Nutrition and Metabolic Insights最新文献

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases risk for morbidity and premature mortality. Blood pressure, waist circumference, and fasting triglycerides (TG), blood glucose (BG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) are factors for determining MetS. The Simple Method for Quantifying Metabolic Syndrome (siMS) score and risk score estimate risk of MetS. The purpose for this study was to exam the relationship of animal-based (ABP) and plant-based protein (PLP) with MetS as estimated by siMS score and risk score. Physical activty is another important consideration in MetS as it can reduce blood pressure, waist circumference and blood glucose, and affect blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations.

Methods: A cross-sectional study examined whether physical activity (PA) level and dietary protein source (i.e., animal- or plant-based) among young (18-24 years) and middle-aged (45-60 years) females were associated with siMS score and siMS risk score. Average time spent in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; min/wk), steps (steps/day), energy intake (kcal/day), percent dietary protein to total energy intake, ABP and PLP dietary intake, and ABP:PLP ratio (g/day) were included in the analysis. Volunteers were recruited from North Dakota and Minnesota from 2017 to 2019.

Results: Eighty-one female participants (mean ± SD; young, n = 38, 20.4 ± 1.7 years, middle-aged, 52.5 ± 4.8 years) were included in the independent t-tests used to examine group differences in age, body mass index, HDL, BG, TG, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, energy intake, energy intake percentage of total carbohydrates, fat, protein, ABP, and PLP, ABP:PLP, siMS score, and siMS risk score. Stepwise linear regressions were used to evaluate whether PA level and dietary protein source were predictors of siMS score and siMS risk score among young and middle-aged adult females. There was an inverse relationship between PLP intake and siMS score. The model explained 6.9% of the variance in siMS risk score (F_{1, 80} = 5.93). Plant-based protein intake was inversely related to siMS risk score while light PA was positively associated with siMS risk score. The model explained 16% of the variance in siMS risk score (F_{1, 80} = 7.53). Animal-based dietary protein intake did not impact siMS score (p = 0.180) and siMS risk score (p = 0.283).

Conclusions: Plant-based protein intake was associated with a lower risk of MetS via siMS scores, while ABP was not associated. Given the nature of the cross-sectional design of this study, no causal relationship can be determined, but longitudinal studies or randomized control trials to confirm the results from this study are needed in the future.

Background: Anemia is a condition in which hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and/or red blood cell (RBC) numbers are lower than normal and insufficient to meet an individual's physiological needs. The prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age is high in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Sierra Leone. However, data on anemia among lactating women in Sierra Leone are scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of anemia and determine its associated factors among lactating women in Sierra Leone.

Methods: The 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey (SLDH) data were used of which 1543 lactating women aged 15 to 49 years old had hemoglobin measurements. Multistage stratified sampling was used to select study participants and data were collected using validated questionnaires. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with anemia among lactating women in Sierra Leone.

Results: The general prevalence of anemia among lactating women in Sierra Leone was 52.9% (95% CI = 50.9-55.8). Almost a quarter, 23.8% (95% CI = 22.1-26.3) of the lactating women had mild anemia, 27.4% (95% CI = 25.3-29.7) had moderate anemia and 1.7% (95% CI = 1.1-2.5) had severe anemia. The use of modern contraceptives (aOR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.09-2.47), not being visited by a field worker in the past year (aOR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.12-2.03) and being Muslim (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.11-1.91), were associated with higher odds of being anemic. Being given and having bought iron supplements during pregnancy (aOR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.25-0.87) was associated with less odds of being anemic.

Conclusion: More than half of the lactating mothers in our study were anemic. The risk factors for anemia in our study included: use of modern contraceptives, not being visited by a field worker in the past year and being Muslim. Receiving iron supplements during pregnancy was protective against anemia. According to the results from this study, the recommendation for lactating women was to maintain routine interface with the healthcare system which includes being visited by a field worker who should prescribe and issue iron supplements to them. Lactating women especially Muslims should receive routine nutrition education by the health workers at the health facilities during antenatal care visits or postnatal care in regard to anemia and means of prevention and treatment. Community stakeholders should also work in collaboration to establish scalable methods to correctly identify pregnant women with risk factors, inform them about anemia with caution, and apply appropriate measures as trained or instructed.

Background: Evenness of protein intake is associated with increased lean mass, but its relationship with muscle strength and performance is uncertain.

Objectives: We determined the association of evenness of protein intake with lean mass, muscle strength and endurance, and functional ability.

Design: This was a cross-sectional study.

Setting: Data were collected at a research university in the upper midwestern United States.

Participants: One hundred ninety-two healthy women, aged 18 to 79 years, mean ± SEM 41.9 ± 1.3, completed the study.

Measurements: Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day food diaries verified with food frequency questionnaires. To assess evenness of protein intake, the day was divided into 3 periods: waking to 11:30, 11:31 to 16:30, and after 16:30. Lean mass was measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Lower-body muscle strength and endurance were determined using isokinetic dynamometry. Upper-body muscle strength was maximal handgrip strength. Functional ability was assessed using 6-m gait speed and 30-second chair stand tests. Accelerometry measured physical activity.

Results: Intakes of 25 g or more of protein at 1 or more of the 3 periods was positively associated with lean mass (β ± S.E.; 1.067 ± 0.273 kg, P < .001) and upper-body (3.274 ± 0.737 kg, P < .001) and lower-body strength (22.858 ± 7.918 Nm, P = .004) when controlling for age, body mass index, physical activity, and energy and protein intakes. Consuming at least 0.24 g/kg/period for those under 60 years and 0.4 g/kg/period for those 60 years and older was related to lean mass (0.754 ± 0.244 kg, P = .002), upper-body strength (2.451 ± 0.658 kg, P < .001), and lower-body endurance (184.852 ± 77.185 J, P = .018), controlling for the same variables.

Conclusions: Evenness of protein intake is related to lean mass, muscle strength, and muscular endurance in women. Spreading protein intake throughout the day maximizes the anabolic response to dietary protein, benefiting muscle mass and performance.

Introduction: The current prevalence of the metabolically healthy obesity is about 3%. Genetic and nutrition are influencers of such phenotypes. The main goal of this study was to assess the interaction between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (DTAC) and the genotypes of MC4R and Insulin resistance in metabolically healthy/unhealthy overweight and obese women in Iran.

Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 237 overweight-obese women with a mean age of 36. The value of Dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) was calculated using the following indices: Total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). The Metabolic health status was evaluated using the Karelis criteria. Melanocortin 4 receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms were determined by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Also, insulin resistance was evaluated through homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).

Result: Our data noted that 72.96% of participants presented Unhealthy Metabolically and 26.94% Healthy Metabolically including 33.5% of the total had T/T genotype, 23.8% had the C/T genotype, and 42.5% had the C/C genotype (P = .05). A linear regression model test showed that the probability of metabolically healthy obesity was significantly higher in patients with the T/C genotype. The test value was statistically significant (95% CI: 0.000-0.001; P = .056, β = 0). No statistically significant relation was observed between study parameters and DTAC values. HOMA-Index was higher in all unhealthy subjects significantly.

Conclusions: The findings indicated that there are significant associations between genotypes of rs1333048 SNP and DTAC. The C/C genotype subjects with higher DTAC had a better lipid profile and were metabolically healthier.

Background: Malnutrition affects millions of people in developing countries and contributes to poor health outcomes and nutritional status among women in the postpartum period. Lactation increases high nutritional demands and marks a significant life transition that can impact diet quality and subsequently predispose woman to high risk of overweight and undernutrition. Although, studies have been conducted on the nutritional status of lactating women, there is a gap especially on women's nutritional status during the postpartum period. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional status of postpartum women and associated factors in Shey-Bench District, Bench-Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020.

Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shey-Bench District from March 1 to 30/2020 among 359 postpartum mothers. Bivariate analysis was employed to select candidate variables at P-value <.25 as a cut-off point. Multiple multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables significantly associated with nutritional status of the mother at P < .05 with 95% CI.

Results: The study revealed that 10.3% of women were underweight and 16.7% were overweight. Employed mothers (AOR = 4.467, 95% CI [1.05-19.04]), employed husband (AOR = 0.087, 95% CI [0.021-0.370]), farmer husband (AOR = 0.084, 95% CI [0.024-0.293]), trader husband (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI [0.0614-0.616]), married mother (AOR = 0.222, 95% CI [0.088-0.560]), dietary diversity (AOR = 0.181, 95% CI [0.075-0.436]) were significantly associated with underweight and while being overweight was associated with dietary diversity, maternal age of between 15 to 24 and 25 to 34, exclusive breastfeeding, and frequency of breastfeeding.

Conclusion: This study found a lower prevalence of underweight compared with overweight in the study area. Occupational status, marital status, age of the mother, dietary diversity, exclusive and frequency of breastfeeding were significantly associated factors with nutritional status of postpartum mother. We recommend strengthening the provision of nutrition education on modifiable factors with collaboration of other sectors.

Background: The increased coverage of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services has significantly reduced paediatric HIV infection incidence. The aim of the study was to compare breast milk omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of HIV infected and uninfected mothers and determine the association between fatty acid profiles and postnatal transmission of HIV, morbidity/mortality of HIV exposed and unexposed infants.

Methods: A prospective cohort study of 57 HIV infected and 57 HIV uninfected lactating mothers was conducted in Gweru, Zimbabwe from July 2019 to March 2020. The women's 114 babies (term and preterm) were also enrolled and stratified by HIV exposure and infection status. The mother-infant pairs were followed up at 6 weeks, 16 weeks and 6 months postpartum to determine, HIV transmission rate, breast milk polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles as well as infant clinical outcomes.

Results: The mean breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels in HIV uninfected mothers (0.82 ± 0.92; 0.47 ± 0.75 μg/ml respectively) at 6 weeks postpartum were significantly higher compared to those of HIV infected mothers (0.33 ± 0.32; 0.08 ± 0.14 μg/ml) respectively. The same pattern was observed at 16 weeks postpartum in terms of DHA and EPA mean concentration. However, the arachidonic acid (AA) levels and AA/DHA ratio measured at 6 weeks postpartum were significantly higher in HIV infected mothers (2.31 ± 2.01; 17.18 ± 52.47 respectively) compared to HIV uninfected mothers (0.82 ± 0.54; 9.71 ± 21.80; P < .001). A higher morbidity rate was observed amongst HIV exposed infants than HIV unexposed infants (3.26 ± 0.13; 2.49 ± 0.09; P < .001) respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between AA and infant morbidity (r = .388; P < .001).

Conclusion: Deficiencies in breast milk omega-3 fatty acids were observed in HIV infected women. Maintaining a healthy balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid diets is critical for breast feeding mothers regardless of their HIV status. The adverse clinical outcomes observed amongst HIV exposed infants emphasise their vulnerability under conditions of maternal universal antiretroviral therapy.

Diabetes is characterized by an impaired ability to appropriately control blood glucose. Postprandial hyperglycemia, in particular, is associated with complications in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this study was to determine how sugar-free dark chocolate sweetened with stevia, erythritol, and inulin impacts postprandial blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes compared to conventional dark chocolate. In a randomized crossover design, 13 participants consumed 1 bar (34 g) of sugar-free dark chocolate or 1 bar (34 g) of conventional dark chocolate with glucose levels measured before and throughout a 120-min postprandial period. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was lower after the consumption of sugar-free dark chocolate (-65%, P = .04) compared to conventional dark chocolate. No significant differences between chocolates were found for peak glucose value above baseline, the total area under the curve, or peak glucose values. Our results suggest that a sugar-free dark chocolate bar sweetened with stevia, erythritol and inulin led to a lower blood glucose iAUC compared to the conventional dark chocolate bar in people with diabetes, whilst longer-term effects on glucose control remain to be determined.

Background: The world is now suffering from malnutrition and remains one of the leading causes of death for under 5 children. Children from developing countries, including Ethiopia also suffer from undernutrition due to suboptimal breastfeeding practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the EIBF practices and determinants among children aged less than 24 months in West Belessa district, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2 to February 28, 2019 in the West Belessa district. A total of 569 mother-children pairs were participated in the study. Study particnapants were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed by using Epi-Info version 7 and SPPS version 20, respectively. Bi-variable and Multivariable logistic regression analysis were done. Odds ratio with 95% confidence was done to determine the level of significance value less than .05 considered as significant with the outcome variable.

Result: The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) was found to be 77.7 % (95%CI, 74.3-81.0). Age of the mother (AOR = 2.76, 95%CI [1.21, 6.27]), antenatal care (ANC) (AOR = 3.79, 95%CI [2.58, 9.94]), and number of antenatal care visit (AOR = 1.85, 95%CI [1.03, 3.85]) were significantly associated with early initiation of breastfeeding.

Conclusion and recommendation: In this study, more than three fourth of children were received early initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour after delivery. Age of the mother, antenatal, and number of antenatal care were associated with EIBF. Therefore, during this contact period, improve antenatal services by increasing accessibility and providing counseling is important to improve EIBF utilization.

Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a pivotal gasotransmitter networking with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) to regulate basic homeostatic functions. It is released by the alternative pathways of transulfuration by the enzymes Cystathionine Beta Synthase (CBS) and Cystathionine Gamma Lyase (CSE), and by Cysteine AminoTransferase (CAT)/ 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfur Transferase (3MPST). A non-enzymatic, intravascular release is also in place. We retrospectively investigated the possibility to modulate the endogenous H₂S release and signaling in humans by a dietary manipulation with supplemented micronutrients (L-cystine, Taurine and pyridoxal 5-phopsphate/P5P).

Methods: Patients referring for antiaging purposes underwent a 10-day supplementation. Blood was collected at baseline and after treatment and the metabolome was investigated by mass spectrometry to monitor the changes in the metabolites reporting on H₂S metabolism and related pathways.

Results: Data were available from 6 middle aged subjects (2 women). Micronutrients increased 3-mercaptopyruvate (P = .03), reporting on the activity of CAT that provides the substrate for H₂S release within mitochondria by 3MPST, decreased lanthionine (P = .024), reporting the release of H₂S from CBS, and had no significant effect of H₂S release from CSE. This is compatible with a homeostatic balancing. We also recorded a strong increase of reporters of H₂S-induced pathways including 5-MethylTHF (P = .001) and SAME (P = .022), reporting on methylation capacity, and of BH4 (P = .021) and BH2 (P = .028) reporting on nitric oxide metabolism. These activations may be explained by the concomitant induction of non-enzymatic release of H₂S.

Conclusions: Although the current evidences are weak and will need to be confirmed, the effect of micronutrients was compatible with an increase of the H₂S endogenous release and signaling within the control of homeostatic mechanisms, further endorsing the role of feeding in health and disease. These effects might result in a H₂S boosting effect in case of defective activity of pathologic origin, which should be checked in duly designed clinical trials.