Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343990
P. Hawrylak, Will Nichols, Xiang Li, Ty Johannes, Ryan DeCook, Kameron Mongold, Claire Cornell, LeRoy Albert Flint, Anshuman Singh
Global water consumption is increasing as the world's population grows. Hotels significantly contribute to increased water consumption in the U.S. and around the world. Most hotels do not monitor individual guest water usage, resulting in millions of gallons of potable water wasted every year by hotel guests. This paper presents HydroSense, a novel low cost, accurate, small size, low power, wireless device for monitoring water use from hotel room showers. HydroSense is targeted for the hotel industry to reduce costs by promoting water conservation among hotel guests. HydroSense fits most new and existing hotel shower fixtures and wirelessly transmits hotel guest water usage data simplifying infrastructure requirements. The proposed technology will promote an increased awareness of water conservation practices among hotel guests thereby helping to reduce potable water consumption for hotels. HydroSense will also reduce energy use by decreasing the energy demand of hotel hot water heaters. In this paper, the design of HydroSense is presented along with a preliminary market analysis, estimates on the water and energy savings resulting from installation, and projections for return-on-investment by a hotel. Additional applications of HydroSense for conserving water and improving water usage outside of the hospitality industry are presented.
{"title":"HydroSense: A self-powered wireless device for monitoring water usage in hotel showers","authors":"P. Hawrylak, Will Nichols, Xiang Li, Ty Johannes, Ryan DeCook, Kameron Mongold, Claire Cornell, LeRoy Albert Flint, Anshuman Singh","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343990","url":null,"abstract":"Global water consumption is increasing as the world's population grows. Hotels significantly contribute to increased water consumption in the U.S. and around the world. Most hotels do not monitor individual guest water usage, resulting in millions of gallons of potable water wasted every year by hotel guests. This paper presents HydroSense, a novel low cost, accurate, small size, low power, wireless device for monitoring water use from hotel room showers. HydroSense is targeted for the hotel industry to reduce costs by promoting water conservation among hotel guests. HydroSense fits most new and existing hotel shower fixtures and wirelessly transmits hotel guest water usage data simplifying infrastructure requirements. The proposed technology will promote an increased awareness of water conservation practices among hotel guests thereby helping to reduce potable water consumption for hotels. HydroSense will also reduce energy use by decreasing the energy demand of hotel hot water heaters. In this paper, the design of HydroSense is presented along with a preliminary market analysis, estimates on the water and energy savings resulting from installation, and projections for return-on-investment by a hotel. Additional applications of HydroSense for conserving water and improving water usage outside of the hospitality industry are presented.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122720391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7344007
Elizabeth Lee, Jane Alsofrom, M. Streeter, Anjuli Cherukuri, K. DeStigter, J. Bwambale, Mary Angela Njeri, J. Anyango, A. Matovu
For many years, clinical ultrasound has dramatically improved patient care in industrialized countries. However, millions of people in low-resource geographies remain today without access to this life-saving diagnostic and treatment tool. Over the last five years, Imaging the World (ITW) has successfully incorporated obstetric ultrasound examination into routine antenatal care at lower level health clinics in rural Uganda by training health workers to perform high-quality, point-of-care ultrasound. The result: high-risk pregnancies are detected early and patients are directed for appropriate referral and treatment, thus improving outcomes for women, their babies and their families. To build on ITW's success and quickly and efficiently increase the number of trained ultrasonographers, ITW has introduced an obstetric and gynecologic ultrasound training curriculum into the three-year nursing program at the Uganda Nursing School Bwindi (UNSB) in rural Uganda. This innovative addition to nursing education includes hands-on and online components that will enable graduate UNSB nursing students to perform obstetric and gynecological ultrasound examinations. In this paper, ITW describes the design and implementation of the inaugural curriculum, including challenges encountered and solutions found. ITW also provides data concerning student participation, knowledge acquisition, and curriculum assessment. ITW believes its innovative ultrasound training curriculum, offered in association with a regional nursing school, provides a replicable model for enhancing health worker skills and improving patient outcomes in underserved communities around the world.
{"title":"Obstetric and gynecologic ultrasound training at the Uganda nursing school Bwindi: Initial experiences and challenges","authors":"Elizabeth Lee, Jane Alsofrom, M. Streeter, Anjuli Cherukuri, K. DeStigter, J. Bwambale, Mary Angela Njeri, J. Anyango, A. Matovu","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7344007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7344007","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, clinical ultrasound has dramatically improved patient care in industrialized countries. However, millions of people in low-resource geographies remain today without access to this life-saving diagnostic and treatment tool. Over the last five years, Imaging the World (ITW) has successfully incorporated obstetric ultrasound examination into routine antenatal care at lower level health clinics in rural Uganda by training health workers to perform high-quality, point-of-care ultrasound. The result: high-risk pregnancies are detected early and patients are directed for appropriate referral and treatment, thus improving outcomes for women, their babies and their families. To build on ITW's success and quickly and efficiently increase the number of trained ultrasonographers, ITW has introduced an obstetric and gynecologic ultrasound training curriculum into the three-year nursing program at the Uganda Nursing School Bwindi (UNSB) in rural Uganda. This innovative addition to nursing education includes hands-on and online components that will enable graduate UNSB nursing students to perform obstetric and gynecological ultrasound examinations. In this paper, ITW describes the design and implementation of the inaugural curriculum, including challenges encountered and solutions found. ITW also provides data concerning student participation, knowledge acquisition, and curriculum assessment. ITW believes its innovative ultrasound training curriculum, offered in association with a regional nursing school, provides a replicable model for enhancing health worker skills and improving patient outcomes in underserved communities around the world.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127985669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a system operating strategy for a stand-alone PV microgrid where the loads are cumulatively prioritized. Existing microgrids typically employ strategies to control the system operation using static thresholds. This strategy (default operating mode) has been enhanced to formulate the intelligent operating mode, which performs dynamic energy resource allocation based on current energy availability. The intelligent operating mode has two functionalities; load servicing predictions and run-time servicing. Optimal load servicing is predicted for the next three days using solar PV generation forecasts. The availability of these inexpensive forecasts with reasonable accuracy enables intelligent planning and operation of the microgrid. Run-time servicing is done dynamically on an hourly basis, based on the current energy availability. It has been observed that the intelligent operating mode provides a superior servicing efficiency when compared to the default operating mode. The enhanced load servicing provides a means to reduce the size of microgrid system. This in turn results in reduced capital costs, thus establishing a sustainable and scalable pathway for increased global microgrid installations.
{"title":"Dynamic and intelligent load servicing strategy for a stand-alone solar PV-based microgrid","authors":"Arjun Subramanian Ganesan, Bhargavi Govindarajan, R. Rajesh, Vikram Vel, Vineeth Vijayaraghavan","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343995","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a system operating strategy for a stand-alone PV microgrid where the loads are cumulatively prioritized. Existing microgrids typically employ strategies to control the system operation using static thresholds. This strategy (default operating mode) has been enhanced to formulate the intelligent operating mode, which performs dynamic energy resource allocation based on current energy availability. The intelligent operating mode has two functionalities; load servicing predictions and run-time servicing. Optimal load servicing is predicted for the next three days using solar PV generation forecasts. The availability of these inexpensive forecasts with reasonable accuracy enables intelligent planning and operation of the microgrid. Run-time servicing is done dynamically on an hourly basis, based on the current energy availability. It has been observed that the intelligent operating mode provides a superior servicing efficiency when compared to the default operating mode. The enhanced load servicing provides a means to reduce the size of microgrid system. This in turn results in reduced capital costs, thus establishing a sustainable and scalable pathway for increased global microgrid installations.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125025003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343987
Aya Bseiso, Brett Abele, Shae Ferguson, Peter Lusch, Khanjan Mehta
Affordable greenhouses have been proven to substantially increase crop yields by allowing farmers to grow year-round while, at the same time, decreasing water consumption. These benefits translate to improved livelihoods and food security for urban farmers and improved nutrition for their rural counterparts in resource-constrained areas. Accordingly, affordable greenhouses have been introduced to experienced and novice farmers in Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Mozambique, Zambia, and Sierra Leone. Across these countries with different horticultural traditions, educational infrastructure and agricultural extension systems, there is a distinct knowledge gap on the basics of greenhouse farming. Even those who have previous farming experience need to rethink their strategies in order to transition more efficiently from conventional open-air farming to greenhouse farming. This problem has created the need for a comprehensive and context-appropriate decision-support tool to guide farmers through a series of questions across four phases of greenhouse operations: preparation, planting, nurturing, and harvesting. This article describes a highly visual decision support tool that educates farmers about important considerations and helps them make informed horticultural decisions. It also provides case studies for commonly grown produce like tomatoes, bell peppers and greens. This tool can be deployed on a computer, a tablet, or even a three-ring binder, and has been co-developed with, and validated by, farmer groups in Zambia.
{"title":"A decision support tool for greenhouse farmers in low-resource settings","authors":"Aya Bseiso, Brett Abele, Shae Ferguson, Peter Lusch, Khanjan Mehta","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343987","url":null,"abstract":"Affordable greenhouses have been proven to substantially increase crop yields by allowing farmers to grow year-round while, at the same time, decreasing water consumption. These benefits translate to improved livelihoods and food security for urban farmers and improved nutrition for their rural counterparts in resource-constrained areas. Accordingly, affordable greenhouses have been introduced to experienced and novice farmers in Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Mozambique, Zambia, and Sierra Leone. Across these countries with different horticultural traditions, educational infrastructure and agricultural extension systems, there is a distinct knowledge gap on the basics of greenhouse farming. Even those who have previous farming experience need to rethink their strategies in order to transition more efficiently from conventional open-air farming to greenhouse farming. This problem has created the need for a comprehensive and context-appropriate decision-support tool to guide farmers through a series of questions across four phases of greenhouse operations: preparation, planting, nurturing, and harvesting. This article describes a highly visual decision support tool that educates farmers about important considerations and helps them make informed horticultural decisions. It also provides case studies for commonly grown produce like tomatoes, bell peppers and greens. This tool can be deployed on a computer, a tablet, or even a three-ring binder, and has been co-developed with, and validated by, farmer groups in Zambia.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114144937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343969
M. Ravel, B. Linder, W. Oakes, C. Zoltowski
Engineering and science education is on a trajectory in which core domain knowledge is complemented by the economic and human dimensions of technology. Adding these dimensions can attract a broader range of students to technical careers while also producing more socially conscious innovators. There is growing interest in learning models that can combine technology and community engagement for exposing students to economic and human impacts. This paper outlines lessons learned from two different institutions with programs giving students deep experiences in community-based, technical design projects across both domestic and international environments. One program has grown within a large established university for almost two decades with an emphasis on engineering applied towards community-based design, and has scaled to over 20 universities. The other program emphasizes global collaboration and has been running for five years at a small, private engineering college with a focus on the intersection of engineering, entrepreneurship and society. Highlighting common elements of the two programs gives insights into how to introduce and sustain such education models. We present the lessons learned in critical areas such as curriculum and credit, institutional context, community partnering, faculty development, student preparation and assessment, development processes, project selection, project operations, team organization, advisor roles, and mentoring.
{"title":"Evolving engineering education for social innovation and humanitarian impact — Lessons learned across a range of models","authors":"M. Ravel, B. Linder, W. Oakes, C. Zoltowski","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343969","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering and science education is on a trajectory in which core domain knowledge is complemented by the economic and human dimensions of technology. Adding these dimensions can attract a broader range of students to technical careers while also producing more socially conscious innovators. There is growing interest in learning models that can combine technology and community engagement for exposing students to economic and human impacts. This paper outlines lessons learned from two different institutions with programs giving students deep experiences in community-based, technical design projects across both domestic and international environments. One program has grown within a large established university for almost two decades with an emphasis on engineering applied towards community-based design, and has scaled to over 20 universities. The other program emphasizes global collaboration and has been running for five years at a small, private engineering college with a focus on the intersection of engineering, entrepreneurship and society. Highlighting common elements of the two programs gives insights into how to introduce and sustain such education models. We present the lessons learned in critical areas such as curriculum and credit, institutional context, community partnering, faculty development, student preparation and assessment, development processes, project selection, project operations, team organization, advisor roles, and mentoring.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116384706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343989
A. Mahmoud, Tuan Nguyen Quang, E. Pavlov, A. Bilton
Aquaculture is a major driver of economic growth in rural Southeast Asia where many families rely on small-scale fish ponds to supplement their livelihoods. However, due to lack of aeration and other advanced aquaculture technologies, yields in those rural ponds have been low. Aeration systems are typically not employed due to lack of access to reliable electricity, as well as prohibitive capital, operating, and maintenance costs. In this paper, we describe a design concept for an innovative, low-cost, solar-thermal aeration system that is appropriate for pond aquaculture in resource-constrained, rural settings. The Solar Updraft Aeration (SUpA) system consists of a solar collector and an externally-insulated draft tube, which conduct heat to the oxygen-depleted deeper layers of the pond. This induces convective circulation, which mixes oxygen generated naturally by phytoplankton in the epilimnion throughout the pond depth, while preventing oxygen losses to the atmosphere due to supersaturation at the pond surface. The result is an increase in the overall oxygen content of the pond, which improves the health of the fish and allows for greater pond productivity. This paper presents the preliminary models developed for concept evaluation. These models describe the oxygen generation and consumption within the aquaculture pond and evaluate the convective water circulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In the next design phase, the results from these models will be used to tailor a prototype system for field testing in Vietnam.
{"title":"Development of a solar updraft aeration system for pond aquaculture in resource-constrained environments","authors":"A. Mahmoud, Tuan Nguyen Quang, E. Pavlov, A. Bilton","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343989","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaculture is a major driver of economic growth in rural Southeast Asia where many families rely on small-scale fish ponds to supplement their livelihoods. However, due to lack of aeration and other advanced aquaculture technologies, yields in those rural ponds have been low. Aeration systems are typically not employed due to lack of access to reliable electricity, as well as prohibitive capital, operating, and maintenance costs. In this paper, we describe a design concept for an innovative, low-cost, solar-thermal aeration system that is appropriate for pond aquaculture in resource-constrained, rural settings. The Solar Updraft Aeration (SUpA) system consists of a solar collector and an externally-insulated draft tube, which conduct heat to the oxygen-depleted deeper layers of the pond. This induces convective circulation, which mixes oxygen generated naturally by phytoplankton in the epilimnion throughout the pond depth, while preventing oxygen losses to the atmosphere due to supersaturation at the pond surface. The result is an increase in the overall oxygen content of the pond, which improves the health of the fish and allows for greater pond productivity. This paper presents the preliminary models developed for concept evaluation. These models describe the oxygen generation and consumption within the aquaculture pond and evaluate the convective water circulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In the next design phase, the results from these models will be used to tailor a prototype system for field testing in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131752642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343978
Rakshit Agrawal, Aaron Springer, Emily Lovell
Following a disaster, there are generally many volunteers willing and able to help those affected. While volunteers can quickly contribute in terms of donations and aid collection, their ability to help further is limited by the complexity of tasks. While technologies exist for volunteers to be able to set up and assist in disaster response data collection and management systems, they require a certain amount of technical knowledge which a large segment of volunteers may lack. Moreover, the need to learn such systems within a small time frame may pose a challenge if systems work and appear differently from those being used in day-to-day life. This paper presents QuickResponseHost, an information system that enables volunteers to quickly host their own disaster response systems and begin helping those nearby without having extensive technical knowledge. The interface of this system has been designed to make sure that the task of creating a response station is as simple as downloading an executable program. These distributed base stations allow volunteers to report injuries, missing reports, resources, etc. The stations function offline and synchronize data with a central server when connected. With an intentionally designed user interface and multiple layers of abstraction, QuickResponseHost makes any volunteer with a laptop computer capable of participating in the recovery process.
{"title":"QuickResponseHost: Enabling crowdsourced disaster response stations","authors":"Rakshit Agrawal, Aaron Springer, Emily Lovell","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343978","url":null,"abstract":"Following a disaster, there are generally many volunteers willing and able to help those affected. While volunteers can quickly contribute in terms of donations and aid collection, their ability to help further is limited by the complexity of tasks. While technologies exist for volunteers to be able to set up and assist in disaster response data collection and management systems, they require a certain amount of technical knowledge which a large segment of volunteers may lack. Moreover, the need to learn such systems within a small time frame may pose a challenge if systems work and appear differently from those being used in day-to-day life. This paper presents QuickResponseHost, an information system that enables volunteers to quickly host their own disaster response systems and begin helping those nearby without having extensive technical knowledge. The interface of this system has been designed to make sure that the task of creating a response station is as simple as downloading an executable program. These distributed base stations allow volunteers to report injuries, missing reports, resources, etc. The stations function offline and synchronize data with a central server when connected. With an intentionally designed user interface and multiple layers of abstraction, QuickResponseHost makes any volunteer with a laptop computer capable of participating in the recovery process.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132138414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343958
A. Weinert, Hong Hu, Chad Spensky, Benjamin L. Bullough
During a disaster, conventional communications infrastructures are often compromised, which prevents local populations from contacting family, friends, and colleagues. The lack of communication also impedes responder efforts to gather, organize, and disseminate information. This problem is made worse by the unique cost and operational constraints typically associated with the humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) space. In response, we present a low-cost, scalable system that creates a wide-area, best-effort, ad-hoc wireless network for emergency information. The Communication Assistance Technology over Ad-Hoc Networks (CATAN) system embraces the maker and do it yourself (DIY) communities by leveraging open-source and hobbyist technologies to create cheap, lightweight, battery-powered nodes that can be deployed quickly for a variety of operations. CATAN enables geographically separated users to share information on standard interfaces, i.e. web and SMS, over commonly-used communication interfaces, i.e. GSM and Wi-Fi. These interfaces enable CATAN to accommodate a variety of digital devices while leveraging the global ubiquity of cellular devices. By emphasizing simple, mature, technologies, CATAN avoids many problems that hinder many general purpose ad-hoc technologies. We have tested our infrastructure in a variety of environments and have open-sourced the entire project to encourage collaboration with the greater HADR community.
在灾难期间，传统的通信基础设施经常受到破坏，这使当地居民无法与家人、朋友和同事联系。缺乏沟通也阻碍了救援人员收集、组织和传播信息的努力。通常与人道主义援助和救灾(HADR)领域相关的独特成本和操作限制使这一问题更加严重。作为回应，我们提出了一个低成本、可扩展的系统，它为应急信息创建了一个广域、尽力而为的自组织无线网络。基于自组织网络(CATAN)的通信辅助技术(Communication Assistance Technology over Ad-Hoc Networks，简称CATAN)系统通过利用开源和业余爱好者技术来创建廉价、轻便、电池供电的节点，从而支持制造者和自己动手(DIY)社区，这些节点可以快速部署到各种操作中。CATAN使地理上分离的用户能够通过GSM和Wi-Fi等常用通信接口，在标准接口(即web和SMS)上共享信息。这些接口使CATAN能够适应各种数字设备，同时利用全球无处不在的蜂窝设备。通过强调简单、成熟的技术，CATAN避免了许多阻碍许多通用ad-hoc技术的问题。我们已经在各种环境中测试了我们的基础设施，并开放了整个项目的源代码，以鼓励与更大的HADR社区合作。
{"title":"Using open-source hardware to support disadvantaged communications","authors":"A. Weinert, Hong Hu, Chad Spensky, Benjamin L. Bullough","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343958","url":null,"abstract":"During a disaster, conventional communications infrastructures are often compromised, which prevents local populations from contacting family, friends, and colleagues. The lack of communication also impedes responder efforts to gather, organize, and disseminate information. This problem is made worse by the unique cost and operational constraints typically associated with the humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) space. In response, we present a low-cost, scalable system that creates a wide-area, best-effort, ad-hoc wireless network for emergency information. The Communication Assistance Technology over Ad-Hoc Networks (CATAN) system embraces the maker and do it yourself (DIY) communities by leveraging open-source and hobbyist technologies to create cheap, lightweight, battery-powered nodes that can be deployed quickly for a variety of operations. CATAN enables geographically separated users to share information on standard interfaces, i.e. web and SMS, over commonly-used communication interfaces, i.e. GSM and Wi-Fi. These interfaces enable CATAN to accommodate a variety of digital devices while leveraging the global ubiquity of cellular devices. By emphasizing simple, mature, technologies, CATAN avoids many problems that hinder many general purpose ad-hoc technologies. We have tested our infrastructure in a variety of environments and have open-sourced the entire project to encourage collaboration with the greater HADR community.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127541542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343983
Kyle M. Reilly, M. Birner, N. Johnson
High concentrations of carbon monoxide and particulate matter can cause respiratory disease, illness, and death in high doses. Air pollution is a concern in many urban areas of emerging markets that rely on outdated technologies for transportation and electricity generation; rural air quality is also a concern when noting the high prevalence of products of incomplete combustion resulting from open fires for cooking and heating. Monitoring air quality is an essential step to identifying these and other factors that affect air quality, and thereafter informing engineering and policy decisions to improve the quality of air. This study seeks to measure changes in air quality across spatial and temporal domains, with a specific focus on emerging markets and the developing world. A prototype, low-cost air quality monitoring device has been developed to measure the concentrations of particulate matter, ozone, and carbon monoxide at a rate of one sample per minute. The device communicates data wirelessly via cell towers or using a nearby Wi-Fi network, and can run off-grid using a solar PV-battery system. The device can be replicated and deployed across regions for high-fidelity emissions monitoring to explore the effect of anthropogenic and environmental factors on intra-hour air quality. Hardware and software used in the device is described, and the wireless data communication protocols and capabilities are discussed.
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Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343963
D. McClure, I. Gray
The growing ability of the Humanitarian Sector to apply lightweight lean innovation techniques and deliver promising new Pilot programs has not been matched by corresponding capacity to bring these ideas to scale. The initial explanation this shortfall has been the failure of Pilots to adequately apply techniques such as User Centered Design. This focus ignores deeper more systematic challenges in the way an innovation must be transformed from a fast moving Pilot to a mature solution ready for replication. We've identified the gap between these two very different solution states as the Missing Middle of innovation. It is characterized by complex solution architecture challenges across multiple domains. In this perspective, the primary reason innovations fail to scale is not because of bad Pilots, but because of the general omission of a set of complex solution architecture tasks. Little attention has been given to this difficult work. In an effort to provide a framing model around the nature of the challenge, this paper proposes four areas that need to be intentionally addressed as part of a Scale Up initiative. The Four C's include, Completeness, Compromise, Connection and Commercials. The paper describes the nature of each of these Scale Up challenges in the light of the Humanitarian Sector.
{"title":"Engineering scale up in humanitarian innovations missing middle","authors":"D. McClure, I. Gray","doi":"10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343963","url":null,"abstract":"The growing ability of the Humanitarian Sector to apply lightweight lean innovation techniques and deliver promising new Pilot programs has not been matched by corresponding capacity to bring these ideas to scale. The initial explanation this shortfall has been the failure of Pilots to adequately apply techniques such as User Centered Design. This focus ignores deeper more systematic challenges in the way an innovation must be transformed from a fast moving Pilot to a mature solution ready for replication. We've identified the gap between these two very different solution states as the Missing Middle of innovation. It is characterized by complex solution architecture challenges across multiple domains. In this perspective, the primary reason innovations fail to scale is not because of bad Pilots, but because of the general omission of a set of complex solution architecture tasks. Little attention has been given to this difficult work. In an effort to provide a framing model around the nature of the challenge, this paper proposes four areas that need to be intentionally addressed as part of a Scale Up initiative. The Four C's include, Completeness, Compromise, Connection and Commercials. The paper describes the nature of each of these Scale Up challenges in the light of the Humanitarian Sector.","PeriodicalId":193664,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133717808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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