04%)、蛋白质(2.56%)和碳水化合物(10.40%)。黑龙菇微量元素含量以百万分之一(ppm)计为镁(279.57)、钙(106.80)、锌(4.77)、铜(0.88)、铁(57.45)、锰(5.53)，埃塞俄比亚黑龙菇微量元素含量以百万分之一(ppm)计为Mg(258.16)、Ca(76.29)、Zn(5.55)、Cu(1.18)、Fe(49.49)、Mn(5.43)，大碳黑龙微量元素含量以百万分之一(ppm)计为Mg(280.5)、Ca(84.95)、Zn(3.98)、Cu(0.29)、Fe(41.49)、Mn(3.44)。结果表明，这3个茄子品种是较好的营养日粮，而黑龙茄品种能提供更多的微量元素(铁、钙、锰)和总灰分、纤维和碳水化合物。埃塞俄比亚葡萄含有生物碱和更多的萜类和类固醇，因此，将作为一个很好的药用成分。
{"title":"Phytochemical, Nutritional and Trace Element of Some Solanum (Garden Egg)","authors":"M. Henry, O. Dogun, R. Ogenyi, S. M. Obidola, U. Henry","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetables and fruits form some of the most important components of daily nutrition owing to their high mineral and vitamin contents which are essential for a balanced diet. This research work was carried out on the phytochemicals, proximate and trace element content of three varieties of garden egg which are Solanum melongena (S. melongena), Solanum aethiopicum (S. aethiopicum) and Solanum macrocarpon (S. macrocarpon). The egg plants were extracted and their phytochemical, proximate and trace element content carried out using standard procedures. The result showed that carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones, phenols, tannins and proteins were present in the three varieties of the eggplant. Saponin was only observed in S. aethiopicum but not in the other two varieties, while alkaloids were observed to be present in only S. macrocarpon. Cardiac glycosides, anthocyanin and phlobatanins were completely absent in the three varieties. The proximate composition showed that S. melongena contained percentage moisture content (52.23%), ash (23.10%), fibre (3.16%), fat (6.02%), protein (2.38%), carbohydrate (12.05%) while S. aethiopicum contained percentage moisture (59.05%), ash (17.49%), fibre (1.69%), fat (8.05%), protein (2.49%), carbohydrate (11.84%) and S. macrocarpon contained percentage moisture (57.68%), ash (22.71%), fibre (2.05%), fat (5.04%), protein (2.56%) and carbohydrate (10.40%). The trace element content for S. melongena showed magnesium (279.57), calcium (106.80), zinc (4.77), copper (0.88), iron (57.45), manganese (5.53) in parts per million (ppm) while S. aethiopicum contained Mg (258.16), Ca (76.29), Zn (5.55), Cu (1.18), Fe (49.49), Mn (5.43) in (ppm) and S. macrocarpon contained Mg (280.5), Ca (84.95), Zn (3.98), Cu (0.29), Fe (41.49) and Mn (3.44) in (ppm). The findings showed that the three eggplant varieties will serve as a good nutritional diet while S. melongena will supply more trace elements (Fe, Ca, and Mn) and total ash, fibre and carbohydrates. S. aethiopicum has alkaloids and more terpenoids and steroids and hence, will serve as a good medicinal component.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78002082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of solid waste on soil and soil sentinels cannot be over emphasized. On the other hand, managing municipal waste has a serious challenge. This study focused on the impact of solid waste on soil bacteria and the municipal waste management in some communities of Lagos Island which are Dolphin and Adeola Odeku Village. This study aimed at examining the present municipal waste management practices in Lagos Island and how they can be improved upon. Random sampling was used to administer 100 questionnaires to households while the different heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples were determined using Buck 200 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The wastes were mainly composed of food wastes, plastics/pet bottles and nylon. Although the majority of the respondents (65%) had waste bins/bags assigned to their houses, about 73.86% did not sort their wastes. The concentrations of the heavy metals (Co, Zn, Ni, and Mn) in the soil samples were higher in Dolphin and Adeola Odeku village compared to the control soil sample. The bacterial isolates identified from the soil samples are Corynebacterium spp., Enterobacter spp., Flavobacterium spp., Acinebacter spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Bacillus subtilis and Micricoccus leteus. SWOT analysis revealed the need to improve environmental awareness to minimize the threat of low sorting of wastes. Also, opportunities exist for recycling plastics/pet bottles and nylon while wastes from food materials could benefit agriculture through composing. This study suggests that more environmental awareness, policies, and better administration are needed to improve the status of waste management in urban communities of Lagos Island.
{"title":"Impact of Solid Waste on Soil Bacterial and the Municipal Waste Management in Some Communities of Lagos Island","authors":"J. Yakubu, U. Udochukwu","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of solid waste on soil and soil sentinels cannot be over emphasized. On the other hand, managing municipal waste has a serious challenge. This study focused on the impact of solid waste on soil bacteria and the municipal waste management in some communities of Lagos Island which are Dolphin and Adeola Odeku Village. This study aimed at examining the present municipal waste management practices in Lagos Island and how they can be improved upon. Random sampling was used to administer 100 questionnaires to households while the different heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples were determined using Buck 200 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The wastes were mainly composed of food wastes, plastics/pet bottles and nylon. Although the majority of the respondents (65%) had waste bins/bags assigned to their houses, about 73.86% did not sort their wastes. The concentrations of the heavy metals (Co, Zn, Ni, and Mn) in the soil samples were higher in Dolphin and Adeola Odeku village compared to the control soil sample. The bacterial isolates identified from the soil samples are Corynebacterium spp., Enterobacter spp., Flavobacterium spp., Acinebacter spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Bacillus subtilis and Micricoccus leteus. SWOT analysis revealed the need to improve environmental awareness to minimize the threat of low sorting of wastes. Also, opportunities exist for recycling plastics/pet bottles and nylon while wastes from food materials could benefit agriculture through composing. This study suggests that more environmental awareness, policies, and better administration are needed to improve the status of waste management in urban communities of Lagos Island. ","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82453737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The challenges posed by microbes in poultry industries and the continued search for natural means of combating them inspired this study. The effect of the stem bark extracts of Anacardium occidentale on avian colibacillosis was investigated. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of A. occidentale were prepared using standard methods. In vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated against E. coli. Nine groups of 10 broilers (day old chicks; 48 g – 50 g) each were created and bred for a period of eight weeks. Groups 1 to 3 served as the control, while group 4 to 9 served as the test groups. Meat quality, biochemical and haematological assessments were done using standard methods. The maximum zone of inhibition observed was 13.0±0.4 mm at 100 % concentration of the ethanol extract. Both extracts were observed to have a bactericidal / bacteriostatic ratio of 2. The extracts improved the meat quality, blood protein, liver enzymes and renal functions of the broilers compared to the negative control. Again, packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell counts were increased by the extracts compared to the negative control. On the whole, the results obtained for the extracts were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that of the commercial antibiotics (positive control) results. Therefore, we can infer that crude extracts of A. occidentale could be used against Colibacillosis disease in place of the conventional commercial antibiotics.
{"title":"Anacardium occidentale (LINN) Stem Bark Extracts: Effects on Poultry Colibacillosis Disease","authors":"A. Oko, V. C. Okose, E. Ekuma","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges posed by microbes in poultry industries and the continued search for natural means of combating them inspired this study. The effect of the stem bark extracts of Anacardium occidentale on avian colibacillosis was investigated. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of A. occidentale were prepared using standard methods. In vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated against E. coli. Nine groups of 10 broilers (day old chicks; 48 g – 50 g) each were created and bred for a period of eight weeks. Groups 1 to 3 served as the control, while group 4 to 9 served as the test groups. Meat quality, biochemical and haematological assessments were done using standard methods. The maximum zone of inhibition observed was 13.0±0.4 mm at 100 % concentration of the ethanol extract. Both extracts were observed to have a bactericidal / bacteriostatic ratio of 2. The extracts improved the meat quality, blood protein, liver enzymes and renal functions of the broilers compared to the negative control. Again, packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell counts were increased by the extracts compared to the negative control. On the whole, the results obtained for the extracts were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that of the commercial antibiotics (positive control) results. Therefore, we can infer that crude extracts of A. occidentale could be used against Colibacillosis disease in place of the conventional commercial antibiotics. ","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76296397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Abegunde, E. Idehen, O. Oduwaye, T. Fabunmi, O. Kehinde
Using 20 pairs of SSR primers situated on each chromosome of the maize genetic makeup, 27 drought-tolerant maize genotypes obtained from the Germplasm Unit of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, were examined for diversity. The samples' genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted using the CTAB procedure specified by CIMMYT (2005). All 20 pairs of SSR markers used in this investigation were extremely polymorphic, resulting in 122 repeatable and polymorphic bands that were scored with an average of 12.20 alleles. Each primer yielded a main allele frequency of no more than 0.5. The average major allele frequency for the 10 primers was 0.3036. With an average of 0.8334, all markers had gene diversity values greater than 0.6. Similar to this, the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values had an average of 0.8164 and varied from 0.9051 (primer umc1042) to 0.6639 (Umc1669). Since primer umc1042 best identified this variability, the frequency of the main alleles generated by each primer points to the presence of significant molecular genetic variation across the samples under study. This occurrence is further supported by the gene diversity (GD) and polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the primers. Therefore, it can be inferred that the primers are all appropriate for genotyping genetic diversity. Due to their different genetic relationships, varieties IWD C2 SYN F2 and SAMMAZ 52 have the most diversified genotypes and can be utilised as parent materials in a maize breeding programme.
利用位于玉米遗传组成每条染色体上的20对SSR引物，对尼日利亚伊巴丹国际热带农业研究所(IITA)种质资源部门获得的27个耐旱玉米基因型的多样性进行了检测。使用CIMMYT(2005)规定的CTAB程序提取样品的基因组DNA (gDNA)。本研究使用的20对SSR标记均具有高度多态性，共得到122个可重复多态性条带，平均有12.20个等位基因。每个引物产生的主等位基因频率不大于0.5。10个引物的主等位基因平均频率为0.3036。所有标记的基因多样性值均大于0.6，平均值为0.8334。多态信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.8164，从引物umc1042的0.9051到Umc1669的0.6639不等。由于引物umc1042最好地识别了这种变异，因此每个引物产生的主要等位基因的频率表明在所研究的样品中存在显著的分子遗传变异。引物的基因多样性(GD)和多态性信息含量(PIC)值进一步支持了这一现象。因此，可以推断，引物都适合遗传多样性的基因分型。由于其不同的遗传关系，品种IWD C2 SYN F2和SAMMAZ 52具有最多样化的基因型，可作为玉米育种计划的亲本材料。
{"title":"Genetic Characterization of Drought-Tolerant Maize Genotypes Based on SSR Markers","authors":"O. Abegunde, E. Idehen, O. Oduwaye, T. Fabunmi, O. Kehinde","doi":"10.4314/njb.v39i2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Using 20 pairs of SSR primers situated on each chromosome of the maize genetic makeup, 27 drought-tolerant maize genotypes obtained from the Germplasm Unit of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, were examined for diversity. The samples' genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted using the CTAB procedure specified by CIMMYT (2005). All 20 pairs of SSR markers used in this investigation were extremely polymorphic, resulting in 122 repeatable and polymorphic bands that were scored with an average of 12.20 alleles. Each primer yielded a main allele frequency of no more than 0.5. The average major allele frequency for the 10 primers was 0.3036. With an average of 0.8334, all markers had gene diversity values greater than 0.6. Similar to this, the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values had an average of 0.8164 and varied from 0.9051 (primer umc1042) to 0.6639 (Umc1669). Since primer umc1042 best identified this variability, the frequency of the main alleles generated by each primer points to the presence of significant molecular genetic variation across the samples under study. This occurrence is further supported by the gene diversity (GD) and polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the primers. Therefore, it can be inferred that the primers are all appropriate for genotyping genetic diversity. Due to their different genetic relationships, varieties IWD C2 SYN F2 and SAMMAZ 52 have the most diversified genotypes and can be utilised as parent materials in a maize breeding programme.","PeriodicalId":19168,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"279 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77724579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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