Pub Date : 2012-01-30DOI: 10.1080/00288233.1997.9513256
W. Rumball
Abstract ‘Grasslands Tekapo’ cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) was selected from a European accession. It is a fine‐leaved, densely‐tillered cultivar, and of the same prostrate habit as ‘Grasslands Wana’ cocksfoot; but appears to show better compatibility with white clover in the sward. Tekapo cocksfoot is early‐flowering, warm‐season productive, and fairly similar to Wana cocksfoot in nutritional qualities. It is intended for use in severe grazing situations.
{"title":"‘Grasslands Tekapo’ cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.)","authors":"W. Rumball","doi":"10.1080/00288233.1997.9513256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1997.9513256","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract ‘Grasslands Tekapo’ cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) was selected from a European accession. It is a fine‐leaved, densely‐tillered cultivar, and of the same prostrate habit as ‘Grasslands Wana’ cocksfoot; but appears to show better compatibility with white clover in the sward. Tekapo cocksfoot is early‐flowering, warm‐season productive, and fairly similar to Wana cocksfoot in nutritional qualities. It is intended for use in severe grazing situations.","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"39 1","pages":"365-367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81428184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425664
D. J. Swain, D. Scotter
Abstract Bulk density, particle size, soil water retentivity, and saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data from Himatangi sand are reported. The soil under a 4 m2 area was wet by ponding and the subsequent decline in soil water contentmonitored using a neutron probe. The drainage rate from the top 550 mm of the soil profile was greater than 1 mm/day for 6 daysafter ponding ceased, indicating that the commonly accepted concept of field capacity is inappropriate for this soil. Simple theory is developed which allows prediction of drainage losses under different soil water and evapotranspiration conditions. If the upper limit of readily available water is taken as the storage when the drainage rate from a 550 mm deep root zone is 1 mm/day, and the lower limit is taken as the storage at a matric potential of-50 kPa, then the readily available water holding capacity is only 8 mm. This suggests that carefully controlled high frequency irrigation is necessary if both drainage losses and plant water ...
{"title":"Hydraulic properties and ‘field capacity’ of Himatangi sand","authors":"D. J. Swain, D. Scotter","doi":"10.1080/03015521.1988.10425664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425664","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bulk density, particle size, soil water retentivity, and saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data from Himatangi sand are reported. The soil under a 4 m2 area was wet by ponding and the subsequent decline in soil water contentmonitored using a neutron probe. The drainage rate from the top 550 mm of the soil profile was greater than 1 mm/day for 6 daysafter ponding ceased, indicating that the commonly accepted concept of field capacity is inappropriate for this soil. Simple theory is developed which allows prediction of drainage losses under different soil water and evapotranspiration conditions. If the upper limit of readily available water is taken as the storage when the drainage rate from a 550 mm deep root zone is 1 mm/day, and the lower limit is taken as the storage at a matric potential of-50 kPa, then the readily available water holding capacity is only 8 mm. This suggests that carefully controlled high frequency irrigation is necessary if both drainage losses and plant water ...","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"4 1","pages":"367-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82162089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425665
C. Downs, M. Reihana
Abstract Display life of Leucospermum cv. Firefly is restricted by foliage damage. Treatment with sucrose solutions, either continuously during display (1% sucrose) or for a 24 h pulse treatment at 20° C (5% sucrose), failed to reduce leaf desiccation. Continuous 5% sucrose treatment induced more severe leaf damage and reduced leaf display life further, whereas flower head display was increased greatly with continuous sucrose treatments. Preservatives improved the water balance (expressed as nett water loss) of inflorescences during display life, but failed to reduce the rapid decline in water uptake that occurred during the first days of display. During continuous treatment, transpiration was reduced, possibly as a result of greater leaf damage in treated inflorescences.
{"title":"Factors limiting postharvest display life of Leucospermum cv. Firefly","authors":"C. Downs, M. Reihana","doi":"10.1080/03015521.1988.10425665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425665","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Display life of Leucospermum cv. Firefly is restricted by foliage damage. Treatment with sucrose solutions, either continuously during display (1% sucrose) or for a 24 h pulse treatment at 20° C (5% sucrose), failed to reduce leaf desiccation. Continuous 5% sucrose treatment induced more severe leaf damage and reduced leaf display life further, whereas flower head display was increased greatly with continuous sucrose treatments. Preservatives improved the water balance (expressed as nett water loss) of inflorescences during display life, but failed to reduce the rapid decline in water uptake that occurred during the first days of display. During continuous treatment, transpiration was reduced, possibly as a result of greater leaf damage in treated inflorescences.","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"34 1","pages":"375-378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78933835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425662
N. Porter
Abstract The effects of genotype and handling practices on flavour components of boysenberries were determined. Headspace analysis, vacuum distillation, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were used to identify and measure aroma volatiles of which linalool was the predominant compound. Sugars and acids were analysed by gas chromatography (GQ) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fructose and glucose were the major sugars and were present in similar amounts. The major acids were citric acid and malic acid. Sucrose and succinic acid were present at very low levels. Differences in individual and total sugars, the sugar:acid ratio, and the levels and composition of the aroma volatiles were found between genotypes, harvest times, and freezing treatments. Sugar levels were more affected by experimental treatments than acid levels. ‘Boysenberry’ had higher sugar levels and a sweeter suganacid ratio than ‘Youngberry’. Sugar levels and suganacid ratio in ‘Boysenberry’ were highest at night....
{"title":"Factors influencing the aroma volatiles, sugars, and acids of boysenberry fruit","authors":"N. Porter","doi":"10.1080/03015521.1988.10425662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425662","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effects of genotype and handling practices on flavour components of boysenberries were determined. Headspace analysis, vacuum distillation, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were used to identify and measure aroma volatiles of which linalool was the predominant compound. Sugars and acids were analysed by gas chromatography (GQ) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fructose and glucose were the major sugars and were present in similar amounts. The major acids were citric acid and malic acid. Sucrose and succinic acid were present at very low levels. Differences in individual and total sugars, the sugar:acid ratio, and the levels and composition of the aroma volatiles were found between genotypes, harvest times, and freezing treatments. Sugar levels were more affected by experimental treatments than acid levels. ‘Boysenberry’ had higher sugar levels and a sweeter suganacid ratio than ‘Youngberry’. Sugar levels and suganacid ratio in ‘Boysenberry’ were highest at night....","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"25 1","pages":"349-357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85156815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425660
W. Snelgar, G. S. Bayley, P. Manson
Abstract A set of eight relocatable greenhouses has been built for studies of temperature effects on mature kiwifruit vines (Actirddia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson) growing in a typical orchard. Each greenhouse covers one half of a vine planted at 6 m within-row spacing on a T-bar trellis. Temperatures within the greenhouses are maintained at a constant differential above ambient air temperature. Details of the construction, operation, and performance of the greenhouses are provided. In an initial experiment carried out in spring 1985, the mean air temperature was increased by 0.7° C or 4.9° C for 41 days. At the higher temperature, bud burst was advanced by 7 days and full bloom by 14 days. In the wanner greenhouses, growth of the apical shoot was increased and the percentage of shoots which produced flowers was reduced. An interaction between the warmed and untreated halves of the vines was observed.
{"title":"Temperature studies on kiwifruit vines using relocatable greenhouses","authors":"W. Snelgar, G. S. Bayley, P. Manson","doi":"10.1080/03015521.1988.10425660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425660","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A set of eight relocatable greenhouses has been built for studies of temperature effects on mature kiwifruit vines (Actirddia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson) growing in a typical orchard. Each greenhouse covers one half of a vine planted at 6 m within-row spacing on a T-bar trellis. Temperatures within the greenhouses are maintained at a constant differential above ambient air temperature. Details of the construction, operation, and performance of the greenhouses are provided. In an initial experiment carried out in spring 1985, the mean air temperature was increased by 0.7° C or 4.9° C for 41 days. At the higher temperature, bud burst was advanced by 7 days and full bloom by 14 days. In the wanner greenhouses, growth of the apical shoot was increased and the percentage of shoots which produced flowers was reduced. An interaction between the warmed and untreated halves of the vines was observed.","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"425 1","pages":"329-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76488759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425659
T. Mccarthy, R. Stoker
Abstract Blackcurrant bushes (cv. Magnus) planted on a free-draining Lismore stony silt loam were used to study the yield responses to four irrigation regimes, using one unirrigated and three irrigated treatments. Irrigation treatments were applied each time gravimetric soil samples (0–150 mm deep) taken 300mm from the hedgerow fell to 10,15,or20%soil moisture (s.m.) content. In the first two years, the 15 and 20% s.m. treatments produced yields 150-220% higher than both the unirrigated and infrequently irrigated 10% s.m. treatments. As the unirrigated and 10% s.m. treatment bushes developed with time, the annual yield differences decreased to a level where, by the fifth harvest, the 15 and 20% s.m. treatment yields respectively were only 15% and 37% higher than the unirrigated treatment yield. Average berry weight increased with irrigation frequency during the first three seasons. However, differences in berry weight decreased gradually with timeandby the 1986/87 season showed no significant differences ...
{"title":"Effect of irrigation on yield, berry weight, and sugar content of blackcurrants","authors":"T. Mccarthy, R. Stoker","doi":"10.1080/03015521.1988.10425659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425659","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Blackcurrant bushes (cv. Magnus) planted on a free-draining Lismore stony silt loam were used to study the yield responses to four irrigation regimes, using one unirrigated and three irrigated treatments. Irrigation treatments were applied each time gravimetric soil samples (0–150 mm deep) taken 300mm from the hedgerow fell to 10,15,or20%soil moisture (s.m.) content. In the first two years, the 15 and 20% s.m. treatments produced yields 150-220% higher than both the unirrigated and infrequently irrigated 10% s.m. treatments. As the unirrigated and 10% s.m. treatment bushes developed with time, the annual yield differences decreased to a level where, by the fifth harvest, the 15 and 20% s.m. treatment yields respectively were only 15% and 37% higher than the unirrigated treatment yield. Average berry weight increased with irrigation frequency during the first three seasons. However, differences in berry weight decreased gradually with timeandby the 1986/87 season showed no significant differences ...","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":"321-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82532626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425666
S. Haslam, J. Hanson, A. J. Hanson
Abstract It was suspected that disease caused the developmentof small fruitin kiwifruit. Accordingly, the development of the fruit from female flowers infected with blossom rot was followed. A large number of these infected flowers did not develop into fruit and the remainder developed into ‘dropped shoulder’ or small deformed fruit with some seedless carpels. Removal of some stigmas and styles from healthy flowers also produced ‘dropped shoulder’ fruit. Removal of part of each stigma from healthy flowers did not, however, affect the shape and size of the resultant fruit. The mechanism of the development of the deformed fruit is discussed.
{"title":"Preliminary investigation of a small fruit problem in kiwifruit, Actinidia deliciosa","authors":"S. Haslam, J. Hanson, A. J. Hanson","doi":"10.1080/03015521.1988.10425666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425666","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It was suspected that disease caused the developmentof small fruitin kiwifruit. Accordingly, the development of the fruit from female flowers infected with blossom rot was followed. A large number of these infected flowers did not develop into fruit and the remainder developed into ‘dropped shoulder’ or small deformed fruit with some seedless carpels. Removal of some stigmas and styles from healthy flowers also produced ‘dropped shoulder’ fruit. Removal of part of each stigma from healthy flowers did not, however, affect the shape and size of the resultant fruit. The mechanism of the development of the deformed fruit is discussed.","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"311 1","pages":"379-383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77690922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425661
G. King, K. G. Henderson
Abstract ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were cooled (0.5° C) or placed in controlled atmosphere (CA; 2% O2,2% CO2 at 0.5 or 25° C) 3, 8, or 14 days after harvest. Weight loss, background colour, acidity, and eating acceptability were assessed after 16 and 24 weeks for ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ respectively. Fruit that had been cooled or placed in CA 3 days after harvest, had lower weight loss, less yellow background colour development, lower acid loss, and better eating acceptability than fruit that was cooled or placed in CA 8 or 14 days after harvest. Firmness of ‘Red Delicious’ apples was better retained by early cooling than by early CA establishment ‘Red Delicious’ apples should be cooled within 3 days and the CA established within 14 days of harvest to maintain quality during long term storage. Firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was better retained by the combined effect of cooling and placing apples in CA 3 days after harvest.
{"title":"Changes in quality of ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples following delayed cooling versus delayed establishment of controlled atmosphere storage","authors":"G. King, K. G. Henderson","doi":"10.1080/03015521.1988.10425661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425661","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were cooled (0.5° C) or placed in controlled atmosphere (CA; 2% O2,2% CO2 at 0.5 or 25° C) 3, 8, or 14 days after harvest. Weight loss, background colour, acidity, and eating acceptability were assessed after 16 and 24 weeks for ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ respectively. Fruit that had been cooled or placed in CA 3 days after harvest, had lower weight loss, less yellow background colour development, lower acid loss, and better eating acceptability than fruit that was cooled or placed in CA 8 or 14 days after harvest. Firmness of ‘Red Delicious’ apples was better retained by early cooling than by early CA establishment ‘Red Delicious’ apples should be cooled within 3 days and the CA established within 14 days of harvest to maintain quality during long term storage. Firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was better retained by the combined effect of cooling and placing apples in CA 3 days after harvest.","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"11 1","pages":"341-348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75413925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425667
J. Craig, A. Stewart, N. Pomeroy, A. Heath, R. Goodwin
Abstract The likely role of various pollination vectors is considered in the context of flower anatomy and the published results of past experiments. A number of insects visit flowers of both female and male vines but there is as much evidence implicating wind as there is for an insect vector. Most experiments that investigated a likely role of wind alter wind flows and are confounded by the presence of honey bees. Similarly, evidence taken as support for the role of honey bees is confounded by the action of wind. Recent studies suggest that individual bees tend to work the flowers of one sex of vine or the other. Existing methods of measuring pollination effectiveness in kiwifruit are also questioned as is our understanding of incompatibility responses. An experiment that can help resolve these problems is outlined briefly.
{"title":"A review of kiwifruit pollination: Where to next?","authors":"J. Craig, A. Stewart, N. Pomeroy, A. Heath, R. Goodwin","doi":"10.1080/03015521.1988.10425667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425667","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The likely role of various pollination vectors is considered in the context of flower anatomy and the published results of past experiments. A number of insects visit flowers of both female and male vines but there is as much evidence implicating wind as there is for an insect vector. Most experiments that investigated a likely role of wind alter wind flows and are confounded by the presence of honey bees. Similarly, evidence taken as support for the role of honey bees is confounded by the action of wind. Recent studies suggest that individual bees tend to work the flowers of one sex of vine or the other. Existing methods of measuring pollination effectiveness in kiwifruit are also questioned as is our understanding of incompatibility responses. An experiment that can help resolve these problems is outlined briefly.","PeriodicalId":19285,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture","volume":"37 1","pages":"385-399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88606048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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