Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202857
K. Itoh, S. Tada, S. Susami, M. Nishikawa
The rates for the reaction CO/sub 2/+e/sup -/ to or from CO/sub 2//sup -/ were determined in liquid 2.2-dimethylbutane (DMB) and isopentane (i-P) as a function of temperature. In 2,2-DMB both forward and reverse rates were measured over the 14-45 degrees C range, while in i-P only the forward reaction was observed over 0-73 degrees C. The rates and equilibrium constants are compared with those determined in other solvents, and the factors which influence these quantities in solutions are discussed. CO/sub 2/ was found to be highly reactive in 2,2-DMB and i-P solutions. The reactivity in solution is understood in terms of energetics. Equilibrium for the reaction in solution is explained in terms of the total energy, given by the difference between the ground state energy of electrons in the solvent and the polarization energy due to the anion formed by electron attachment.<>
{"title":"Reaction of electrons with CO/sub 2/ in nonpolar solvents","authors":"K. Itoh, S. Tada, S. Susami, M. Nishikawa","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202857","url":null,"abstract":"The rates for the reaction CO/sub 2/+e/sup -/ to or from CO/sub 2//sup -/ were determined in liquid 2.2-dimethylbutane (DMB) and isopentane (i-P) as a function of temperature. In 2,2-DMB both forward and reverse rates were measured over the 14-45 degrees C range, while in i-P only the forward reaction was observed over 0-73 degrees C. The rates and equilibrium constants are compared with those determined in other solvents, and the factors which influence these quantities in solutions are discussed. CO/sub 2/ was found to be highly reactive in 2,2-DMB and i-P solutions. The reactivity in solution is understood in terms of energetics. Equilibrium for the reaction in solution is explained in terms of the total energy, given by the difference between the ground state energy of electrons in the solvent and the polarization energy due to the anion formed by electron attachment.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"564 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116721675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202943
L. Christophorou, H. Faidas
Room-temperature fast dielectric liquids with electron conduction bands (V/sub 0/<0 eV; e.g., neopentane, tetramethylsilane, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane and their mixtures) are electrically active insulators and have potential as controlled conduction media in pulsed power switching devices. The authors explore the possibility of using a dielectric liquid as the switching medium in pulsed power generation and especially the possibility of switching a good dielectric liquid to a good conductor by photo-injecting excess electrons into it using a flash lamp. Preliminary calculations indicate that conduction currents due to excess electrons in the kA range are achievable with reasonable efficiencies. It is concluded that a dielectric-liquid pulsed power switch can be cheap, can carry high currents, and can sustain high voltages; it can be more efficient than laser or e-beam, more stable than solid state or gas, and more compact than gas.<>
具有电子传导带(V/sub 0/>)的室温快速介电液体
{"title":"Dielectric-liquid pulsed power switch","authors":"L. Christophorou, H. Faidas","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202943","url":null,"abstract":"Room-temperature fast dielectric liquids with electron conduction bands (V/sub 0/<0 eV; e.g., neopentane, tetramethylsilane, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane and their mixtures) are electrically active insulators and have potential as controlled conduction media in pulsed power switching devices. The authors explore the possibility of using a dielectric liquid as the switching medium in pulsed power generation and especially the possibility of switching a good dielectric liquid to a good conductor by photo-injecting excess electrons into it using a flash lamp. Preliminary calculations indicate that conduction currents due to excess electrons in the kA range are achievable with reasonable efficiencies. It is concluded that a dielectric-liquid pulsed power switch can be cheap, can carry high currents, and can sustain high voltages; it can be more efficient than laser or e-beam, more stable than solid state or gas, and more compact than gas.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116922372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202924
M. Sadeghzadeh-Araghi, W. G. Chadband, P. Watson
The initiation and development of discharges from a point cathode have been studied as a function of viscosity. The initial growth rate and the transition from a small roughly spherical region to a multibranched geometry have been recorded for a wide range of viscosities using a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera and Framestore. Measurements are reported on the development of the instabilities. It is deduced that electrical forces predominate in the cavity expansion. The instabilities are a natural consequence of growth. As viscosities rise to 100 cSt and above, the form of the breakdown instability changes. A pointed protrusion from the cavity begets another cavity to produce a sausagelike thick filament or thick-filament tree. The basic instability then looks like that described by C.G. Garton and Z. Krasucki (1964).<>
{"title":"On the growth rate of instabilities occurring during the electrical breakdown of silicone fluids","authors":"M. Sadeghzadeh-Araghi, W. G. Chadband, P. Watson","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202924","url":null,"abstract":"The initiation and development of discharges from a point cathode have been studied as a function of viscosity. The initial growth rate and the transition from a small roughly spherical region to a multibranched geometry have been recorded for a wide range of viscosities using a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera and Framestore. Measurements are reported on the development of the instabilities. It is deduced that electrical forces predominate in the cavity expansion. The instabilities are a natural consequence of growth. As viscosities rise to 100 cSt and above, the form of the breakdown instability changes. A pointed protrusion from the cavity begets another cavity to produce a sausagelike thick filament or thick-filament tree. The basic instability then looks like that described by C.G. Garton and Z. Krasucki (1964).<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"125 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124477056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202855
P. Lamp, R. Eibl, G. Buschhorn
The mobility of excess electrons in argon has been determined from drift time measurements using the pulse-shape method. The excess electrons were generated by pulsed emission from a photocathode. The measurements were performed in liquid argon in the temperature range T/sub c/-35 K >
{"title":"Measurement of electron mobility in liquid and gaseous argon at low electric field strengths and in the critical region","authors":"P. Lamp, R. Eibl, G. Buschhorn","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202855","url":null,"abstract":"The mobility of excess electrons in argon has been determined from drift time measurements using the pulse-shape method. The excess electrons were generated by pulsed emission from a photocathode. The measurements were performed in liquid argon in the temperature range T/sub c/-35 K <or=T<or=T/sub c/ and in gaseous argon in the temperature range T/sub c/<or=T<or=T/sub c/+2 K at field strengths between 3 V/cm and 50 V/cm. At the mobility maximum, observed at about T/sub c/-5 K, an increase of the mobility down to a field strength of 3 V/cm is observed; outside the mobility maximum the low field mobility is independent of field strength. A precision temperature regulation system made it possible to approach T/sub c/ within 2 mK. The low field mobility at T/sub c/ is determined to mu /sub c/ approximately=160 cm/sup 2//Vs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126994657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202895
G. Nagy, K. Heinzinger
A molecular dynamics simulation of a water lamina between the
水层之间的分子动力学模拟
{"title":"Computer simulation of electrified water/platinum interfaces","authors":"G. Nagy, K. Heinzinger","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202895","url":null,"abstract":"A molecular dynamics simulation of a water lamina between the","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128186830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202907
J. Cross, H.T. Wang
The application of a large step voltage to plane parallel electrodes in dielectric liquids gives rise to electrohydrodynamic (EHD) motion after a small time delay. It has been usual to explain the delay in terms of the establishment of a critical voltage across a space charge layer. An alternative explanation is offered in which the time required for the growth of an interfacial instability until it is detectable is the delay.<>
{"title":"Interfacial instability as an explanation of EHD time delays","authors":"J. Cross, H.T. Wang","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202907","url":null,"abstract":"The application of a large step voltage to plane parallel electrodes in dielectric liquids gives rise to electrohydrodynamic (EHD) motion after a small time delay. It has been usual to explain the delay in terms of the establishment of a critical voltage across a space charge layer. An alternative explanation is offered in which the time required for the growth of an interfacial instability until it is detectable is the delay.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128905903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202962
S. Bouktache, J. Gosse, B. Gosse, S. Said, C. Marteau
During accelerated life-testing of impregnated polypropylene capacitors, breakdown may occur due to discharges in liquid voids. The authors have determined the experimental conditions for detection of discharges and studied various parameters such as the nature of the liquid, the additives, and temperature. The deterioration of the polypropylene films in capacitor models impregnated with MBT at 150 V/sub rms// mu m 80 degrees C was not due to discharges, but to electrochemical phenomena enhanced by a high liquid conductivity and the presence of impurities such as electrolyte and water. The influence of epoxide additives on the lifetime of capacitor models for 300 V/sub rms// mu m is explained. Without additive, discharges and breakdown occur in a few hours or less.<>
在浸渍聚丙烯电容器的加速寿命试验中，由于在液体空隙中放电，可能发生击穿。作者确定了放电检测的实验条件，并研究了各种参数，如液体性质、添加剂和温度。在150 V/sub rms// mu / m / 80℃条件下，MBT浸渍电容器模型中的聚丙烯薄膜的劣化不是由于放电，而是由于高液体电导率和电解质和水等杂质的存在而增强的电化学现象。阐述了环氧化物添加剂对300 V/亚rms// μ m电容寿命的影响。没有添加剂，放电和击穿在几个小时或更短的时间内发生
{"title":"Prebreakdown phenomena in an impregnated insulating system","authors":"S. Bouktache, J. Gosse, B. Gosse, S. Said, C. Marteau","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202962","url":null,"abstract":"During accelerated life-testing of impregnated polypropylene capacitors, breakdown may occur due to discharges in liquid voids. The authors have determined the experimental conditions for detection of discharges and studied various parameters such as the nature of the liquid, the additives, and temperature. The deterioration of the polypropylene films in capacitor models impregnated with MBT at 150 V/sub rms// mu m 80 degrees C was not due to discharges, but to electrochemical phenomena enhanced by a high liquid conductivity and the presence of impurities such as electrolyte and water. The influence of epoxide additives on the lifetime of capacitor models for 300 V/sub rms// mu m is explained. Without additive, discharges and breakdown occur in a few hours or less.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128012704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202861
A. Belevtsev
The approach is based on consideration of the time evolution of the electron energy distribution function and uses the analytical solutions of the unsteady Boltzmann kinetic equation for electrons in liquids, taking into account their elastic and inelastic collisions with liquid particles. Ionization delay time and characteristic time for avalanche ionization growth in liquids are determined. The mechanisms of ionization involving excitons are also considered. The theory can be applied to liquid rare gases, pure and with admixtures.<>
{"title":"The theory of development of impact ionization and excitation in liquids","authors":"A. Belevtsev","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202861","url":null,"abstract":"The approach is based on consideration of the time evolution of the electron energy distribution function and uses the analytical solutions of the unsteady Boltzmann kinetic equation for electrons in liquids, taking into account their elastic and inelastic collisions with liquid particles. Ionization delay time and characteristic time for avalanche ionization growth in liquids are determined. The mechanisms of ionization involving excitons are also considered. The theory can be applied to liquid rare gases, pure and with admixtures.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121059413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202925
V. S. Teslenko
The kinetics of a laser breakdown in liquids taking into account stimulated scattering has been studied theoretically and experimentally. It has been shown that optical breakdown directions coincide with those of stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering. It is concluded that the description of the kinetics of extended optical breakdown should be based on the assumption that extended laser breakdown in pure media is a 'catastrophe' in the process of development of absolute and convective instability, which initially corresponds to the processes of cascade stimulated scattering generation.<>
{"title":"Initial stage of extended laser breakdown in liquids","authors":"V. S. Teslenko","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202925","url":null,"abstract":"The kinetics of a laser breakdown in liquids taking into account stimulated scattering has been studied theoretically and experimentally. It has been shown that optical breakdown directions coincide with those of stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering. It is concluded that the description of the kinetics of extended optical breakdown should be based on the assumption that extended laser breakdown in pure media is a 'catastrophe' in the process of development of absolute and convective instability, which initially corresponds to the processes of cascade stimulated scattering generation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126796068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202915
P. Atten, B. Malraison
The turbulent electroconvective motion of an insulating liquid subjected to weak unipolar injection is examined in regimes of dominant viscous effects and dominant inertia effects. Order-of-magnitude analyses are developed which consider two boundary layers adjacent to the electrodes, a core and intermediate regions. The main features of the electroconvective regimes are derived and used to predict the heat transfer that can be achieved in conditions where buoyancy plays only a negligible role. Laws of variation of the typical turbulent velocity for weak injection electroconvection and of the Nusselt number with the electrical parameters for both viscous and inertially dominated regimes are derived. An experiment using oils of different viscosities was performed to test the obtained laws. For Reynolds number convection, the experimental results support the analysis.<>
{"title":"Turbulent convection induced by weak unipolar injection in plane parallel electrode geometry","authors":"P. Atten, B. Malraison","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202915","url":null,"abstract":"The turbulent electroconvective motion of an insulating liquid subjected to weak unipolar injection is examined in regimes of dominant viscous effects and dominant inertia effects. Order-of-magnitude analyses are developed which consider two boundary layers adjacent to the electrodes, a core and intermediate regions. The main features of the electroconvective regimes are derived and used to predict the heat transfer that can be achieved in conditions where buoyancy plays only a negligible role. Laws of variation of the typical turbulent velocity for weak injection electroconvection and of the Nusselt number with the electrical parameters for both viscous and inertially dominated regimes are derived. An experiment using oils of different viscosities was performed to test the obtained laws. For Reynolds number convection, the experimental results support the analysis.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116250757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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