Background and Objective: Nigeria was unable to meet the Millennium Development Goal target for child mortality. Progress has been hampered by a host of factors which include poor maternal response to childhood illness and inappropriate health-seeking behaviours. This study was done to assess the health-seeking behaviours for infants by caregivers in Orile Agege Area. Materials and Methods: A community-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study using an interviewer-administered questionnaire was done among the caregivers of infants in Orile Agege Local Council Development Area. Three hundred and two caregivers were recruited using a multistaged sampling method. Analysis was done using SPSS. T-test and Chi-square were used to test for association among variables. Results: About half of the caregivers who said their infants had been sick in the study took the child for treatment within 24 h of the onset of the illness, most (40%) of them sought treatment from a health facility. The barriers to seeking healthcare at health facility that was mostly mentioned in this study were financial constraints (15.1%) and poor service (5.7%). Conclusion: Most of the caregivers in the area sought treatment outside the home for their infants when they were sick and they mostly patronised health facilities and health workers. About half of the respondents promptly sought healthcare for their infants in the case of their illness.
{"title":"Health-seeking behaviour for infants by caregivers in a semi-urban area of Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Owoyemi, T. Ladi-Akinyemi","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_27_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_27_16","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Nigeria was unable to meet the Millennium Development Goal target for child mortality. Progress has been hampered by a host of factors which include poor maternal response to childhood illness and inappropriate health-seeking behaviours. This study was done to assess the health-seeking behaviours for infants by caregivers in Orile Agege Area. Materials and Methods: A community-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study using an interviewer-administered questionnaire was done among the caregivers of infants in Orile Agege Local Council Development Area. Three hundred and two caregivers were recruited using a multistaged sampling method. Analysis was done using SPSS. T-test and Chi-square were used to test for association among variables. Results: About half of the caregivers who said their infants had been sick in the study took the child for treatment within 24 h of the onset of the illness, most (40%) of them sought treatment from a health facility. The barriers to seeking healthcare at health facility that was mostly mentioned in this study were financial constraints (15.1%) and poor service (5.7%). Conclusion: Most of the caregivers in the area sought treatment outside the home for their infants when they were sick and they mostly patronised health facilities and health workers. About half of the respondents promptly sought healthcare for their infants in the case of their illness.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"14 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80001626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Olowokere, R. Olofinbiyi, A. Olajubu, B. Olofinbiyi
Background: Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality globally. There is a paucity of data regarding pre-eclampsia and associated risk factors in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Objective: The aim was to assess the prevalence of pre-eclampsia, the associated risk factors and foetomaternal outcomes among women who delivered in the Teaching Hospital in Ekiti State. Materials and Methods: Case notes of women who delivered in the hospital between 1st January, 2010, and 31st December, 2014, were retrospectively reviewed and relevant data extracted and entered into a standardised pro forma. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows version 20. Relationships between variables were determined using Pearson correlation while Student t-test was used to assess differences between two means. The level of statistical significance was set at P< 0.05. Results: One hundred and forty-six (1.9%) of the 7709 women who delivered in the hospital during the 5-year period developed pre-eclampsia. One hundred and twenty (86.3%) of the 146 case notes were available for analysis. The mean age of respondents was 30 (5.2) years. There was a weak but significant correlation between parity and systolic blood pressure (BP) (r = 0.20, P = 0.02). A higher mean systolic and diastolic BP was recorded among unbooked women compared with booked women. The study showed that unbooked women had statistically significantly higher mean systolic (t = 2.69, P = 0.01) and diastolic (t = 3.03, P = 0.01) BP. The most common foetomaternal morbidities were birth asphyxia in 25 (19.8%), eclampsia in 23 (18.3%) and post-partum haemorrhage in 5 (3.9%). The maternal and foetal mortality were rates of 3.2% and 4.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Pre-eclampsia was a major contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Ekiti State. Interventions to address pre-eclampsia should focus on early booking and prompt identification of women at risk for appropriate management and support.
背景:先兆子痫是全球孕产妇和围产期发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一。关于尼日利亚埃基蒂州先兆子痫和相关危险因素的数据缺乏。目的:目的是评估在埃基蒂州教学医院分娩的妇女中先兆子痫的患病率、相关危险因素和胎儿结局。材料和方法:回顾性分析2010年1月1日至2014年12月31日期间在该医院分娩的妇女的病例记录，提取相关数据并输入标准化表格。使用Windows版本20的社会科学统计软件包中的描述性和推断性统计对数据进行分析。变量之间的关系采用Pearson相关确定，而学生t检验用于评估两个平均值之间的差异。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义的水平。结果:5年期间在该院分娩的7709名妇女中有146名(1.9%)出现先兆子痫。146例病例记录中有120例(86.3%)可用于分析。受访者的平均年龄为30岁(5.2岁)。胎次与收缩压(BP)有微弱但显著的相关性(r = 0.20, P = 0.02)。未登记妇女的平均收缩压和舒张压高于登记妇女。研究显示，未预约妇女的平均收缩压(t = 2.69, P = 0.01)和舒张压(t = 3.03, P = 0.01)均有统计学意义上的升高。最常见的产妇发病率是出生窒息25例(19.8%)，子痫23例(18.3%)，产后出血5例(3.9%)。产妇和胎儿死亡率分别为3.2%和4.8%。结论:先兆子痫是埃基蒂州孕产妇和围产期发病率和死亡率的主要因素。应对先兆子痫的干预措施应侧重于早期预约和迅速识别有风险的妇女，以便进行适当的管理和支持。
{"title":"Prevalence, risk factors and foetomaternal outcomes associated with pre-eclampsia among pregnant women in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria","authors":"A. Olowokere, R. Olofinbiyi, A. Olajubu, B. Olofinbiyi","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_11_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_11_16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality globally. There is a paucity of data regarding pre-eclampsia and associated risk factors in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Objective: The aim was to assess the prevalence of pre-eclampsia, the associated risk factors and foetomaternal outcomes among women who delivered in the Teaching Hospital in Ekiti State. Materials and Methods: Case notes of women who delivered in the hospital between 1st January, 2010, and 31st December, 2014, were retrospectively reviewed and relevant data extracted and entered into a standardised pro forma. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows version 20. Relationships between variables were determined using Pearson correlation while Student t-test was used to assess differences between two means. The level of statistical significance was set at P< 0.05. Results: One hundred and forty-six (1.9%) of the 7709 women who delivered in the hospital during the 5-year period developed pre-eclampsia. One hundred and twenty (86.3%) of the 146 case notes were available for analysis. The mean age of respondents was 30 (5.2) years. There was a weak but significant correlation between parity and systolic blood pressure (BP) (r = 0.20, P = 0.02). A higher mean systolic and diastolic BP was recorded among unbooked women compared with booked women. The study showed that unbooked women had statistically significantly higher mean systolic (t = 2.69, P = 0.01) and diastolic (t = 3.03, P = 0.01) BP. The most common foetomaternal morbidities were birth asphyxia in 25 (19.8%), eclampsia in 23 (18.3%) and post-partum haemorrhage in 5 (3.9%). The maternal and foetal mortality were rates of 3.2% and 4.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Pre-eclampsia was a major contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Ekiti State. Interventions to address pre-eclampsia should focus on early booking and prompt identification of women at risk for appropriate management and support.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"73 1","pages":"7 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90472717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In Nigeria, infertility treatment using assisted reproductive technology (ART) is perceived as an inconsequential health issue not demanding any public health intervention. ART is largely carried out by private health-care providers in city centres at an unaffordable cost. Objective: The objective is to determine ways to reduce the cost of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to increase access to treatment. Materials and Methods: Google, Google Scholar and PubMed searches identified scholarly papers published between 1997 and 2013. The keywords used were combinations of ART, infertility treatment in developing countries, family planning and infertility, increasing ART success rate, male factor in infertility, fertility care financing, health insurance and cost of fertility treatment. Results: Infertility is not perceived as a disease the way malaria or typhoid is treated as such by most Nigerian men, and ART is expensive. Most African culture blame infertility on women who have restricted financial access. The current focus of family planning is female gender centric and favours contraception alone. The Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) has excluded any ART treatment completely. Conclusion: The high cost of IVF is the greatest barrier to ART access both in the developed and underdeveloped world. This is also the most critical factor in accessing IVF care worldwide. This financial barrier is worse in low-resource settings like Nigeria. Low-cost technological innovation is still far from the country. Recommendations: Renewed advocacy with focus on men to understand that infertility is a disease deserving of utmost attention. Increase in the number of public-funded fertility clinics and partial inclusion of IVF into the Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) needs to be implemented to bring down cost. Other innovations such as public–private partnerships, where financial institutions like banks can finance IVF treatment by giving loans whose repayment is spread over time to make it convenient, should also be considered.
{"title":"Infertility treatment financing in Nigeria","authors":"E. Adewumi","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_28_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_28_16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Nigeria, infertility treatment using assisted reproductive technology (ART) is perceived as an inconsequential health issue not demanding any public health intervention. ART is largely carried out by private health-care providers in city centres at an unaffordable cost. Objective: The objective is to determine ways to reduce the cost of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to increase access to treatment. Materials and Methods: Google, Google Scholar and PubMed searches identified scholarly papers published between 1997 and 2013. The keywords used were combinations of ART, infertility treatment in developing countries, family planning and infertility, increasing ART success rate, male factor in infertility, fertility care financing, health insurance and cost of fertility treatment. Results: Infertility is not perceived as a disease the way malaria or typhoid is treated as such by most Nigerian men, and ART is expensive. Most African culture blame infertility on women who have restricted financial access. The current focus of family planning is female gender centric and favours contraception alone. The Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) has excluded any ART treatment completely. Conclusion: The high cost of IVF is the greatest barrier to ART access both in the developed and underdeveloped world. This is also the most critical factor in accessing IVF care worldwide. This financial barrier is worse in low-resource settings like Nigeria. Low-cost technological innovation is still far from the country. Recommendations: Renewed advocacy with focus on men to understand that infertility is a disease deserving of utmost attention. Increase in the number of public-funded fertility clinics and partial inclusion of IVF into the Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) needs to be implemented to bring down cost. Other innovations such as public–private partnerships, where financial institutions like banks can finance IVF treatment by giving loans whose repayment is spread over time to make it convenient, should also be considered.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"38 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78864938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Context: Hydrocephalus results in ventriculomegaly following excess production and/or impaired drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. The lateral ventricle (LV) is surrounded by critical structures such as hippocampus and thalamus; its enlargement will adversely impact surrounding brain structures including the cerebral cortex. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the morphometry of cerebral cortex and LV in hydrocephalus over 4 weeks. Settings and Design: Fifty-one 3-week-old rats were divided into Groups A (experimental = 6; control = 5), B (experimental = 8; control = 6), C (experimental = 8; control = 6) and D (experimental = 6; control = 6), sacrificed at the end of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. Materials and Methods: Experimental rats were induced by injection of 0.04 ml of 200 mg/ml kaolin suspension into the cisterna magnum under ketamine (90 mg/kbw) and diazepam (12.5 mg/kbw) anaesthesia. Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and brain fixed in 10% formal saline. Brain slices at the level of the optic chiasma were processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls test. Results: In experimental rats, lethargy, poor feeding, globular head and exophthalmos were noted. The LV width and the LV/cortical thickness (CT) ratio were significantly increased from the 1st to the 4th post-induction week (P < 0.0001 across the weeks). CT was significantly reduced from the 2nd to 4th week (P < 0.0001 across the weeks). The subcortical white matter (SWM)/CT ratio was significantly reduced from 1st to 3rd week (P < 0.0001 across the weeks), but increased in the 4th week (P = 0.0003). Thinning/detachment of the choroid plexus was noted from the 3rd to the 4th week. Conclusions: White matter/cortical thinning and ventriculomegaly are acute-phase features, although cortical thinning lags behind others. Detachment of the choroid plexus and reversal of SWM thinning are features of chronicity.
{"title":"Progressive histomorphometric analysis of the lateral ventricle and cerebral cortex of Wistar rats following kaolin-induced hydrocephalus","authors":"O. Ayannuga","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_9_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_9_17","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Hydrocephalus results in ventriculomegaly following excess production and/or impaired drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. The lateral ventricle (LV) is surrounded by critical structures such as hippocampus and thalamus; its enlargement will adversely impact surrounding brain structures including the cerebral cortex. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the morphometry of cerebral cortex and LV in hydrocephalus over 4 weeks. Settings and Design: Fifty-one 3-week-old rats were divided into Groups A (experimental = 6; control = 5), B (experimental = 8; control = 6), C (experimental = 8; control = 6) and D (experimental = 6; control = 6), sacrificed at the end of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. Materials and Methods: Experimental rats were induced by injection of 0.04 ml of 200 mg/ml kaolin suspension into the cisterna magnum under ketamine (90 mg/kbw) and diazepam (12.5 mg/kbw) anaesthesia. Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and brain fixed in 10% formal saline. Brain slices at the level of the optic chiasma were processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls test. Results: In experimental rats, lethargy, poor feeding, globular head and exophthalmos were noted. The LV width and the LV/cortical thickness (CT) ratio were significantly increased from the 1st to the 4th post-induction week (P < 0.0001 across the weeks). CT was significantly reduced from the 2nd to 4th week (P < 0.0001 across the weeks). The subcortical white matter (SWM)/CT ratio was significantly reduced from 1st to 3rd week (P < 0.0001 across the weeks), but increased in the 4th week (P = 0.0003). Thinning/detachment of the choroid plexus was noted from the 3rd to the 4th week. Conclusions: White matter/cortical thinning and ventriculomegaly are acute-phase features, although cortical thinning lags behind others. Detachment of the choroid plexus and reversal of SWM thinning are features of chronicity.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"2 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82820214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best form of treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD); however, worldwide, there are potential barriers along the pathway to transplantation. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the major impediments to KT programme in Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of patients with ESRD who have been on regular dialysis for at least 3 months at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital from January 2012 to December 2014. Using pretested questionnaire, relevant clinical and demographic information was obtained including the challenges faced with access to kidney transplant programme. Results: Fifty-seven patients were recruited, of which 30 (52.6%) were male, with a mean age of 40.6 ± 12.8 years. The common aetiologies of ESRD were hypertension (40.4%) and chronic glomerulonephritis (26.3%). The mean duration on dialysis was 8.7 ± 5.84 months (range, 3–28 months). The greatest challenges were lack of donors and lack of funds in 38.5% concurrently, whereas 25% said that they had donors but lack the funds, 5.8% had funds but no donor and 7.7% said that they were not psychologically prepared for kidney transplant at the time of the study. Conclusion: The greatest challenge to KT in Nigeria was scarcity of both donors and funds. Government and health insurance agencies should incorporate renal replacement therapy into their policies. The donor pool could be expanded through establishment of deceased-donor transplant programme in Nigeria.
{"title":"Challenges accessing kidney transplantation in Lagos,Nigeria","authors":"C. Amira, A. Busari, B. Bello","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_15_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_15_16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best form of treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD); however, worldwide, there are potential barriers along the pathway to transplantation. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the major impediments to KT programme in Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of patients with ESRD who have been on regular dialysis for at least 3 months at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital from January 2012 to December 2014. Using pretested questionnaire, relevant clinical and demographic information was obtained including the challenges faced with access to kidney transplant programme. Results: Fifty-seven patients were recruited, of which 30 (52.6%) were male, with a mean age of 40.6 ± 12.8 years. The common aetiologies of ESRD were hypertension (40.4%) and chronic glomerulonephritis (26.3%). The mean duration on dialysis was 8.7 ± 5.84 months (range, 3–28 months). The greatest challenges were lack of donors and lack of funds in 38.5% concurrently, whereas 25% said that they had donors but lack the funds, 5.8% had funds but no donor and 7.7% said that they were not psychologically prepared for kidney transplant at the time of the study. Conclusion: The greatest challenge to KT in Nigeria was scarcity of both donors and funds. Government and health insurance agencies should incorporate renal replacement therapy into their policies. The donor pool could be expanded through establishment of deceased-donor transplant programme in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"20 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86133735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Joshua, A. Gobir, A. Abubakar, S. Yahya, K. Liman, J. Sunday, H. Suleiman
Background: Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a highly contagious, life-threatening viral haemorrhagic fever, characterised by fever, vomiting, diarrhoea and haemorrhagic symptoms in < 20% cases. Due to the scale, duration and the lethality of the disease outbreak in West Africa, it generated a high level of public fear and anxiety that resulted in misconceptions and malpractices in its prevention. Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the knowledge, beliefs and malpractices regarding the prevention of EVD in a rural community of North-West Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted as part of a field practical experience for final year medical students of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, from 6 to 31 October 2014. A structured, pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were cleaned and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows, version 21.0. Results: Of the 574 respondents, 478 (83.3%) were farmers, whereas 304 (53.0%) did not have formal education. A total of 555 (96.7%) respondents have heard about EVD. Although 429 (74.7%) of the respondents knew fever was a symptom of EVD, 402 (70.0%) did not know that gastrointestinal bleeding was a symptom. A total of 134 (23.3%) bathed with or drank salt water as a preventive measure against the disease. There was a statistically significant association between the level of education and participation in salt-related malpractices for the prevention of EVD (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Although the level of awareness of the disease was very high, the level of knowledge of appropriate preventive measures was very poor in the community with negative beliefs, misconceptions and malpractices regarding prevention. There is a need to educate people in the community on correct preventive measures using two-way radio programmes to effectively control future outbreaks of EVD.
背景:埃博拉病毒病(EVD)是一种高度传染性、危及生命的病毒性出血热，在< 20%的病例中表现为发烧、呕吐、腹泻和出血症状。由于该疾病在西非爆发的规模、持续时间和致命性，它引起了公众的高度恐惧和焦虑，导致了对其预防的误解和不当做法。目的:本研究的目的是评估尼日利亚西北部农村社区关于预防埃博拉病毒病的知识、信念和不当行为。方法:这是一项横断面描述性研究，作为实地实践经验的一部分，于2014年10月6日至31日在Zaria的Ahmadu Bello大学的最后一年级医学生中进行。一个结构化的，预先测试的访谈者管理的问卷被用来收集数据。使用Statistical Package for The Social Sciences for Windows, version 21.0对数据进行清理和分析。结果:574名受访者中，478人(83.3%)是农民，304人(53.0%)没有受过正规教育。共有555名(96.7%)受访者听说过埃博拉病毒病。429人(74.7%)知道发热是EVD的症状，402人(70.0%)不知道胃肠道出血是EVD的症状。134人(23.3%)用盐水洗澡或饮用盐水作为预防疾病的措施。教育水平与参与预防EVD的盐相关不当行为之间存在统计学上显著的关联(P = 0.002)。结论:虽然社区对该病的认识水平很高，但对适当预防措施的知识水平很低，对预防存在消极信念、误解和错误做法。有必要利用双向广播节目教育社区人民采取正确的预防措施，以有效控制未来埃博拉病毒病的爆发。
{"title":"Knowledge, beliefs and malpractices regarding the prevention of Ebola virus disease in a rural community of North-West Nigeria","authors":"I. Joshua, A. Gobir, A. Abubakar, S. Yahya, K. Liman, J. Sunday, H. Suleiman","doi":"10.4103/NJHS.NJHS_23_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJHS.NJHS_23_16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a highly contagious, life-threatening viral haemorrhagic fever, characterised by fever, vomiting, diarrhoea and haemorrhagic symptoms in < 20% cases. Due to the scale, duration and the lethality of the disease outbreak in West Africa, it generated a high level of public fear and anxiety that resulted in misconceptions and malpractices in its prevention. Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the knowledge, beliefs and malpractices regarding the prevention of EVD in a rural community of North-West Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted as part of a field practical experience for final year medical students of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, from 6 to 31 October 2014. A structured, pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were cleaned and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows, version 21.0. Results: Of the 574 respondents, 478 (83.3%) were farmers, whereas 304 (53.0%) did not have formal education. A total of 555 (96.7%) respondents have heard about EVD. Although 429 (74.7%) of the respondents knew fever was a symptom of EVD, 402 (70.0%) did not know that gastrointestinal bleeding was a symptom. A total of 134 (23.3%) bathed with or drank salt water as a preventive measure against the disease. There was a statistically significant association between the level of education and participation in salt-related malpractices for the prevention of EVD (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Although the level of awareness of the disease was very high, the level of knowledge of appropriate preventive measures was very poor in the community with negative beliefs, misconceptions and malpractices regarding prevention. There is a need to educate people in the community on correct preventive measures using two-way radio programmes to effectively control future outbreaks of EVD.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":"90 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83602041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the table of editor-in-chief","authors":"J. Owa","doi":"10.4103/NJHS.NJHS_15_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJHS.NJHS_15_17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"59 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88795836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.4103/1596-4078.243442
A. Akinyoola, L. Salawu, O. Adeloye, C. Idowu
Background: Tetanus remains a major health problem in many developing countries including Nigeria. Most cases of tetanus in the developing countries are in the young people under 40 years. In view of the high mortality from tetanus, prevention remains the best form of treatment. Objective: The objective was to determine the effectiveness of anti-tetanus immunisation in a cohort of Nigerian adult population. Methods: Patients with open injuries and controls without open injuries were investigated. Blood samples for IgG Anti-Tetanus Antibody (ATAb) assessments were taken from patients and controls on admission before giving anti-tetanus toxoid (ATT) and at 4 weeks later. Serum ATAb was quantitated using Tetanus Toxoid IgG ELISA Kit (Demeditec Diagnostics, Germany). ATAb results were expressed in International Units per millilitre (IU/mL). ATAb levels > 0.1 IU/mL were considered protective. Results: A total of 159 patients and 90 controls were studied. The mean of ATAb patient was 1.13 (2.37) IU/mL, higher than the mean of 0.76 (1.4) IU/mL) in controls. In both the patients and controls, females had higher baseline ATAb levels; this was statistically significant in controls (P < 0.002). Seventy-five (47.2%) patients and 47 (52.2%) controls did not have protective ATAb levels. Four weeks after immunisation, the rise in ATAb was, however, >8-fold and the percentage of patients that required immunisation dropped from 47.2% to 10%. Although 11 (30%) patients had a history of ATT, their serum ATAb was not higher than those who did not have a history of ATT - 1.02 (1.51) IU/mL and 1.19 (2.67) IU/mL, respectively. Conclusion: There was a good response to ATT immunisation. Therefore, anti-tetanus immunisation should be continued in hospitals.
{"title":"Tetanus immunisation in a cohort of adults seen in an accident and emergency unit of a tertiary health facility in Nigeria","authors":"A. Akinyoola, L. Salawu, O. Adeloye, C. Idowu","doi":"10.4103/1596-4078.243442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-4078.243442","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tetanus remains a major health problem in many developing countries including Nigeria. Most cases of tetanus in the developing countries are in the young people under 40 years. In view of the high mortality from tetanus, prevention remains the best form of treatment. Objective: The objective was to determine the effectiveness of anti-tetanus immunisation in a cohort of Nigerian adult population. Methods: Patients with open injuries and controls without open injuries were investigated. Blood samples for IgG Anti-Tetanus Antibody (ATAb) assessments were taken from patients and controls on admission before giving anti-tetanus toxoid (ATT) and at 4 weeks later. Serum ATAb was quantitated using Tetanus Toxoid IgG ELISA Kit (Demeditec Diagnostics, Germany). ATAb results were expressed in International Units per millilitre (IU/mL). ATAb levels > 0.1 IU/mL were considered protective. Results: A total of 159 patients and 90 controls were studied. The mean of ATAb patient was 1.13 (2.37) IU/mL, higher than the mean of 0.76 (1.4) IU/mL) in controls. In both the patients and controls, females had higher baseline ATAb levels; this was statistically significant in controls (P < 0.002). Seventy-five (47.2%) patients and 47 (52.2%) controls did not have protective ATAb levels. Four weeks after immunisation, the rise in ATAb was, however, >8-fold and the percentage of patients that required immunisation dropped from 47.2% to 10%. Although 11 (30%) patients had a history of ATT, their serum ATAb was not higher than those who did not have a history of ATT - 1.02 (1.51) IU/mL and 1.19 (2.67) IU/mL, respectively. Conclusion: There was a good response to ATT immunisation. Therefore, anti-tetanus immunisation should be continued in hospitals.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"96 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84482610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.4103/1596-4078.243434
M. Foláyan
Background: Sociocultural norms influence everyday behaviour and social interactions. These norms may influence behaviour and interactions between students and lecturers in the classroom. Objective: The study explored ways by which sociocultural norms influenced classroom behaviour of dental students. It also explored the differences in students' perceived and lecturers' expectations of classroom behaviours displayed by students. Methods: A close- and open-ended questionnaire was administered to final year students and lecturers in the Dental School of Obafemi, Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, to identify the perception of students' and lecturers' expectations of classroom behaviours, and their perception on how sociocultural norms influenced their interactions. Descriptive and bivariate analysis was conducted. Qualitative data were analysed using the ground theory. Results: Thirty-seven (78.7%) of 47 eligible students and 13 (81.3%) of 16 eligible lecturers responded. While 12 (92.3%) lecturers expected their students to feel free to share views contrary to their opinion, only 6 (16.2%) students felt lectures expected this behaviour (P < 0.001). All lecturers felt that student–lecturer interaction on study subjects should continue beyond the classroom compared to 25 (67.6%) of students (P = 0.02). Also, all lecturers felt students should have the freedom to express any perspective beyond the conventional thoughts on the subject matter while only 20 (54.1%) students felt lecturer expect that (P = 0.002). In addition, 18 (49.8%) students compared with 11 (84.6%) lecturers expected informal student–lecturer interactions during classroom sessions (P = 0.003). Both students and lecturers felt that sociocultural norms about 'respectful behaviour' limit classroom behaviour and interactions. Conclusion: Sociocultural norms significantly influenced classroom behaviour of dental students and interfered with critical thinking and mentorship processes. Students and lecturers in the faculty need to undergo value clarifications to overcome the influence of personal sociocultural values on learning processes.
{"title":"Influence of sociocultural norms on classroom behaviour of dental students in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria","authors":"M. Foláyan","doi":"10.4103/1596-4078.243434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-4078.243434","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sociocultural norms influence everyday behaviour and social interactions. These norms may influence behaviour and interactions between students and lecturers in the classroom. Objective: The study explored ways by which sociocultural norms influenced classroom behaviour of dental students. It also explored the differences in students' perceived and lecturers' expectations of classroom behaviours displayed by students. Methods: A close- and open-ended questionnaire was administered to final year students and lecturers in the Dental School of Obafemi, Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, to identify the perception of students' and lecturers' expectations of classroom behaviours, and their perception on how sociocultural norms influenced their interactions. Descriptive and bivariate analysis was conducted. Qualitative data were analysed using the ground theory. Results: Thirty-seven (78.7%) of 47 eligible students and 13 (81.3%) of 16 eligible lecturers responded. While 12 (92.3%) lecturers expected their students to feel free to share views contrary to their opinion, only 6 (16.2%) students felt lectures expected this behaviour (P < 0.001). All lecturers felt that student–lecturer interaction on study subjects should continue beyond the classroom compared to 25 (67.6%) of students (P = 0.02). Also, all lecturers felt students should have the freedom to express any perspective beyond the conventional thoughts on the subject matter while only 20 (54.1%) students felt lecturer expect that (P = 0.002). In addition, 18 (49.8%) students compared with 11 (84.6%) lecturers expected informal student–lecturer interactions during classroom sessions (P = 0.003). Both students and lecturers felt that sociocultural norms about 'respectful behaviour' limit classroom behaviour and interactions. Conclusion: Sociocultural norms significantly influenced classroom behaviour of dental students and interfered with critical thinking and mentorship processes. Students and lecturers in the faculty need to undergo value clarifications to overcome the influence of personal sociocultural values on learning processes.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"69 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75210895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.4103/1596-4078.243441
F. Akinbo, T. Akanbi
Background: Intestinal parasites seem to be an important public health problem, especially in developing countries as the prevailing climates are suitable for their spread. Aims: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of enteric parasitic infection amongst masons in Benin City, Edo State. Methods Settings and Design: A total of 120 cement masons in building construction sites in the metropolis and suburbs in Benin City were recruited in this study. Materials and Methods: Faecal specimens were collected from each participant, and intestinal parasites were detected using microscopy. Statistical Analysis: The frequency data were analysed using Chi-square (χ2) while the risk factors were calculated using odds ratio. Results: A prevalence of 30.8% of intestinal parasitic infection was observed amongst masons in Benin City. Length of years of work significant affected the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection amongst masons. Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and Entamoeba histolytica were the intestinal parasites recovered, and A. lumbricoides was the most prevalent of all the intestinal parasites recovered amongst masons. Conclusions: Measures to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections amongst masons are advocated.
{"title":"Enteric parasitic infections amongst cement masons in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"F. Akinbo, T. Akanbi","doi":"10.4103/1596-4078.243441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-4078.243441","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intestinal parasites seem to be an important public health problem, especially in developing countries as the prevailing climates are suitable for their spread. Aims: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of enteric parasitic infection amongst masons in Benin City, Edo State. Methods Settings and Design: A total of 120 cement masons in building construction sites in the metropolis and suburbs in Benin City were recruited in this study. Materials and Methods: Faecal specimens were collected from each participant, and intestinal parasites were detected using microscopy. Statistical Analysis: The frequency data were analysed using Chi-square (χ2) while the risk factors were calculated using odds ratio. Results: A prevalence of 30.8% of intestinal parasitic infection was observed amongst masons in Benin City. Length of years of work significant affected the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection amongst masons. Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and Entamoeba histolytica were the intestinal parasites recovered, and A. lumbricoides was the most prevalent of all the intestinal parasites recovered amongst masons. Conclusions: Measures to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections amongst masons are advocated.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"4 21 1","pages":"82 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90293676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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