The scientific objective of this study was to answer the question of whether sink limitation is also true for high quality wheat varieties. We examined the incorporation of 15N and 13C during phenological phases into vegetative parts and grains of Elite wheat Triso (E) and Quality wheat Naxos (A) when the spike is halved. Three splits of fertilizer were applied at EC 11, EC 30, EC 59, whereby 10% at EC 30 and EC 59 was 15N, and plants were also labelled with 13CO2. The application of only the third split as 15N, combined with spike-halving, resulted in a significantly higher 15N-content (+11%) of 0.486 mg 15N/g DM, compared to the control (0.437 mg15N/g DM). Labelling whole plants with 13CO2 at EC 59 resulted in a significantly higher 13C-content—40%—(0.223 mg 13C/g DM) of the grains of the control for Triso at the fully-ripe stage (EC 89), compared to Naxos (0.160 mg 13C/g DM). This superiority was reduced to 34%, and was also demonstrated by spike-halving (0.226 mg 13C/g DM, 0.169 mg 13C/g DM). Remobilization of 15N for control and spike-halving treatments were 68.2% and 61.1%, respectively. This clearly demonstrates that the reduction of the sink size by spike-halving leads to a 7% reduction in the remobilization of 15N from vegetative to reproductive tissues.
{"title":"Influence of Sink Size on 15N and 13C Allocation during Different Phenological Phases of Spring Wheat Cultivars","authors":"K. Götz, Osman Erekul","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen4010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen4010004","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific objective of this study was to answer the question of whether sink limitation is also true for high quality wheat varieties. We examined the incorporation of 15N and 13C during phenological phases into vegetative parts and grains of Elite wheat Triso (E) and Quality wheat Naxos (A) when the spike is halved. Three splits of fertilizer were applied at EC 11, EC 30, EC 59, whereby 10% at EC 30 and EC 59 was 15N, and plants were also labelled with 13CO2. The application of only the third split as 15N, combined with spike-halving, resulted in a significantly higher 15N-content (+11%) of 0.486 mg 15N/g DM, compared to the control (0.437 mg15N/g DM). Labelling whole plants with 13CO2 at EC 59 resulted in a significantly higher 13C-content—40%—(0.223 mg 13C/g DM) of the grains of the control for Triso at the fully-ripe stage (EC 89), compared to Naxos (0.160 mg 13C/g DM). This superiority was reduced to 34%, and was also demonstrated by spike-halving (0.226 mg 13C/g DM, 0.169 mg 13C/g DM). Remobilization of 15N for control and spike-halving treatments were 68.2% and 61.1%, respectively. This clearly demonstrates that the reduction of the sink size by spike-halving leads to a 7% reduction in the remobilization of 15N from vegetative to reproductive tissues.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89094134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
高质量的学术出版建立在严格的同行评审的基础上[…]
{"title":"Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Nitrogen in 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen4010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen4010003","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76632551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of fertilizers is of the utmost importance for food security on a global scale. However, fertilizer production and overuse may yield environmental issues. In this research, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to estimate eighteen environmental impact categories for six different fertilizer products: three synthetic (ammonium nitrate; calcium ammonium nitrate; and urea ammonium nitrate) and three organic (cattle manure; compost; and a mixture of compost and synthetic fertilizer). The processes for fertilizer production were obtained from the Agribalyse database. The system boundaries were from cradle to factory gate (or farm gate in the case of animal waste), and the impact indicators were calculated per kg of nitrogen (N). The data showed that the organo-mineral fertilizer (a mix of compost and synthetic fertilizer) had the highest environmental impact according to the results for most of the impact categories. The median values for this product regarding water consumption, fossil resource use and global warming potential were 322.5 L, 3.82 kg oil equivalent and 13.70 kg CO2 equivalent, respectively, per kg of N. The respective values for cattle manure, for which the lowest environmental impact was observed, were 0.23 L of water, 0.002 kg oil-eq and 3.29 kg of CO2-eq, respectively, per kg of N. Further research should focus on the determination of the impact from other stages of the life cycle (e.g., transportation and application to the field) which were not included in this work. This research could support the selection of N fertilizer in sustainable food production.
{"title":"Environmental Impact Assessment for Animal Waste, Organic and Synthetic Fertilizers","authors":"V. Litskas","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen4010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen4010002","url":null,"abstract":"The use of fertilizers is of the utmost importance for food security on a global scale. However, fertilizer production and overuse may yield environmental issues. In this research, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to estimate eighteen environmental impact categories for six different fertilizer products: three synthetic (ammonium nitrate; calcium ammonium nitrate; and urea ammonium nitrate) and three organic (cattle manure; compost; and a mixture of compost and synthetic fertilizer). The processes for fertilizer production were obtained from the Agribalyse database. The system boundaries were from cradle to factory gate (or farm gate in the case of animal waste), and the impact indicators were calculated per kg of nitrogen (N). The data showed that the organo-mineral fertilizer (a mix of compost and synthetic fertilizer) had the highest environmental impact according to the results for most of the impact categories. The median values for this product regarding water consumption, fossil resource use and global warming potential were 322.5 L, 3.82 kg oil equivalent and 13.70 kg CO2 equivalent, respectively, per kg of N. The respective values for cattle manure, for which the lowest environmental impact was observed, were 0.23 L of water, 0.002 kg oil-eq and 3.29 kg of CO2-eq, respectively, per kg of N. Further research should focus on the determination of the impact from other stages of the life cycle (e.g., transportation and application to the field) which were not included in this work. This research could support the selection of N fertilizer in sustainable food production.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78715708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nischal Acharya, S. Vista, S. Shrestha, Nabina Neupane, N. Pandit
Reducing chemical fertilizers is critical for maintaining soil health and minimizing environmental damage. Biochar-based organic fertilizers reduce fertilizer inputs, improve soil fertility, increase crop productivity, and reduce environmental risks. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to assess the potential of biochar-based organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility and Okra yield. Seven treatments with three replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). Three treatments included biochar-blended formulations (i) biochar mixed with mineral NPK fertilizer (BF), (ii) biochar mixed with vermicompost (BV), and (iii) biochar mixed with goat manure (BM); two treatments included biochar enrichment formulations (iv) biochar enriched with cow urine (BCU) and (v) biochar enriched with mineral NPK fertilizer in aqueous solution (BFW), and the remaining two included control treatments; (vi) control (CK: no biochar and no fertilizers) and (vii) fertilized control (F: only recommended NPK fertilizer and no biochar). Mineral NPK fertilizers in BF, BFW, and F were applied at the recommended rate as urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and muriate of potash (MOP). Organic fertilizers in BV, BM, and BCU treatments were applied in equal quantities. All biochar-amended treatments showed improved soil chemical properties with higher pH, organic carbon, total N, and available P and K compared to the two non-biochar control plots (CK and F). Biochar blended with goat manure (BM) showed the highest effect on soil fertility and fruit yield. BM (51.8 t ha−1) increased fruit yield by 89% over CK (27.4 t ha−1) and by 88% over F (27 t ha−1). Similarly, cow urine-enriched biochar (BCU) (35 t ha−1) increased fruit yield by 29% and 28% compared to CK and F, respectively. Soil pH, OC, and nutrient availability (total N, available P, and available K) showed a significantly positive relationship with fruit yield. The study suggests that using biochar-based organic fertilizers, such as BCU and BM, could outperform recommended mineral fertilizers (F) and produce higher yields and healthy soils, thereby contributing to mitigating the current food security and environmental concerns of the country.
减少化学肥料对保持土壤健康和尽量减少对环境的破坏至关重要。生物炭基有机肥减少肥料投入，提高土壤肥力，提高作物生产力，降低环境风险。本研究通过温室盆栽试验，评价了生物炭基有机肥和无机肥在提高土壤肥力和秋葵产量方面的潜力。采用完全随机设计(CRD)， 7个处理，3个重复。三种处理包括生物炭混合配方(i)生物炭与无机氮磷钾肥料(BF)混合，(ii)生物炭与蚯蚓堆肥(BV)混合，(iii)生物炭与羊粪(BM)混合;2个处理为生物炭富集配方(iv)牛尿富集生物炭(BCU)和(v)无机氮磷钾肥水溶液富集生物炭(BFW)，其余2个为对照处理;(vi)对照(CK:不施用生物炭，不施用化肥)和(vii)施肥对照(F:只施用氮磷钾，不施用生物炭)。高炉、高炉和高炉矿质氮磷钾肥料按尿素、磷酸二铵(DAP)和钾肥(MOP)的推荐施用量施用。BV、BM和BCU处理等量施用有机肥。与未施用生物炭的对照区(CK和F)相比，施用生物炭后土壤的pH值、有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾均有所改善，其中施用生物炭对土壤肥力和果实产量的影响最大。BM (51.8 t ha - 1)比CK (27.4 t ha - 1)增产89%，比F (27 t ha - 1)增产88%。与对照和F相比，富牛尿生物炭(BCU) (35 t ha - 1)的产量分别提高了29%和28%。土壤pH、OC和养分有效性(全氮、速效磷和速效钾)与果实产量呈极显著正相关。该研究表明，使用生物炭基有机肥，如BCU和BM，可能比推荐的矿物肥(F)表现更好，并产生更高的产量和健康的土壤，从而有助于缓解该国目前的粮食安全和环境问题。
{"title":"Potential of Biochar-Based Organic Fertilizers on Increasing Soil Fertility, Available Nutrients, and Okra Productivity in Slightly Acidic Sandy Loam Soil","authors":"Nischal Acharya, S. Vista, S. Shrestha, Nabina Neupane, N. Pandit","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen4010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen4010001","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing chemical fertilizers is critical for maintaining soil health and minimizing environmental damage. Biochar-based organic fertilizers reduce fertilizer inputs, improve soil fertility, increase crop productivity, and reduce environmental risks. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to assess the potential of biochar-based organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility and Okra yield. Seven treatments with three replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). Three treatments included biochar-blended formulations (i) biochar mixed with mineral NPK fertilizer (BF), (ii) biochar mixed with vermicompost (BV), and (iii) biochar mixed with goat manure (BM); two treatments included biochar enrichment formulations (iv) biochar enriched with cow urine (BCU) and (v) biochar enriched with mineral NPK fertilizer in aqueous solution (BFW), and the remaining two included control treatments; (vi) control (CK: no biochar and no fertilizers) and (vii) fertilized control (F: only recommended NPK fertilizer and no biochar). Mineral NPK fertilizers in BF, BFW, and F were applied at the recommended rate as urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and muriate of potash (MOP). Organic fertilizers in BV, BM, and BCU treatments were applied in equal quantities. All biochar-amended treatments showed improved soil chemical properties with higher pH, organic carbon, total N, and available P and K compared to the two non-biochar control plots (CK and F). Biochar blended with goat manure (BM) showed the highest effect on soil fertility and fruit yield. BM (51.8 t ha−1) increased fruit yield by 89% over CK (27.4 t ha−1) and by 88% over F (27 t ha−1). Similarly, cow urine-enriched biochar (BCU) (35 t ha−1) increased fruit yield by 29% and 28% compared to CK and F, respectively. Soil pH, OC, and nutrient availability (total N, available P, and available K) showed a significantly positive relationship with fruit yield. The study suggests that using biochar-based organic fertilizers, such as BCU and BM, could outperform recommended mineral fertilizers (F) and produce higher yields and healthy soils, thereby contributing to mitigating the current food security and environmental concerns of the country.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83664595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Dodor, M. Kamara, Abena Asamoah-Bediako, S. Adiku, D. MacCarthy, S. Kumahor, D. Neina
Numerous biological and chemical methods have been proposed over the years for estimating the nitrogen (N) mineralization capacity of soils; however, none of them has found general use in soil fertility testing. The efficacy of a recently proposed alkaline hydrolysis method for assessing N availability in soils compared with the standard long-term incubation technique for determining potentially available N was evaluated. The nitrogen mineralization of 12 surface soils incubated under aerobic conditions at 25 °C for 26 weeks was determined. Field-moist soils were direct-steam distilled with 1 M KOH or 1 M NaOH; the NH3 released was trapped in boric acid, and its concentration was determined successively every 5 min for 40 min. The cumulative N mineralized or hydrolyzed was fitted to the first-order exponential equation to determine the potentially mineralizable N (No) and an analogous “potentially hydrolyzable N (Nmax)” for the soils. The flush of CO2 (fCO2) following the rewetting and incubation of air-dried soils under aerobic conditions for 3 days was also determined. The results showed that the Nmax values differed considerably among the soils, indicating differences in the chemical nature and reactivity of the organic N content of the soils, and were significantly correlated with No and fCO2 values. The estimated Nmax and No values ranged from 105 to 371 mg N kg−1 and 121 to 292 mg kg−1, respectively. Based on the simple and inexpensive nature of the alkaline hydrolysis procedure, the reduction in the incubation time required to obtain No (months to minutes), and the strong association between Nmax and No, we concluded that Nmax is a good predictor of the biologically discrete and quantifiable labile pool of mineralizable soil organic N (ON), and the use of the alkaline hydrolyzable ON as a predictor of No merits consideration for routine use in soil testing laboratories for estimating the N-supplying capacity of soils.
多年来，人们提出了许多生物和化学方法来估计土壤的氮矿化能力;然而，它们都没有在土壤肥力测试中得到普遍应用。对最近提出的碱性水解法测定土壤氮有效性与标准长期培养法测定潜在有效氮的效果进行了比较。测定了12种表层土壤在25℃好氧条件下培养26周后的氮矿化情况。田间湿土用1 M KOH或1 M NaOH直接蒸汽蒸馏;释放的NH3被捕获在硼酸中，连续测定其浓度，每隔5 min，连续测定40 min。矿化或水解的累积N值拟合一阶指数方程，确定土壤的潜在矿化N (No)和类似的“潜在水解N (Nmax)”。还测定了在好氧条件下风干土壤再润湿和培养3天后的CO2 (fCO2)冲洗。结果表明，不同土壤的Nmax值差异较大，说明土壤有机氮含量的化学性质和反应性存在差异，且与No和fCO2值呈显著相关。估算的Nmax和No值分别为105 ~ 371 mg N kg - 1和121 ~ 292 mg kg - 1。基于碱性水解过程的简单和廉价的性质，获得No所需的孵育时间(数月至几分钟)的减少，以及Nmax与No之间的强烈关联，我们得出结论，Nmax是生物离散和可量化的可矿化土壤有机氮(on)稳定库的良好预测因子。碱性水解ON作为No的预测因子，在土壤测试实验室中用于评估土壤供氮能力值得考虑。
{"title":"Evaluation of Alkaline Hydrolyzable Organic Nitrogen as an Index of Nitrogen Mineralization Potential of Some Coastal Savannah Soils of Ghana","authors":"D. Dodor, M. Kamara, Abena Asamoah-Bediako, S. Adiku, D. MacCarthy, S. Kumahor, D. Neina","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3040043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3040043","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous biological and chemical methods have been proposed over the years for estimating the nitrogen (N) mineralization capacity of soils; however, none of them has found general use in soil fertility testing. The efficacy of a recently proposed alkaline hydrolysis method for assessing N availability in soils compared with the standard long-term incubation technique for determining potentially available N was evaluated. The nitrogen mineralization of 12 surface soils incubated under aerobic conditions at 25 °C for 26 weeks was determined. Field-moist soils were direct-steam distilled with 1 M KOH or 1 M NaOH; the NH3 released was trapped in boric acid, and its concentration was determined successively every 5 min for 40 min. The cumulative N mineralized or hydrolyzed was fitted to the first-order exponential equation to determine the potentially mineralizable N (No) and an analogous “potentially hydrolyzable N (Nmax)” for the soils. The flush of CO2 (fCO2) following the rewetting and incubation of air-dried soils under aerobic conditions for 3 days was also determined. The results showed that the Nmax values differed considerably among the soils, indicating differences in the chemical nature and reactivity of the organic N content of the soils, and were significantly correlated with No and fCO2 values. The estimated Nmax and No values ranged from 105 to 371 mg N kg−1 and 121 to 292 mg kg−1, respectively. Based on the simple and inexpensive nature of the alkaline hydrolysis procedure, the reduction in the incubation time required to obtain No (months to minutes), and the strong association between Nmax and No, we concluded that Nmax is a good predictor of the biologically discrete and quantifiable labile pool of mineralizable soil organic N (ON), and the use of the alkaline hydrolyzable ON as a predictor of No merits consideration for routine use in soil testing laboratories for estimating the N-supplying capacity of soils.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77576708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marika Doi, K. Higuchi, Akihiro Saito, Takashi Sato, T. Ohyama
Nitrate concentration is variable in soils, so the absorbed N from roots in a high-nitrate site is recycled from shoots to the root parts in N-poor niche. In this report, the absorption, transport, and recycling of N derived from 15N-labeled nitrate were investigated with split-root systems of nodulated soybean. The NO3− accumulated in the root in 5 mM NO3− solution; however, it was not detected in the roots and nodules in an N-free pot, indicating that NO3− itself is not recycled from leaves to underground parts. The total amount of 15NO3− absorption from 2 to 4 days of the plant with the N-free opposite half-root accelerated by 40% compared with both half-roots that received NO3−. This result might be due to the compensation for the N demand under one half-root could absorb NO3−. About 2–3% of the absorbed 15N was recycled to the opposite half-root, irrespective of N-free or NO3− solution, suggesting that N recycling from leaves to the roots was not affected by the presence or absence of NO3−. Concentrations of asparagine increased in the half-roots supplied with NO3− but not in N-free half-roots, suggesting that asparagine may not be a systemic signal for N status.
硝态氮在土壤中的浓度是可变的，因此在高硝态氮的土壤中，从根系吸收的氮在缺氮生态位中从茎部再循环到根系。本文以结瘤大豆为材料，研究了15n标记硝酸盐对氮素的吸收、转运和再循环。在5 mM NO3−溶液中，NO3−在根系中积累;而在无氮盆栽中，根系和根瘤中没有检测到NO3−，说明NO3−本身没有从叶片再循环到地下部分。在2 ~ 4 d内，不含氮的对侧半根植株吸收15NO3−的总量比两个半根都吸收NO3−的植株快40%。这一结果可能是由于半根对N需求的补偿可以吸收NO3−。在吸收的15N中，约有2-3%被循环到对面半根，与无N或NO3−溶液无关，这表明从叶片到根系的N循环不受NO3−存在与否的影响。在提供NO3−的半根中，天冬酰胺的浓度增加，而在无N的半根中则没有，这表明天冬酰胺可能不是氮状态的系统信号。
{"title":"N Absorption, Transport, and Recycling in Nodulated Soybean Plants by Split-Root Experiment Using 15N-Labeled Nitrate","authors":"Marika Doi, K. Higuchi, Akihiro Saito, Takashi Sato, T. Ohyama","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3040042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3040042","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrate concentration is variable in soils, so the absorbed N from roots in a high-nitrate site is recycled from shoots to the root parts in N-poor niche. In this report, the absorption, transport, and recycling of N derived from 15N-labeled nitrate were investigated with split-root systems of nodulated soybean. The NO3− accumulated in the root in 5 mM NO3− solution; however, it was not detected in the roots and nodules in an N-free pot, indicating that NO3− itself is not recycled from leaves to underground parts. The total amount of 15NO3− absorption from 2 to 4 days of the plant with the N-free opposite half-root accelerated by 40% compared with both half-roots that received NO3−. This result might be due to the compensation for the N demand under one half-root could absorb NO3−. About 2–3% of the absorbed 15N was recycled to the opposite half-root, irrespective of N-free or NO3− solution, suggesting that N recycling from leaves to the roots was not affected by the presence or absence of NO3−. Concentrations of asparagine increased in the half-roots supplied with NO3− but not in N-free half-roots, suggesting that asparagine may not be a systemic signal for N status.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80700153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a split N-application system, the objective was to quantify N/15N in gluten and non-gluten proteins after the late application of 30 or 60 kg N, whereby 10% of the third split was applied as 15N. This fertilization was combined with a reduced water supply for 21 days (well-watered (ww); water deficit (wd)). German spring wheat cultivars, Elite wheat Taifun, Quality wheat Monsun and cultivars from the Mediterranean territory, Golia, Gönen, were examined. The protein content in gluten was for 30 kg N, ww, similar for Taifun, Golia, and Gönen, but markedly lower in Monsun (231, 245, 247, 194 mg protein/g DM). The water deficit increased the protein content in the gluten of Golia and Gönen and was higher than that of Taifun and Monsun (297, 257, 249, 202 mg protein/g DM). Fertilization of 60 kg N, ww, did not result in any change in the protein content in gluten and differences between the cultivars were not detectable. The 15N protein in gluten was for 30 kg N, ww, markedly higher in Gönen (2.32 mg 15N protein/g DM), compared to Golia and Monsun (1.93, 1.50 mg 15N protein/g DM), and similar in Taifun (1.64 mg 15N protein/g DM). 15N fertilizer uptake into gluten was stimulated by water deficit for 30 and 60 kg N, leading to significantly increased 15N protein in Golia and Gönen, (2.38, 2.99, 4.34, 5.87 mg 15N protein/g DM). Fertilization of 60 kg N led to a proportional two-time increase in the 15N gluten protein of the four cultivars, in ww and wd plants. Assessed on the basis of 15N fertilizer allocation under wd conditions into gluten proteins, Golia and Gönen have a stronger sink activity, compared to Taifun and Monsun.
在分次施氮系统中，目的是量化后期施用30或60 kg N后面筋和非面筋蛋白中的N/15N，其中第三次施氮的10%为15N。这种施肥与减少供水量相结合，持续21天(充足水);水分亏缺(wd))。以德国春小麦、泰丰优质小麦、孟荪优质小麦和Golia (Gönen)地中海地区的品种为研究对象。30 kg N、ww时面筋蛋白含量与泰丰、Golia和Gönen相似，但孟孙显著低于前者(231、245、247、194 mg蛋白/g DM)。水分亏缺使Golia和Gönen的蛋白含量增加，且高于泰丰和Monsun(297、257、249、202 mg protein/g DM)。施氮60 kg (ww)对小麦面筋蛋白含量无显著影响，品种间无显著差异。在30 kg N, ww下，Gönen (2.32 mg 15N蛋白/g DM)显著高于Golia和Monsun(1.93、1.50 mg 15N蛋白/g DM)， Taifun (1.64 mg 15N蛋白/g DM)。30和60 kg N的水分亏缺刺激了面筋对15N肥料的吸收，导致Golia和Gönen的15N蛋白显著增加(2.38、2.99、4.34、5.87 mg 15N蛋白/g DM)。在ww和wd植株上，施用60 kg氮肥导致4个品种15N面筋蛋白呈2倍比例增加。以15N肥在wd条件下分配到面筋蛋白为基础进行评价，Golia和Gönen的汇活性较Taifun和Monsun强。
{"title":"Effect of Late 15N-Fertilization and Water Deficit on Allocation into the Gluten of German and Mediterranean Spring Wheat Cultivars","authors":"K. Götz, Osman Erekul","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3040041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3040041","url":null,"abstract":"In a split N-application system, the objective was to quantify N/15N in gluten and non-gluten proteins after the late application of 30 or 60 kg N, whereby 10% of the third split was applied as 15N. This fertilization was combined with a reduced water supply for 21 days (well-watered (ww); water deficit (wd)). German spring wheat cultivars, Elite wheat Taifun, Quality wheat Monsun and cultivars from the Mediterranean territory, Golia, Gönen, were examined. The protein content in gluten was for 30 kg N, ww, similar for Taifun, Golia, and Gönen, but markedly lower in Monsun (231, 245, 247, 194 mg protein/g DM). The water deficit increased the protein content in the gluten of Golia and Gönen and was higher than that of Taifun and Monsun (297, 257, 249, 202 mg protein/g DM). Fertilization of 60 kg N, ww, did not result in any change in the protein content in gluten and differences between the cultivars were not detectable. The 15N protein in gluten was for 30 kg N, ww, markedly higher in Gönen (2.32 mg 15N protein/g DM), compared to Golia and Monsun (1.93, 1.50 mg 15N protein/g DM), and similar in Taifun (1.64 mg 15N protein/g DM). 15N fertilizer uptake into gluten was stimulated by water deficit for 30 and 60 kg N, leading to significantly increased 15N protein in Golia and Gönen, (2.38, 2.99, 4.34, 5.87 mg 15N protein/g DM). Fertilization of 60 kg N led to a proportional two-time increase in the 15N gluten protein of the four cultivars, in ww and wd plants. Assessed on the basis of 15N fertilizer allocation under wd conditions into gluten proteins, Golia and Gönen have a stronger sink activity, compared to Taifun and Monsun.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80574504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rica Wegner, Claudia Fiencke, C. Knoblauch, L. Sauerland, C. Beer
Ice–rich Pleistocene permafrost deposits (Yedoma) store large amounts of nitrogen (N) and are susceptible to rapid thaw. In this study, we assess whether eroding Yedoma deposits are potential sources of N and gaseous carbon (C) losses. Therefore, we determined aerobic net ammonification and nitrification, as well as anaerobic production of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) in laboratory incubations. Samples were collected from non-vegetated and revegetated slump floor (SF) and thaw mound (TM) soils of a retrogressive thaw slump in the Lena River Delta of Eastern Siberia. We found high nitrate concentrations (up to 110 µg N (g DW)−1) within the growing season, a faster transformation of organic N to nitrate, and high N2O production (up to 217 ng N2O-N (g DW)−1 day−1) in revegetated thaw mounds. The slump floor was low in nitrate and did not produce N2O under anaerobic conditions, but produced the most CO2 (up to 7 µg CO2-C (g DW)−1 day−1) and CH4 (up to 65 ng CH4-C (g DW)−1 day−1). Nitrate additions showed that denitrification was substrate limited in the slump floor. Nitrate limitation was rather caused by field conditions (moisture, pH) than by microbial functional limitation since nitrification rates were positive under laboratory conditions. Our results emphasize the relevance of considering landscape processes, geomorphology, and soil origin in order to identify hotspots of high N availability, as well as C and N losses. High N availability is likely to have an impact on carbon cycling, but to what extent needs further investigation.
富冰的更新世永久冻土层(Yedoma)储存了大量的氮(N)，容易迅速融化。在这项研究中，我们评估侵蚀Yedoma沉积物是否是N和气态碳(C)损失的潜在来源。因此，我们在实验室培养中测定了好氧净氨化和硝化作用，以及氧化亚氮(N2O)、二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的厌氧产量。对西伯利亚东部勒拿河三角洲退行性融化滑塌的非植被滑塌底(SF)和复植滑塌底(TM)土壤进行了取样。我们发现，在生长季节，硝酸盐浓度高(高达110µg N (g DW)−1)，有机氮向硝酸盐的转化速度更快，N2O产量高(高达217 ng N2O-N (g DW)−1天−1)。坍落体底部硝酸盐含量低，在厌氧条件下不产生N2O，但产生最多的CO2(高达7µg CO2- c (g DW)−1 day−1)和CH4(高达65 ng CH4- c (g DW)−1 day−1)。硝态氮的添加表明，滑塌底板的反硝化作用受到底物限制。硝态氮的限制主要是由田间条件(湿度、pH)造成的，而不是由微生物功能限制造成的，因为在实验室条件下硝化率为正。我们的研究结果强调了考虑景观过程、地貌和土壤来源的相关性，以确定高氮有效性热点，以及C和N损失。高氮有效性可能对碳循环有影响，但影响程度有待进一步研究。
{"title":"Rapid Permafrost Thaw Removes Nitrogen Limitation and Rises the Potential for N2O Emissions","authors":"Rica Wegner, Claudia Fiencke, C. Knoblauch, L. Sauerland, C. Beer","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3040040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3040040","url":null,"abstract":"Ice–rich Pleistocene permafrost deposits (Yedoma) store large amounts of nitrogen (N) and are susceptible to rapid thaw. In this study, we assess whether eroding Yedoma deposits are potential sources of N and gaseous carbon (C) losses. Therefore, we determined aerobic net ammonification and nitrification, as well as anaerobic production of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) in laboratory incubations. Samples were collected from non-vegetated and revegetated slump floor (SF) and thaw mound (TM) soils of a retrogressive thaw slump in the Lena River Delta of Eastern Siberia. We found high nitrate concentrations (up to 110 µg N (g DW)−1) within the growing season, a faster transformation of organic N to nitrate, and high N2O production (up to 217 ng N2O-N (g DW)−1 day−1) in revegetated thaw mounds. The slump floor was low in nitrate and did not produce N2O under anaerobic conditions, but produced the most CO2 (up to 7 µg CO2-C (g DW)−1 day−1) and CH4 (up to 65 ng CH4-C (g DW)−1 day−1). Nitrate additions showed that denitrification was substrate limited in the slump floor. Nitrate limitation was rather caused by field conditions (moisture, pH) than by microbial functional limitation since nitrification rates were positive under laboratory conditions. Our results emphasize the relevance of considering landscape processes, geomorphology, and soil origin in order to identify hotspots of high N availability, as well as C and N losses. High N availability is likely to have an impact on carbon cycling, but to what extent needs further investigation.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85826302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current understanding of nitrogen (N) mineralization from organic soil inputs considers three alternative processes: immediate net mineralization of N, net immobilization followed by net mineralization, or exclusively net immobilization. The three processes are compatible and linked with the C:N ratio rule. However, research evidence from a number of incubation studies incorporating processed materials like manures, composts, manure composts, or already decomposed plant residues suggest the presence of a second N immobilization phase. The mechanisms and conditions of this process, which is against the prevailing theory of soil N cycling, have not been ascertained, but they should most likely be attributed to impeded dead microbial biomass turnover. The transfer of mineral forms of N to the organic N pool may reasonably be explained by the chemical stabilization of nitrogenous compounds with secondary products of lignin degradation, which occurs late after incorporation of an organic input in soil. Secondary immobilization questions the reliability of the C:N ratio and most likely of other quality indices if proved to be real, even to some extent, while it may also have significant consequences on the management of soil organic additives applied as fertilizers.
{"title":"Secondary Immobilization as a Phase of N mineralization Dynamics of Soil Organic Inputs","authors":"P. Dalias, A. Christou","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3040039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3040039","url":null,"abstract":"Current understanding of nitrogen (N) mineralization from organic soil inputs considers three alternative processes: immediate net mineralization of N, net immobilization followed by net mineralization, or exclusively net immobilization. The three processes are compatible and linked with the C:N ratio rule. However, research evidence from a number of incubation studies incorporating processed materials like manures, composts, manure composts, or already decomposed plant residues suggest the presence of a second N immobilization phase. The mechanisms and conditions of this process, which is against the prevailing theory of soil N cycling, have not been ascertained, but they should most likely be attributed to impeded dead microbial biomass turnover. The transfer of mineral forms of N to the organic N pool may reasonably be explained by the chemical stabilization of nitrogenous compounds with secondary products of lignin degradation, which occurs late after incorporation of an organic input in soil. Secondary immobilization questions the reliability of the C:N ratio and most likely of other quality indices if proved to be real, even to some extent, while it may also have significant consequences on the management of soil organic additives applied as fertilizers.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79667969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Legume cover crops in temperate cropping systems can fix substantial amounts of nitrogen (N) and reduce N fertiliser requirements for subsequent crops. However, little is known about potential biological N2 fixation by summer cover crop legumes in the short summer fallow in Mediterranean-type cropping systems. Six legume species (balansa clover, barrel medic, mung bean, sunn hemp, lablab and cowpea) were grown for 8–9 weeks in the field in semi-arid southern Australia during the summer fallow, and in a glasshouse experiment, to estimate N2 fixation using the 15N natural abundance method. Cowpea, sunn hemp and lablab produced 1.2–3.0 t ha−1 biomass in the field while balansa clover and barrel medic produced < 1.0 t ha−1. The percent of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) in the field ranged from 39% in barrel medic to 73% in sunn hemp, but only 15% (balansa clover) to 33% (sunn hemp) in the glasshouse experiment, likely due to higher soil mineral N availability in the glasshouse study. Biological N2 fixation of cowpea and sunn hemp in the field was 46–55 kg N ha−1, while N2 fixation in lablab and mung bean was lower (around 26 kg N ha−1). The N2 fixation in cowpea and sunn hemp of around 50 kg N ha−1 with supplementary irrigation in the field trial likely represents the upper limit of N contributions in the field in typically hot, dry summer conditions in Mediterranean-type climates. Given that any increase in summer cover crop biomass will have implications for water balances and subsequent cash crop growth, maximising N benefits of legume cover crops will rely on increasing the %Ndfa through improved rhizobium strains or inoculation technologies. This study provides the first known estimates of biological N2 fixation by legume cover crops in the summer fallow period in cropping systems in Mediterranean-type environments, providing a benchmark for further studies.
在温带种植系统中，豆科覆盖作物可以固定大量的氮，并减少后续作物对氮肥的需求。然而，在地中海型种植系统中，夏季覆盖作物豆科植物在夏季短暂休耕中潜在的生物固氮作用尚不清楚。采用15N自然丰度法对6种豆科植物(balansa clover, barrel medic，绿豆，sunhemp, lablab和豇豆)进行了8-9周的夏季休耕，并在温室试验中进行了固氮估算。豇豆、太阳麻和lablab在田间的生物量为1.2-3.0 t ha - 1，而balansa clover和桶草的生物量< 1.0 t ha - 1。田间从大气中获得的氮的百分比(%Ndfa)在桶草中为39%，在太阳麻中为73%，但在温室试验中仅为15% (balansa clover)至33%(太阳麻)，可能是由于温室研究中土壤矿质氮的有效性较高。豇豆和麻在田间的生物固氮量为46 ~ 55 kg N ha - 1，而在实验室和绿豆的固氮量较低(约26 kg N ha - 1)。在田间试验中，豇豆和大麻的固氮量约为50 kg N ha - 1，并辅以灌溉，这可能代表了在地中海型气候典型炎热干燥的夏季条件下，田间氮贡献的上限。鉴于夏季覆盖作物生物量的任何增加都将对水分平衡和随后的经济作物生长产生影响，豆科覆盖作物氮效益的最大化将依赖于通过改进根瘤菌菌株或接种技术来增加Ndfa的百分比。本研究首次估算了地中海型环境中豆科覆盖作物在夏季休耕期的生物固氮作用，为进一步研究提供了基准。
{"title":"Potential Nitrogen Contributions by Tropical Legume Summer Cover Crops in Mediterranean-Type Cropping Systems","authors":"S. Parvin, J. Condon, Terry J. Rose","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3040038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3040038","url":null,"abstract":"Legume cover crops in temperate cropping systems can fix substantial amounts of nitrogen (N) and reduce N fertiliser requirements for subsequent crops. However, little is known about potential biological N2 fixation by summer cover crop legumes in the short summer fallow in Mediterranean-type cropping systems. Six legume species (balansa clover, barrel medic, mung bean, sunn hemp, lablab and cowpea) were grown for 8–9 weeks in the field in semi-arid southern Australia during the summer fallow, and in a glasshouse experiment, to estimate N2 fixation using the 15N natural abundance method. Cowpea, sunn hemp and lablab produced 1.2–3.0 t ha−1 biomass in the field while balansa clover and barrel medic produced < 1.0 t ha−1. The percent of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) in the field ranged from 39% in barrel medic to 73% in sunn hemp, but only 15% (balansa clover) to 33% (sunn hemp) in the glasshouse experiment, likely due to higher soil mineral N availability in the glasshouse study. Biological N2 fixation of cowpea and sunn hemp in the field was 46–55 kg N ha−1, while N2 fixation in lablab and mung bean was lower (around 26 kg N ha−1). The N2 fixation in cowpea and sunn hemp of around 50 kg N ha−1 with supplementary irrigation in the field trial likely represents the upper limit of N contributions in the field in typically hot, dry summer conditions in Mediterranean-type climates. Given that any increase in summer cover crop biomass will have implications for water balances and subsequent cash crop growth, maximising N benefits of legume cover crops will rely on increasing the %Ndfa through improved rhizobium strains or inoculation technologies. This study provides the first known estimates of biological N2 fixation by legume cover crops in the summer fallow period in cropping systems in Mediterranean-type environments, providing a benchmark for further studies.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83533839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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