Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202865
K. Nakagawa, K. Kimura, A. Ejiri
The photocurrent spectra of supercritical xenon fluids doped with anthracene and TMAE (tetrakis-dimethylaminoethylene) were measured in an attempt to study the nature of small photocurrent peaks for the anthracene/xenon system and the absolute value of the photoionization quantum yield of TMAE in xenon. The density dependence of current peaks at low densities is found to be different from that in the high-density region. It is noted that the high quantum yield of the TMAE/xenon system and its high electron mobility may make this system suitable for application to a high-energy particle detector.<>
{"title":"Photoionization of low-ionization-potential molecules doped in supercritical fluids","authors":"K. Nakagawa, K. Kimura, A. Ejiri","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202865","url":null,"abstract":"The photocurrent spectra of supercritical xenon fluids doped with anthracene and TMAE (tetrakis-dimethylaminoethylene) were measured in an attempt to study the nature of small photocurrent peaks for the anthracene/xenon system and the absolute value of the photoionization quantum yield of TMAE in xenon. The density dependence of current peaks at low densities is found to be different from that in the high-density region. It is noted that the high quantum yield of the TMAE/xenon system and its high electron mobility may make this system suitable for application to a high-energy particle detector.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121397594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202857
K. Itoh, S. Tada, S. Susami, M. Nishikawa
The rates for the reaction CO/sub 2/+e/sup -/ to or from CO/sub 2//sup -/ were determined in liquid 2.2-dimethylbutane (DMB) and isopentane (i-P) as a function of temperature. In 2,2-DMB both forward and reverse rates were measured over the 14-45 degrees C range, while in i-P only the forward reaction was observed over 0-73 degrees C. The rates and equilibrium constants are compared with those determined in other solvents, and the factors which influence these quantities in solutions are discussed. CO/sub 2/ was found to be highly reactive in 2,2-DMB and i-P solutions. The reactivity in solution is understood in terms of energetics. Equilibrium for the reaction in solution is explained in terms of the total energy, given by the difference between the ground state energy of electrons in the solvent and the polarization energy due to the anion formed by electron attachment.<>
{"title":"Reaction of electrons with CO/sub 2/ in nonpolar solvents","authors":"K. Itoh, S. Tada, S. Susami, M. Nishikawa","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202857","url":null,"abstract":"The rates for the reaction CO/sub 2/+e/sup -/ to or from CO/sub 2//sup -/ were determined in liquid 2.2-dimethylbutane (DMB) and isopentane (i-P) as a function of temperature. In 2,2-DMB both forward and reverse rates were measured over the 14-45 degrees C range, while in i-P only the forward reaction was observed over 0-73 degrees C. The rates and equilibrium constants are compared with those determined in other solvents, and the factors which influence these quantities in solutions are discussed. CO/sub 2/ was found to be highly reactive in 2,2-DMB and i-P solutions. The reactivity in solution is understood in terms of energetics. Equilibrium for the reaction in solution is explained in terms of the total energy, given by the difference between the ground state energy of electrons in the solvent and the polarization energy due to the anion formed by electron attachment.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"564 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116721675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202943
L. Christophorou, H. Faidas
Room-temperature fast dielectric liquids with electron conduction bands (V/sub 0/<0 eV; e.g., neopentane, tetramethylsilane, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane and their mixtures) are electrically active insulators and have potential as controlled conduction media in pulsed power switching devices. The authors explore the possibility of using a dielectric liquid as the switching medium in pulsed power generation and especially the possibility of switching a good dielectric liquid to a good conductor by photo-injecting excess electrons into it using a flash lamp. Preliminary calculations indicate that conduction currents due to excess electrons in the kA range are achievable with reasonable efficiencies. It is concluded that a dielectric-liquid pulsed power switch can be cheap, can carry high currents, and can sustain high voltages; it can be more efficient than laser or e-beam, more stable than solid state or gas, and more compact than gas.<>
具有电子传导带(V/sub 0/>)的室温快速介电液体
{"title":"Dielectric-liquid pulsed power switch","authors":"L. Christophorou, H. Faidas","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202943","url":null,"abstract":"Room-temperature fast dielectric liquids with electron conduction bands (V/sub 0/<0 eV; e.g., neopentane, tetramethylsilane, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane and their mixtures) are electrically active insulators and have potential as controlled conduction media in pulsed power switching devices. The authors explore the possibility of using a dielectric liquid as the switching medium in pulsed power generation and especially the possibility of switching a good dielectric liquid to a good conductor by photo-injecting excess electrons into it using a flash lamp. Preliminary calculations indicate that conduction currents due to excess electrons in the kA range are achievable with reasonable efficiencies. It is concluded that a dielectric-liquid pulsed power switch can be cheap, can carry high currents, and can sustain high voltages; it can be more efficient than laser or e-beam, more stable than solid state or gas, and more compact than gas.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116922372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202962
S. Bouktache, J. Gosse, B. Gosse, S. Said, C. Marteau
During accelerated life-testing of impregnated polypropylene capacitors, breakdown may occur due to discharges in liquid voids. The authors have determined the experimental conditions for detection of discharges and studied various parameters such as the nature of the liquid, the additives, and temperature. The deterioration of the polypropylene films in capacitor models impregnated with MBT at 150 V/sub rms// mu m 80 degrees C was not due to discharges, but to electrochemical phenomena enhanced by a high liquid conductivity and the presence of impurities such as electrolyte and water. The influence of epoxide additives on the lifetime of capacitor models for 300 V/sub rms// mu m is explained. Without additive, discharges and breakdown occur in a few hours or less.<>
在浸渍聚丙烯电容器的加速寿命试验中，由于在液体空隙中放电，可能发生击穿。作者确定了放电检测的实验条件，并研究了各种参数，如液体性质、添加剂和温度。在150 V/sub rms// mu / m / 80℃条件下，MBT浸渍电容器模型中的聚丙烯薄膜的劣化不是由于放电，而是由于高液体电导率和电解质和水等杂质的存在而增强的电化学现象。阐述了环氧化物添加剂对300 V/亚rms// μ m电容寿命的影响。没有添加剂，放电和击穿在几个小时或更短的时间内发生
{"title":"Prebreakdown phenomena in an impregnated insulating system","authors":"S. Bouktache, J. Gosse, B. Gosse, S. Said, C. Marteau","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202962","url":null,"abstract":"During accelerated life-testing of impregnated polypropylene capacitors, breakdown may occur due to discharges in liquid voids. The authors have determined the experimental conditions for detection of discharges and studied various parameters such as the nature of the liquid, the additives, and temperature. The deterioration of the polypropylene films in capacitor models impregnated with MBT at 150 V/sub rms// mu m 80 degrees C was not due to discharges, but to electrochemical phenomena enhanced by a high liquid conductivity and the presence of impurities such as electrolyte and water. The influence of epoxide additives on the lifetime of capacitor models for 300 V/sub rms// mu m is explained. Without additive, discharges and breakdown occur in a few hours or less.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128012704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202855
P. Lamp, R. Eibl, G. Buschhorn
The mobility of excess electrons in argon has been determined from drift time measurements using the pulse-shape method. The excess electrons were generated by pulsed emission from a photocathode. The measurements were performed in liquid argon in the temperature range T/sub c/-35 K >
{"title":"Measurement of electron mobility in liquid and gaseous argon at low electric field strengths and in the critical region","authors":"P. Lamp, R. Eibl, G. Buschhorn","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202855","url":null,"abstract":"The mobility of excess electrons in argon has been determined from drift time measurements using the pulse-shape method. The excess electrons were generated by pulsed emission from a photocathode. The measurements were performed in liquid argon in the temperature range T/sub c/-35 K <or=T<or=T/sub c/ and in gaseous argon in the temperature range T/sub c/<or=T<or=T/sub c/+2 K at field strengths between 3 V/cm and 50 V/cm. At the mobility maximum, observed at about T/sub c/-5 K, an increase of the mobility down to a field strength of 3 V/cm is observed; outside the mobility maximum the low field mobility is independent of field strength. A precision temperature regulation system made it possible to approach T/sub c/ within 2 mK. The low field mobility at T/sub c/ is determined to mu /sub c/ approximately=160 cm/sup 2//Vs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126994657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202907
J. Cross, H.T. Wang
The application of a large step voltage to plane parallel electrodes in dielectric liquids gives rise to electrohydrodynamic (EHD) motion after a small time delay. It has been usual to explain the delay in terms of the establishment of a critical voltage across a space charge layer. An alternative explanation is offered in which the time required for the growth of an interfacial instability until it is detectable is the delay.<>
{"title":"Interfacial instability as an explanation of EHD time delays","authors":"J. Cross, H.T. Wang","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202907","url":null,"abstract":"The application of a large step voltage to plane parallel electrodes in dielectric liquids gives rise to electrohydrodynamic (EHD) motion after a small time delay. It has been usual to explain the delay in terms of the establishment of a critical voltage across a space charge layer. An alternative explanation is offered in which the time required for the growth of an interfacial instability until it is detectable is the delay.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128905903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202895
G. Nagy, K. Heinzinger
A molecular dynamics simulation of a water lamina between the
水层之间的分子动力学模拟
{"title":"Computer simulation of electrified water/platinum interfaces","authors":"G. Nagy, K. Heinzinger","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202895","url":null,"abstract":"A molecular dynamics simulation of a water lamina between the","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128186830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202897
M. Sone, H. Mitsui, N. Iijima, S. Itabashi, A. Ebe, K. Takaoka
Infrared spectroscopy is used to study the fine structure of water in liquid dielectrics. It is shown that the near-infrared technique can define the states of water as free water, cluster water, and hydrogen-bound water. Furthermore, the infrared technique can identify the monomer, dimer, trimer, and polymer states of water. It is also found that the size of the water cluster can influence the electrical properties. Results are presented for benzene and alkyl benzene.<>
{"title":"States of dissolved water in liquid dielectrics","authors":"M. Sone, H. Mitsui, N. Iijima, S. Itabashi, A. Ebe, K. Takaoka","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202897","url":null,"abstract":"Infrared spectroscopy is used to study the fine structure of water in liquid dielectrics. It is shown that the near-infrared technique can define the states of water as free water, cluster water, and hydrogen-bound water. Furthermore, the infrared technique can identify the monomer, dimer, trimer, and polymer states of water. It is also found that the size of the water cluster can influence the electrical properties. Results are presented for benzene and alkyl benzene.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127623730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202934
H. Yamada, T. Murakami, K. Kusano, T. Sato
Electrical breakdown phenomena in cyclohexane for a point-to-plane gap configuration have been investigated using an image converter camera and a photooptical current measuring technique. Camera records for 4-mm gap spacing show that the sonic and supersonic propagating velocities of the positive streamer in the liquid are 1.3 km/s and 2.8 km/s, respectively. Time-to-breakdown for gap spacings of less than 1 mm was directly measured from prebreakdown current. Two linear relations to the time lag and gap spacing are obtained, which indicates two constant propagation velocities: 0.18 km/s (subsonic) and 1.3 km/s.<>
{"title":"Positive streamer propagation and breakdown time lag in cyclohexane under micro-second rectangular pulse voltage","authors":"H. Yamada, T. Murakami, K. Kusano, T. Sato","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202934","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical breakdown phenomena in cyclohexane for a point-to-plane gap configuration have been investigated using an image converter camera and a photooptical current measuring technique. Camera records for 4-mm gap spacing show that the sonic and supersonic propagating velocities of the positive streamer in the liquid are 1.3 km/s and 2.8 km/s, respectively. Time-to-breakdown for gap spacings of less than 1 mm was directly measured from prebreakdown current. Two linear relations to the time lag and gap spacing are obtained, which indicates two constant propagation velocities: 0.18 km/s (subsonic) and 1.3 km/s.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122250808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICDL.1990.202887
D.H. Ren, A. Watson
Above a specific threshold coordinate on the V-I characteristic, prebreakdown conduction current flows through transformer oil in direct proportion to a simple power of the applied voltage when this rises and falls linearly in time. The threshold coordinate for this power law regime as well as the power law exponent has been shown to be dependent on the electrode geometry, gap separation, and electrode material for dimethyl siloxane, but transformer oil exhibits in addition a sensitivity to the value of the maximum stress value per cycle. At high maximum stress the characteristic V-I loop is seen to divide into two, and above the turnover point V/sub th/ behaves differently with respect to the ramp rate than below it. This phenomenon is described in its relationship to gap separation and electrode material and compared with similar data observed with dimethyl siloxane.<>
{"title":"Characteristics of the threshold coordinate for high stress conduction in transformer fluid","authors":"D.H. Ren, A. Watson","doi":"10.1109/ICDL.1990.202887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.1990.202887","url":null,"abstract":"Above a specific threshold coordinate on the V-I characteristic, prebreakdown conduction current flows through transformer oil in direct proportion to a simple power of the applied voltage when this rises and falls linearly in time. The threshold coordinate for this power law regime as well as the power law exponent has been shown to be dependent on the electrode geometry, gap separation, and electrode material for dimethyl siloxane, but transformer oil exhibits in addition a sensitivity to the value of the maximum stress value per cycle. At high maximum stress the characteristic V-I loop is seen to divide into two, and above the turnover point V/sub th/ behaves differently with respect to the ramp rate than below it. This phenomenon is described in its relationship to gap separation and electrode material and compared with similar data observed with dimethyl siloxane.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":193137,"journal":{"name":"10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121594944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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