Nutrition and Metabolic Insights最新文献

Background: Malnutrition affects millions of people in developing countries and contributes to poor health outcomes and nutritional status among women in the postpartum period. Lactation increases high nutritional demands and marks a significant life transition that can impact diet quality and subsequently predispose woman to high risk of overweight and undernutrition. Although, studies have been conducted on the nutritional status of lactating women, there is a gap especially on women's nutritional status during the postpartum period. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional status of postpartum women and associated factors in Shey-Bench District, Bench-Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020.

Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shey-Bench District from March 1 to 30/2020 among 359 postpartum mothers. Bivariate analysis was employed to select candidate variables at P-value <.25 as a cut-off point. Multiple multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables significantly associated with nutritional status of the mother at P < .05 with 95% CI.

Results: The study revealed that 10.3% of women were underweight and 16.7% were overweight. Employed mothers (AOR = 4.467, 95% CI [1.05-19.04]), employed husband (AOR = 0.087, 95% CI [0.021-0.370]), farmer husband (AOR = 0.084, 95% CI [0.024-0.293]), trader husband (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI [0.0614-0.616]), married mother (AOR = 0.222, 95% CI [0.088-0.560]), dietary diversity (AOR = 0.181, 95% CI [0.075-0.436]) were significantly associated with underweight and while being overweight was associated with dietary diversity, maternal age of between 15 to 24 and 25 to 34, exclusive breastfeeding, and frequency of breastfeeding.

Conclusion: This study found a lower prevalence of underweight compared with overweight in the study area. Occupational status, marital status, age of the mother, dietary diversity, exclusive and frequency of breastfeeding were significantly associated factors with nutritional status of postpartum mother. We recommend strengthening the provision of nutrition education on modifiable factors with collaboration of other sectors.

Background: The increased coverage of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services has significantly reduced paediatric HIV infection incidence. The aim of the study was to compare breast milk omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of HIV infected and uninfected mothers and determine the association between fatty acid profiles and postnatal transmission of HIV, morbidity/mortality of HIV exposed and unexposed infants.

Methods: A prospective cohort study of 57 HIV infected and 57 HIV uninfected lactating mothers was conducted in Gweru, Zimbabwe from July 2019 to March 2020. The women's 114 babies (term and preterm) were also enrolled and stratified by HIV exposure and infection status. The mother-infant pairs were followed up at 6 weeks, 16 weeks and 6 months postpartum to determine, HIV transmission rate, breast milk polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles as well as infant clinical outcomes.

Results: The mean breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels in HIV uninfected mothers (0.82 ± 0.92; 0.47 ± 0.75 μg/ml respectively) at 6 weeks postpartum were significantly higher compared to those of HIV infected mothers (0.33 ± 0.32; 0.08 ± 0.14 μg/ml) respectively. The same pattern was observed at 16 weeks postpartum in terms of DHA and EPA mean concentration. However, the arachidonic acid (AA) levels and AA/DHA ratio measured at 6 weeks postpartum were significantly higher in HIV infected mothers (2.31 ± 2.01; 17.18 ± 52.47 respectively) compared to HIV uninfected mothers (0.82 ± 0.54; 9.71 ± 21.80; P < .001). A higher morbidity rate was observed amongst HIV exposed infants than HIV unexposed infants (3.26 ± 0.13; 2.49 ± 0.09; P < .001) respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between AA and infant morbidity (r = .388; P < .001).

Conclusion: Deficiencies in breast milk omega-3 fatty acids were observed in HIV infected women. Maintaining a healthy balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid diets is critical for breast feeding mothers regardless of their HIV status. The adverse clinical outcomes observed amongst HIV exposed infants emphasise their vulnerability under conditions of maternal universal antiretroviral therapy.

Diabetes is characterized by an impaired ability to appropriately control blood glucose. Postprandial hyperglycemia, in particular, is associated with complications in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this study was to determine how sugar-free dark chocolate sweetened with stevia, erythritol, and inulin impacts postprandial blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes compared to conventional dark chocolate. In a randomized crossover design, 13 participants consumed 1 bar (34 g) of sugar-free dark chocolate or 1 bar (34 g) of conventional dark chocolate with glucose levels measured before and throughout a 120-min postprandial period. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was lower after the consumption of sugar-free dark chocolate (-65%, P = .04) compared to conventional dark chocolate. No significant differences between chocolates were found for peak glucose value above baseline, the total area under the curve, or peak glucose values. Our results suggest that a sugar-free dark chocolate bar sweetened with stevia, erythritol and inulin led to a lower blood glucose iAUC compared to the conventional dark chocolate bar in people with diabetes, whilst longer-term effects on glucose control remain to be determined.

Chronic heavy alcohol exposure causes steatohepatitis manifested by abnormal intra-hepatocyte accumulation of lipid and parenchymal inflammation. Attendant alterations in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing phospholipids could cause alcoholic liver disease (ALD) to progress by promoting oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Previously we showed that myriocin, a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor, ameliorates experimental alcohol-induced steatohepatitis. However, the surprising overall therapeutic responses suggested that myriocin's targets may go beyond sphingolipids. To this end, the present study examines the effects of myriocin on hepatic composition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and arachidonic acid (AA)-containing phospholipids in an experimental model of ALD. A chronic+binge ethanol exposure model was generated by feeding Long Evans rats with ethanol-containing diets (24% caloric content) for 8 weeks and simultaneously binge gavage administering 2 g/kg ethanol on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays during Weeks 6-8. Myriocin was administered by i.p. injection on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays of Weeks 3-8. Control rats were studied in parallel. Upon euthanasia, the livers were harvested to examine ethanol- and/or myriocin-modulation of hepatic lipids using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). Results were analyzed statistically by two-way analysis of variance and depicted with data bar plots and heatmaps. Chronic+binge ethanol exposures significantly increased hepatic expression of AA-containing phospholipids including PE(36:4) (P = .005), PE(38:4) (P = .03), and PI(38:4) (P = .04) and reduced DHA-containing phospholipids including PS(40:6) (P = .03) and PE(40:6) (P = .04) relative to control. Myriocin partially reversed ethanol's effects on hepatic PUFA expression by decreasing PE(36:4) (P = .004) and increasing PS(40:6) (P = .04) and PI(40:6) (P = .0003) relative to ethanol-exposed rats. Ethanol-mediated alterations in hepatic PUFA-containing phospholipids may contribute to hepatic oxidative and inflammatory injury by increasing AA and fibrogenesis by inhibiting DHA. The results suggest that Myriocin may help reduce or prevent long-term and progressive liver injury stemming from excessive chronic+binge ethanol consumption.

Several small-scale trials indicate a positive correlation between dietary creatine intake and fat-free mass in the pediatric population; whether this connection occurs at the population-wide level remains currently unknown. The main purpose of this cross-sectional study was to calculate the amount of creatine consumed through a regular diet among U.S. boys and girls aged 8 to 19 years, and investigate the link between creatine consumption and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived body composition indices in this population. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018 round, with dietary information and whole-body DXA body composition measures extracted for respondents aged 8 to 19 years (1273 participants, 649 boys and 624 girls). Individual values for total grams of creatine consumed per day for each participant were computed using the average amount of creatine (3.88 g/kg) across all creatine-containing foods. The primary exposure was the mean daily intake of creatine; the primary and secondary outcomes comprised lean mass excluding bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density, BMC, lean mass including BMC, fat mass, and percent body fat, respectively. The average intake of creatine across the sample was 0.65 ± 0.72 g/day (95% CI, from 0.61 to 0.69). Creatine positively correlated with lean mass (excluding BMC) and BMC across the whole sample (r = .18 and .20, respectively; P < .001); a significant negative correlation was found between creatine intake and percent body fat (r = -.09; P = .001). The higher intake of creatine was associated with higher lean mass in girls and higher BMC in boys, while taking more creatine corresponded to less body fat for both genders (P < .05). Our findings indicate a significant correlation between dietary creatine and DXA-derived body composition biomarkers in a nationally representative cohort of U.S. youth. These results justify further research of creatine's role in modifying body morphology in the pediatric population, taking into account the age and sex specific traits.

Rice bran (RB) is a nutrient-rich by-product of the rice milling process. It consists of pericarp, seed coat, nucellus, and aleurone layer. RB is a rich source of a protein, fat, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (mainly oryzanols and tocopherols), and is currently mostly used as animal feed. Various studies have revealed the beneficial health effects of RB, which result from its functional components including dietary fiber, rice bran protein, and gamma-oryzanol. The health effects of RB including antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, hypotensive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, while its consumption also improves bowel function. These health benefits have drawn increasing attention to RB in food applications and as a nutraceutical product to mitigate metabolic risk factors in humans. This review therefore focuses on RB and its health benefits.

Introduction: Citrulline is regarded as a biomarker for celiac disease (CD). Its utility for assessment and evaluation of additive predictive value for latent, potential CD and first degree relatives (FDRs) needs exploration.

Method: Consecutive 558 index cases diagnosed as per European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) 2012 guidelines and their 1565 FDRs were evaluated over five and half year period. Serology negative FDRs at initial visit and follow ups were served as controls. HLA typing for DQ2 and DQ8 genotypes, along with plasma and dried blood spot (DBS) filter paper citrulline were evaluated.

Results: Median plasma citrulline values were 20.1 and 37.33 µMol/l in cases and controls (P < .001). Cut off values for Marsh grade 3a, 3b, and 3c were 35.0, 32.8, 25.26 µMol/l in CD patients and 36.51, 30.10, 25.26 µMol/l in biopsy proven FDR. Increasing trends of plasma citrulline levels with decreasing tTG-IgA levels were observed on follow up. Low plasma citrulline levels were observed with HLA DQ 2.5 genotype (P < .05). Agreement between DBS and plasma citrulline was 94.8%.

Conclusion: Citrulline is a good surrogate biomarker for identification of histopathological grade of damage, extent of mucosal recovery and has negative correlation with tTG-IgA. It identifies the silent and latent phase of CD. DBS citrulline provides adequate information and can be used for monitoring CD patients at remote locations.

Background: A poor dietary intake of key macronutrients and micronutrients adversely affects pregnancy outcomes and neonatal health. The occurrence of dietary inadequacy during pregnancy is higher compared to any other stage of the life cycle. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dietary practice and associated factors among pregnant women.

Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 378 pregnant women from March to May 2021 at the public health institution of Mizan-Aman town, southwest Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling technique was used to reach the study participants. The short food-frequency questionnaires and nutrition-behaviors checklist measurement were used to assess the dietary practice. Nine questions were applied to assess the dietary attitudes of the respondents. After the summation of the score, the respondent was categorized as favorable attitude if their score was > the median and unfavorable attitude if their score was ⩽ to the median of the score. The data were entered into Epi Data 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 software for analysis. Variables of P-value <.25 during bivariate logistic regression analysis were considered for multivariate analysis. Finally variables with an adjusted odds ratio of P-value <.05 along with a 95% Confidence interval (CI) were declared statistically significant.

Results: The overall magnitude of good dietary practice among pregnant women was 25.1% (95% CI: 20.9, 29.71%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the variables having television/radio (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.8, 10.2), household food security (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 9.9), good dietary knowledge(AOR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.98, 8.6), favorable dietary attitude (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.2, 8.7), monthly income of 1000 to 2000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.3,11.2) and >2000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 7.0;95% CI: 3.3,15.4) were significantly associated with good dietary practice.

Conclusion: The dietary practice among pregnant women was very low. The factors like having television/radio, good dietary knowledge, household food security, favorable dietary attitude, and monthly income of 1000 to 200 and greater than 2000 Ethiopian birr were significantly associated with the good dietary practice of pregnant women.