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Target phosphorus soil test values for vegetables 蔬菜目标磷土壤试验值
Pub Date : 1988-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425619
M. Prasad, T. M. Spiers, I. Ravenwood
Abstract Twenty-two field experiments were conducted on 12 vegetable crops to determine the target Olsen soil test phosphorus (P) values for maximum yield. These experiments were conducted on one soil type, Levin silt loam. It was possible to determine the target values with a degree of certainty for 15 experiments using a quadratic model. The target value was particularly high for winter spinach and high for potato, whereas pea and sweetcorn had low target values. Other crops had intermediate values. Season had an effect on target soil test values; higher values were found under cooler growing conditions.
摘要对12种蔬菜作物进行了22个大田试验,以确定最大产量的目标奥尔森土壤试验磷(P)值。这些试验是在莱文粉砂壤土一种土壤类型上进行的。使用二次模型可以确定15个实验的目标值。冬季菠菜的目标值特别高,马铃薯的目标值很高,而豌豆和甜玉米的目标值较低。其他作物的值处于中间水平。季节对目标土壤试验值有影响;在较冷的生长条件下发现较高的值。
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引用次数: 14
Estimation of potassium losses from a grazed dairy farm in Taranaki 塔拉纳基一个放牧奶牛场钾流失的估算
Pub Date : 1988-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425610
P. Williams, A. Roberts
Abstract The potassium (K) lost through animal products (milk, calf and culled stock) and transfer of excretai K to the dairy shed and raceways, was estimated at 1.6 kg/stock unit (SU) for a dairy farmlet of small herd size, assuming the cows spend 5% of the year off the paddock. This loss increased to 2.5 kg K/SU if the cows spend 10% of the year off the paddock as is likely on a dairy farm with a larger number of cows. These values are lower than the 4 kg K/SU currently used by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries as the animal loss factor (ALF) in their fertiliser advice scheme for dairying on flat-rolling country in New Zealand.
假设奶牛一年有5%的时间离开围场,通过动物产品(牛奶、小牛和被淘汰的牲畜)和粪便钾转移到奶棚和跑道的钾损失估计为1.6 kg/stock unit (SU)。如果奶牛一年中有10%的时间不在围场(奶牛数量较多的奶牛场很可能是这样),这一损失将增加到2.5千克/千克。这些值低于目前新西兰农业和渔业部在其平坦国家的乳制品肥料建议计划中使用的4 kg K/SU作为动物损失因子(ALF)。
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引用次数: 9
Kiwifruit root systems 1. Root-length densities 猕猴桃根系根长密度
Pub Date : 1988-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425612
P. Gandar, K. A. Hughes
Abstract Root-length densities (RLD; root length per unit volume of soil) were measured in core samples taken from nine North Island kiwifruit orchards. Despite differences in vine spacings, root-stock ages and types, soils, climates, and management, there was a consistent pattern to root systems. In orchards younger than 10 years, roots explored bowl-shaped soil volumes and mean RLD fell with both depth and radial distance from vines. In older orchards, root systems of adjacent plants met so that soil volumes available to plants were completely explored and mean RLD fell with depth. Roots were found at depths greater than 1 m in most orchards. In both young and old orchards, RLD ranged from 0 to 8 cm/cm3 but proportions of zero values increased towards the peripheries of root systems. These proportions were used to subdivide rooting volumes into volumes of total occupancy in which all RLD were greater than zero, and volumes of partial occupancy in which volumes containing roots were interspersed with ‘vo...
根长密度(RLD;在9个北岛猕猴桃果园的核心样品中测量了单位体积土壤的根长。尽管在葡萄藤间距、砧木年龄和类型、土壤、气候和管理方面存在差异,但根系的模式是一致的。在10年以下的果园中,根系探索碗状土壤体积,平均RLD随深度和距离葡萄藤的径向距离而下降。在较老的果园中,相邻植物的根系相互接触,使植物可利用的土壤体积得到充分挖掘,平均RLD随深度而下降。在大多数果园中,根的深度大于1 m。幼果园和老果园的RLD均在0 ~ 8 cm/cm3之间,但在根系边缘,零值的比例增加。利用这些比例将生根体积细分为所有RLD都大于零的总占用体积和部分占用体积,其中包含根的体积中散布着' vo '。
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引用次数: 21
Responses of non-irrigated and irrigated garden peas to phosphorus and potassium on Lismore stony silt loam 利斯莫尔石质粉壤土上不灌水和灌水豌豆对磷、钾的响应
Pub Date : 1988-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425608
K. Carter, R. Stoker
Abstract In six experiments conducted over the six seasons from 1976/77 to 1981/82, the response of non-irrigated and irrigated ‘Greenfeast’ garden peas to phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilisers was examined. All experiments were carried out on Lismore stony silt loam on sites with different histories. P fertiliser was applied as superphosphate (300 kg/ha) and K as potassium chloride (100 kg/ha). Both fertilisers were applied at drilling. Yield responses to K, P, and P + K fertiliser occurred. However, these responses were small, inconsistent, and generally uneconomic. This work shows garden peas can be grown satisfactorily and most economically without P and K fertilisers when they are part of a cropping rotation on Lismore soils that have medium to high P and K soil test values. Low soil test values are unlikely to occur on these soils with normal fertiliser applications in crop/pasture rotations.
摘要通过1976/77 ~ 1981/82 6个季节的6个试验,研究了不灌溉和灌溉的“绿宴”豌豆对磷(P)和钾(K)肥的响应。所有试验均在不同历史遗址的利斯莫尔石质粉壤土上进行。磷肥以过磷酸钾(300 kg/ha)施用,钾肥以氯化钾(100 kg/ha)施用。两种肥料都在钻孔时施用。对K、P和P + K肥的产量有响应。然而,这些反应规模小,不一致,而且通常不经济。这项工作表明,当园豌豆作为轮作的一部分,在具有中高磷和高钾土壤试验值的利斯莫尔土壤上,可以在不施用磷钾肥的情况下种植,并且最经济。在作物/牧场轮作中正常施用化肥的土壤不太可能出现低土壤测试值。
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引用次数: 3
The occurrence of latania scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in New Zealand 研究了新西兰横翅圆蚧(半翅目:横翅圆蚧科)的发生情况
Pub Date : 1988-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425618
C. F. Morales
Abstract Latania scale, (Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)), is now established in the North Island of New Zealand. The significance of this pest and methods of distinguishing latania scale from greedy scale (Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock)) and oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii Bouche) are discussed.
摘要Latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret))是目前在新西兰北岛发现的一种昆虫。讨论了该害虫的重要意义,以及与贪婪鳞片(Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock))和夹竹桃鳞片(Aspidiotus nerii Bouche)的鉴别方法。
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引用次数: 15
A comparison of slow release potassium fertilisers for pasture 牧草用缓释钾肥的比较
Pub Date : 1988-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1988.10425611
W. Saunders, D. M. Cooper, R. Campkin
Abstract Luxury uptake of potassium (K) from potassium chloride (KC1) by pasture plants is a major disadvantage in its use as a fertiliser for pastures. Luxury uptake shortens the fertiliser's effective life and causes excessively high concentrations of potassium relative to calcium, magnesium, and sodium. This can result in health problems for grazing stock. A further disadvantage is that KC1 is readily leached from the soil if there is heavy rain. Coating KC1 has been tried as a way of slowing the release of K and its uptake by ryegrass, and of reducing loss by leaching. Coating KC1 with sulphur reduced its rate of dissolution greatly and avoided luxury uptake by the grass. On an extremely K deficient soil there was some loss of growth relative to uncoated KC1 for 2 months, but over the next 4 months, the sulphur-coated KC1 gave higher yields. Wax-coated KC1 gave practically the same results as uncoated KC1. A leaching test was used to measure rate of solution of KC1 and its results related well to the ...
牧草对氯化钾(KC1)的过量吸收是其作为牧草肥料的一个主要缺点。过量吸收会缩短肥料的有效寿命,并导致钾相对于钙、镁和钠的浓度过高。这可能会导致放牧牲畜的健康问题。另一个缺点是,如果下大雨,KC1很容易从土壤中浸出。涂布KC1作为减缓黑麦草对钾的释放和吸收以及减少浸出损失的一种方法已被尝试过。用硫包覆KC1大大降低了其溶解速度,避免了草对奢侈的吸收。在极度缺钾土壤上,相对于未包膜的KC1,在2个月内有一些生长损失,但在接下来的4个月里,硫包膜的KC1产量更高。涂蜡的KC1与未涂蜡的KC1的结果几乎相同。用浸出法测定了KC1的溶出率,其结果与试验结果吻合较好。
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引用次数: 4
Economics of phosphorus fertiliser use on pastures 1. Long-run maintenance requirements 牧场磷肥使用的经济学长期维护要求
Pub Date : 1987-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1987.10425596
G. Scobie, N. St-Pierre
Abstract A scheme, recently introduced in New Zealand, for generating phosphorus fertiliser recommendations estimates the amount of phosphorus nutrient needed to be applied to maintain the size of the cycling pool constant. This scheme was extended by developing an integrated model of pasture response/utilisation and animal production to determine the most profitable long-run combination of fertiliser application and animal output. The economic consequences of imperfect information about the parameters were analysed.
最近在新西兰引入了一项方案,用于产生磷肥建议,估计需要施用的磷养分量以保持循环池的大小不变。该计划通过开发牧草响应/利用和动物生产的综合模型得到扩展,以确定肥料施用和动物产量的最有利可图的长期组合。分析了参数信息不完全时的经济后果。
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引用次数: 5
Cauliflower: Molybdenum application using pelleted seed and foliar sprays 花椰菜:钼应用使用颗粒种子和叶面喷雾剂
Pub Date : 1987-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1987.10425601
J. Scheffer, G. J. Wilson
Abstract Field experiments were conducted at Pukekohe, New Zealand, to compare the effectiveness of molybdenum (Mo) incorporated in a seed pellet (at rates from 24 to 466 g Mo/kg of seed) with a standard foliar spray (1025 g Mo/ha) in meeting the Mo requirements of seedlings of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.). Very low rates of Mo incorporated in the seed pellet (e.g., 24 g Mo/kg seed) alleviated any Mo deficiency, whereas Mo toxicity resulted when ⩾117 g Mo/kg seed was incorporated. Cultivars differed in their sensitivity to Mo deficiency and toxicity. The implications of these results for practical control of Mo deficiency are discussed.
摘要在新西兰Pukekohe进行了田间试验,比较了种子颗粒(24 ~ 466 g Mo/kg)与标准叶面喷施(1025 g Mo/ha)对花菜(Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.)幼苗钼需要量的影响。极低的Mo在种子颗粒中的掺入率(例如,24 g Mo/kg种子)减轻了任何Mo缺乏症,而当掺入大于或等于117 g Mo/kg种子时,会产生Mo毒性。不同品种对缺钼的敏感性和毒性存在差异。讨论了这些结果对实际控制缺钼的意义。
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引用次数: 2
Some milking characteristics of Jersey cows of differing breeding index 不同育种指标泽西奶牛的泌乳特性
Pub Date : 1987-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1987.10425594
K. Macmillan, V. R. Carruthers, K. Bremner, H. Henderson
Abstract ‘Cups-on time’ (COT) for individual Jersey cows was measured using two techniques during six consecutive milkings in 2 consecutive weeks during peak lactation (October–November). Four groups of 15 animals included two groups with a high breeding index (HBI) of 127 and two groups with a low breeding index (LBI) of 101. HBI cows averaged 15.5 kg milk/day compared to 12.5 kg/day for the LBI cows. Morning (AM) milk weights for all groups were twice the afternoon (PM) milk weights at milking intervals of 16:8 h. The average COT at AM milkings was 7.6 min/cow compared to 5.7 min/cow at PM milkings. The average flow rate (AFR) at AM milkings was 1.33 kg/min for HBI cows and 1.13 kg/min for LBI cows. Comparable AFRs at PM milkings were 0.88 (HBI) and 0.75 kg/min (LBI). Differences related to BI in COT and AFR were not statistically significant, partly because of the large variation among individual cows within a BI group. This study showed that the increased production of Jersey cows resulting from the u...
摘要在泌乳高峰期(10 - 11月)连续2周、连续6次挤奶期间,采用两种技术测量了泽西奶牛个体的“杯上时间”(COT)。4组15只,其中高育种指数(HBI)为127组,低育种指数(LBI)为101组。HBI奶牛的平均产奶量为15.5公斤/天,而LBI奶牛的平均产奶量为12.5公斤/天。在挤奶间隔为16:8 h时,所有组的上午(AM)奶重都是下午(PM)奶重的两倍。上午挤奶时的平均COT为7.6 min/头,而下午挤奶时的平均COT为5.7 min/头。AM挤奶时,HBI奶牛的平均流量(AFR)为1.33 kg/min, LBI奶牛为1.13 kg/min。PM挤奶的afr分别为0.88 (HBI)和0.75 kg/min (LBI)。与BI相关的COT和AFR的差异没有统计学意义,部分原因是BI组中单个奶牛之间的差异很大。这项研究表明,美国对泽西奶牛产量的增加…
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引用次数: 0
Economics of phosphorus fertiliser use on pastures 3. Incorporating animal response 牧场磷肥使用的经济学。结合动物反应
Pub Date : 1987-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/03015521.1987.10425598
N. St-Pierre, G. Scobie
Abstract As a further step in integrating soil — plant — animal relationships for generating management information, a response function of butterfat production to levels of feeding, liveweight, and butterfat production potential was derived. The model was based on current nutritional standards and statistical relationships. Instead of assuming a constant feed conversion coefficient when determining optimal fertiliser levels, the model allowed a more realistic representation of animal response.
摘要为了进一步整合土壤-植物-动物关系以获取管理信息,推导了乳脂产量对饲粮水平、活重水平和乳脂生产潜力的响应函数。该模型基于当前的营养标准和统计关系。在确定最佳肥料水平时,该模型没有假设恒定的饲料转换系数,而是允许更真实地表示动物的反应。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
New Zealand journal of experimental agriculture
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