Pub Date : 2021-09-30eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/11786388211047056
Quraish Sserwanja, Kassim Kamara, Linet M Mutisya, Milton W Musaba, Shirin Ziaei
Background: Undernutrition accounts for at least 50% of the annual global under-five mortality burden. Although disparities in the childhood stunting between urban and rural areas in Sierra Leone have been documented, information on factors associated with these differences is lacking. We aimed to determine rural-urban correlates of stunting among children under the age of 5 in Sierra Leone.
Methods: We analyzed data from 2019 Sierra Leone demographic and health survey (SLDHS) focusing on under-five children. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to examine rural-urban factors associated with childhood stunting.
Results: Prevalence of stunting was 31.6% (95% CI 29.8-33.2) in rural areas and 24.0% (95% CI 21.6-26.1) in urban areas. Within the rural areas, children of stunted mothers (aOR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.07-5.24, P < .05), younger mothers aged 15 to 19 years (aOR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.17-3.69, P < .05), uneducated mothers (aOR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.28-2.71, P < .01), as well as older children (24-59 months) (aOR = 1.83; 95% CI 1.48-2.27, P < .001), and boys (aOR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.12-1.66, P < .01) were more likely to be stunted compared to those of non-stunted, older, post-primary education mothers and those who were less than 24 months and girls respectively. While urban children whose fathers had lower education (aOR = 1.94; 95% CI 1.10-3.42, P < .05), whose mothers were more parous (para 2-4) (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.03-2.95, P < .05), and boys (aOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.06-2.08, P < .05) were more likely to be stunted compared to their counterparts with fathers that had tertiary education, mothers of low parity and girls, respectively.
Conclusions: Stunting is more prevalent in the rural areas compared to the urban areas. Sex of the child was the only significant factor in both rural and urban areas. Our study findings suggest that programs designed to reduce stunting should aim for integrated yet context specific interventions in rural and urban areas.
背景:营养不良至少占全球每年五岁以下儿童死亡率的 50%。虽然塞拉利昂城市和农村地区儿童发育迟缓的差异已被记录在案,但缺乏与这些差异相关的因素的信息。我们旨在确定塞拉利昂 5 岁以下儿童发育迟缓的城乡相关因素:我们分析了 2019 年塞拉利昂人口与健康调查(SLDHS)的数据,重点关注五岁以下儿童。我们进行了多变量逻辑回归,以研究与儿童发育迟缓相关的城乡因素:农村地区发育迟缓发生率为 31.6%(95% CI 29.8-33.2),城市地区为 24.0%(95% CI 21.6-26.1)。在农村地区,母亲发育迟缓的儿童(aOR = 2.37;95% CI 1.07-5.24,P P P P P P P P P 结论:与城市地区相比,发育迟缓在农村地区更为普遍。在农村和城市地区,儿童的性别是唯一重要的因素。我们的研究结果表明,旨在减少发育迟缓的计划应针对农村和城市地区的具体情况采取综合干预措施。
{"title":"Rural and Urban Correlates of Stunting Among Under-Five Children in Sierra Leone: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.","authors":"Quraish Sserwanja, Kassim Kamara, Linet M Mutisya, Milton W Musaba, Shirin Ziaei","doi":"10.1177/11786388211047056","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11786388211047056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Undernutrition accounts for at least 50% of the annual global under-five mortality burden. Although disparities in the childhood stunting between urban and rural areas in Sierra Leone have been documented, information on factors associated with these differences is lacking. We aimed to determine rural-urban correlates of stunting among children under the age of 5 in Sierra Leone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 2019 Sierra Leone demographic and health survey (SLDHS) focusing on under-five children. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to examine rural-urban factors associated with childhood stunting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prevalence of stunting was 31.6% (95% CI 29.8-33.2) in rural areas and 24.0% (95% CI 21.6-26.1) in urban areas. Within the rural areas, children of stunted mothers (aOR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.07-5.24, <i>P</i> < .05), younger mothers aged 15 to 19 years (aOR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.17-3.69, <i>P</i> < .05), uneducated mothers (aOR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.28-2.71, <i>P</i> < .01), as well as older children (24-59 months) (aOR = 1.83; 95% CI 1.48-2.27, <i>P</i> < .001), and boys (aOR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.12-1.66, <i>P</i> < .01) were more likely to be stunted compared to those of non-stunted, older, post-primary education mothers and those who were less than 24 months and girls respectively. While urban children whose fathers had lower education (aOR = 1.94; 95% CI 1.10-3.42, <i>P</i> < .05), whose mothers were more parous (para 2-4) (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.03-2.95, <i>P</i> < .05), and boys (aOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.06-2.08, <i>P</i> < .05) were more likely to be stunted compared to their counterparts with fathers that had tertiary education, mothers of low parity and girls, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Stunting is more prevalent in the rural areas compared to the urban areas. Sex of the child was the only significant factor in both rural and urban areas. Our study findings suggest that programs designed to reduce stunting should aim for integrated yet context specific interventions in rural and urban areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/13/a0/10.1177_11786388211047056.PMC8488416.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-30eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/11786388211039427
Nhyira Yaw Adjei-Banuah, Victor Abugah Aduah, Shamsu-Deen Ziblim, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Anthony Amalba, Victor Mogre
Introduction: Iron deficiency anaemia is an international public health concern and pregnant women are at an increased risk. We investigated the consumption of iron rich foods and associated factors among pregnant women in a rural district from Ghana.
Methods: Following a cross-sectional design, dietary intake of iron rich foods was obtained from 252 pregnant women using a 24-hour recall food check list. Nutrition knowledge, attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics were also assessed.
Findings: Participants had a mean (SD) knowledge score of 54.66 (22.74)%. About 73% of the participants had heard about iron-deficiency anaemia. Only 16.3% of the participants knew foods that help the body to absorb and use iron while 9.1% knew beverages that decrease iron absorption. About 71% of the participants ate fish and/or seafood while 67.1% of them ate green leafy vegetables. Only 4.4% of the participants ate organ meat, and 29% took flesh meat. Only 22.4% of the study participants usually drank coffee or tea while 78.2% ate vitamin C-rich foods. With regards to attitudes, 88.5% of the participants perceived anaemia to be a serious disease. Nutrition knowledge was significantly associated with the consumption of iron rich foods (β = .02; 95% CI = 0.01-0.02).
Conclusion: Nutrition knowledge may be an important determinant of the consumption of iron rich foods among pregnant women making it necessary for healthcare providers to continue to provide nutrition education to pregnant women during routine antenatal care.
{"title":"Nutrition Knowledge is Associated With the Consumption of Iron Rich Foods: A Survey Among Pregnant Women From a Rural District in Northern Ghana.","authors":"Nhyira Yaw Adjei-Banuah, Victor Abugah Aduah, Shamsu-Deen Ziblim, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Anthony Amalba, Victor Mogre","doi":"10.1177/11786388211039427","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11786388211039427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Iron deficiency anaemia is an international public health concern and pregnant women are at an increased risk. We investigated the consumption of iron rich foods and associated factors among pregnant women in a rural district from Ghana.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following a cross-sectional design, dietary intake of iron rich foods was obtained from 252 pregnant women using a 24-hour recall food check list. Nutrition knowledge, attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Participants had a mean (SD) knowledge score of 54.66 (22.74)%. About 73% of the participants had heard about iron-deficiency anaemia. Only 16.3% of the participants knew foods that help the body to absorb and use iron while 9.1% knew beverages that decrease iron absorption. About 71% of the participants ate fish and/or seafood while 67.1% of them ate green leafy vegetables. Only 4.4% of the participants ate organ meat, and 29% took flesh meat. Only 22.4% of the study participants usually drank coffee or tea while 78.2% ate vitamin C-rich foods. With regards to attitudes, 88.5% of the participants perceived anaemia to be a serious disease. Nutrition knowledge was significantly associated with the consumption of iron rich foods (β = .02; 95% CI = 0.01-0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nutrition knowledge may be an important determinant of the consumption of iron rich foods among pregnant women making it necessary for healthcare providers to continue to provide nutrition education to pregnant women during routine antenatal care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9f/7a/10.1177_11786388211039427.PMC8411617.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39387587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Khat chewing is a long standing social-cultural habit in several countries. Even though many people chew khat simply for its pleasurable and stimulatory effect, evidence showed widely-held belief among khat chewers in Ethiopia and other part of the world that khat helps to lower blood glucose while some studies are contradicted on the effect of khat. There is limited data about khat's effect on blood glucose especially in our setting, Harar estern Ethiopia.
Objective: Primarily the present study aims to compare fasting blood sugar level among khat chewer diabetic and healthy individuals, and to asses risk factors associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic subjects.
Method: A cross-sectional study included 200 confirmed diabetic and healthy subjects. Fasting blood sugar was determined by enzymatic method glucose oxidase and glucose hexokinase. Glycemic control was also determined for diabetic subjects based on the last 2-month diabetic clinic visits and current measurement.
Result: (Median ± IQR [interquartile range]) fasting blood sugar difference among Khat chewer and non khat chewer were 159 ± 83 mg/dl and 202 ± 79 mg/dl respectively in diabetic subjects when tested by glucose oxidase. Similarly, in healthy non khat chewer and khat chewer, khat chewers has lower (Median ± IQR) fasting blood glucose level 82 ± 18 mg/dl than non khat chewers 94 ± 13 mg/dl when tested by glucose oxidase. Regarding risk factors associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic subjects, positive parental diabetes history, insulin medication, being overweight, obese were significantly associated with poor glycemic control.
Conclusion: There was significant effect of khat on median FBS among khat chewers in diabetic and healthy individuals. And the proportion of glycemic control was high among diabetic subjects.
Recommendation: Health care professional and patients should manage the risk factors to delay disease progression and restrain the damage. More studies should be conducted in randomized control trial manner to further elucidate khat effect on blood sugar level so that the actual effect of khat can be identified unlike in cross sectional where there may not be strong causal relationship.
{"title":"Effect of Regular Khat Chewing on Serum Fasting Sugar Level in Diabetic patients versus Healthy Individuals; A comparative study.","authors":"Yordanos Mengistu, Gobena Dedefo, Mesay Arkew, Gebeyehu Asefa, Gutema Jebessa, Abay Atnafu, Zerihun Ataro, Samuel Kinde","doi":"10.1177/11786388211035220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211035220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Khat chewing is a long standing social-cultural habit in several countries. Even though many people chew khat simply for its pleasurable and stimulatory effect, evidence showed widely-held belief among khat chewers in Ethiopia and other part of the world that khat helps to lower blood glucose while some studies are contradicted on the effect of khat. There is limited data about khat's effect on blood glucose especially in our setting, Harar estern Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Primarily the present study aims to compare fasting blood sugar level among khat chewer diabetic and healthy individuals, and to asses risk factors associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic subjects.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional study included 200 confirmed diabetic and healthy subjects. Fasting blood sugar was determined by enzymatic method glucose oxidase and glucose hexokinase. Glycemic control was also determined for diabetic subjects based on the last 2-month diabetic clinic visits and current measurement.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>(Median ± IQR [interquartile range]) fasting blood sugar difference among Khat chewer and non khat chewer were 159 ± 83 mg/dl and 202 ± 79 mg/dl respectively in diabetic subjects when tested by glucose oxidase. Similarly, in healthy non khat chewer and khat chewer, khat chewers has lower (Median ± IQR) fasting blood glucose level 82 ± 18 mg/dl than non khat chewers 94 ± 13 mg/dl when tested by glucose oxidase. Regarding risk factors associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic subjects, positive parental diabetes history, insulin medication, being overweight, obese were significantly associated with poor glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was significant effect of khat on median FBS among khat chewers in diabetic and healthy individuals. And the proportion of glycemic control was high among diabetic subjects.</p><p><strong>Recommendation: </strong>Health care professional and patients should manage the risk factors to delay disease progression and restrain the damage. More studies should be conducted in randomized control trial manner to further elucidate khat effect on blood sugar level so that the actual effect of khat can be identified unlike in cross sectional where there may not be strong causal relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/11786388211035220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39299271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nutritional intervention is a key strategy in the control and management of non-communicable diseases. Here, initially, we evaluated the effects of carrot juice (CJ) on some of the physical and biochemical parameters in rats fed with high-fructose diet, then in type 2 diabetic subjects. For the animal study, weanling male Wistar rats were given control (n = 6) or high fructose (HFr; n = 24) diet for 8 weeks. Then, the HFr group rats were subdivided into 4 groups (n = 6 in each) and continued either on HFr diet or shifted to control diet, with or without CJ (0.3 mg β-carotene) ingestion orally for 8 weeks. At the end, the ingestion of CJ reversed the HFr-induced adiposity (23 ± 1.6 vs 18 ± 1.1, P = .038), hypertriglyceridemia (182 ± 18.2 vs 90 ± 10.5 mg/dL, P<0.001), and hyperinsulinemia (81 ± 14.7 vs 40 ± 7.5 µU/mL, P = .014), while increased the retinol levels in liver (240 ± 38.4 vs 492 ± 61.2 µg/g, P = .002) and adipose tissue (1.8 ± 0.09 vs 2.5 ± 0.18 µg/g, P = .026). On the other hand, in the diabetic subjects (7 males and females each, n = 14) compared to their baseline, the daily consumption of 50 mL CJ (~2400 µg β-carotene) for 6 weeks significantly reduced the body weight (69.4 ± 4.13 vs 69.0 ± 4.09 kg, P = .014), BMI (27.4 ± 1.07 vs 27.2 ± 1.06 kg/m2, P = .007), and fat% (33.4 ± 1.87 vs 31.9 ± 2.13, P = .029) with an increase in plasma β-carotene levels (0.21 ± 0.045 vs 0.45 ± 0.089 µmol/L, P = .044). Although CJ increased the glucose (145 ± 10.4 vs 165 ± 11.4 mg/dL, P = .039), insulin, and glycated hemoglobin levels remained unaltered. In conclusion, the consumption of carrot juice reversed the HFr-induced metabolic abnormalities in a rat model and decreased body weight and BMI of diabetic subjects.
营养干预是控制和管理非传染性疾病的一项关键战略。在这里,我们首先评估了胡萝卜汁(CJ)对喂食高果糖饮食的大鼠的一些物理和生化参数的影响,然后是2型糖尿病受试者。在动物实验中,断奶雄性Wistar大鼠被给予对照(n = 6)或高果糖(HFr;N = 24)饮食8周。然后,将HFr组大鼠再分为4组(每组6只),继续饲喂HFr饮食或转入对照组饮食,同时口服或不口服CJ (0.3 mg β-胡萝卜素),持续8周。最后,摄入CJ逆转了hfr诱导的肥胖(23±1.6 vs 18±1.1,P = 0.038),高甘油三酯血症(182±18.2 vs 90±10.5 mg/dL, PP = 0.014),同时增加了肝脏(240±38.4 vs 492±61.2µg/g, P = 0.002)和脂肪组织(1.8±0.09 vs 2.5±0.18µg/g, P = 0.026)的视黄醇水平。另一方面,在糖尿病受试者(7雄性和雌性,n = 14)与基线相比,50毫升的日常消费CJ(~ 2400µgβ-胡萝卜素)为6周显著降低体重(69.4±4.13 vs 69.0±4.09公斤,P = .014)、体重指数(27.4±1.07 vs 27.2±1.06 kg / m2, P = .007),和脂肪%(33.4±1.87 vs 31.9±2.13,P = .029)与血浆β-胡萝卜素水平(0.21±0.045 vs 0.45±0.089µmol / L, P = .044)。虽然CJ增加了血糖(145±10.4 vs 165±11.4 mg/dL, P = 0.039),但胰岛素和糖化血红蛋白水平保持不变。综上所述,胡萝卜汁的摄入逆转了大鼠模型中hfr诱导的代谢异常,并降低了糖尿病受试者的体重和BMI。
{"title":"Carrot Juice Consumption Reduces High Fructose-Induced Adiposity in Rats and Body Weight and BMI in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects.","authors":"Malleswarapu Mahesh, Himanshi Pandey, Mooli Raja Gopal Reddy, Prashanti Prabhakaran Sobhana, Damayanti Korrapati, Putcha Uday Kumar, Ayyalasomayajula Vajreswari, Shanmugam Murugaiha Jeyakumar","doi":"10.1177/11786388211014917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211014917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nutritional intervention is a key strategy in the control and management of non-communicable diseases. Here, initially, we evaluated the effects of carrot juice (CJ) on some of the physical and biochemical parameters in rats fed with high-fructose diet, then in type 2 diabetic subjects. For the animal study, weanling male Wistar rats were given control (n = 6) or high fructose (HFr; n = 24) diet for 8 weeks. Then, the HFr group rats were subdivided into 4 groups (n = 6 in each) and continued either on HFr diet or shifted to control diet, with or without CJ (0.3 mg β-carotene) ingestion orally for 8 weeks. At the end, the ingestion of CJ reversed the HFr-induced adiposity (23 ± 1.6 vs 18 ± 1.1, <i>P</i> = .038), hypertriglyceridemia (182 ± 18.2 vs 90 ± 10.5 mg/dL, <i>P</i><0.001), and hyperinsulinemia (81 ± 14.7 vs 40 ± 7.5 µU/mL, <i>P</i> = .014), while increased the retinol levels in liver (240 ± 38.4 vs 492 ± 61.2 µg/g, <i>P</i> = .002) and adipose tissue (1.8 ± 0.09 vs 2.5 ± 0.18 µg/g, <i>P</i> = .026). On the other hand, in the diabetic subjects (7 males and females each, n = 14) compared to their baseline, the daily consumption of 50 mL CJ (~2400 µg β-carotene) for 6 weeks significantly reduced the body weight (69.4 ± 4.13 vs 69.0 ± 4.09 kg, <i>P</i> = .014), BMI (27.4 ± 1.07 vs 27.2 ± 1.06 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, <i>P</i> = .007), and fat% (33.4 ± 1.87 vs 31.9 ± 2.13, <i>P</i> = .029) with an increase in plasma β-carotene levels (0.21 ± 0.045 vs 0.45 ± 0.089 µmol/L, <i>P</i> = .044). Although CJ increased the glucose (145 ± 10.4 vs 165 ± 11.4 mg/dL, <i>P</i> = .039), insulin, and glycated hemoglobin levels remained unaltered. In conclusion, the consumption of carrot juice reversed the HFr-induced metabolic abnormalities in a rat model and decreased body weight and BMI of diabetic subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/11786388211014917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39276464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-11eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/11786388211029443
Mihiri Munasinghe, Abdullah Almotayri, Jency Thomas, Deniz Heydarian, Markandeya Jois
Background: We previously showed that cocoa, a rich source of polyphenols improved the age-associated health and extended the lifespan in C. elegans when supplemented starting from L1 stage.
Aim: In this study, we aimed to find out the effects of timing of cocoa exposure on longevity improving effects and the mechanisms and pathways involved in lifespan extension in C. elegans.
Methods: The standard E. coli OP50 diet of wild type C. elegans was supplemented with cocoa powder starting from different larval stages (L1, L2, L3, and L4) till the death, from L1 to adult day 1 and from adult day 1 till the death. For mechanistic studies, different mutant strains of C. elegans were supplemented with cocoa starting from L1 stage till the death. Survival curves were plotted, and mean lifespan was reported.
Results: Cocoa exposure starting from L1 stage till the death and till adult day 1 significantly extended the lifespan of worms. However, cocoa supplementation at other larval stages as well as at adulthood could not extend the lifespan, instead the lifespan was significantly reduced. Cocoa could not extend the lifespan of daf-16, daf-2, sir-2.1, and clk-1 mutants.
Conclusion: Early-start supplementation is essential for cocoa-mediated lifespan extension which is dependent on insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and mitochondrial respiration.
{"title":"Early Exposure is Necessary for the Lifespan Extension Effects of Cocoa in <i>C. elegans</i>.","authors":"Mihiri Munasinghe, Abdullah Almotayri, Jency Thomas, Deniz Heydarian, Markandeya Jois","doi":"10.1177/11786388211029443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211029443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We previously showed that cocoa, a rich source of polyphenols improved the age-associated health and extended the lifespan in <i>C. elegans</i> when supplemented starting from L1 stage.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>In this study, we aimed to find out the effects of timing of cocoa exposure on longevity improving effects and the mechanisms and pathways involved in lifespan extension in <i>C. elegans</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The standard <i>E. coli</i> OP50 diet of wild type <i>C. elegans</i> was supplemented with cocoa powder starting from different larval stages (L1, L2, L3, and L4) till the death, from L1 to adult day 1 and from adult day 1 till the death. For mechanistic studies, different mutant strains of <i>C. elegans</i> were supplemented with cocoa starting from L1 stage till the death. Survival curves were plotted, and mean lifespan was reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cocoa exposure starting from L1 stage till the death and till adult day 1 significantly extended the lifespan of worms. However, cocoa supplementation at other larval stages as well as at adulthood could not extend the lifespan, instead the lifespan was significantly reduced. Cocoa could not extend the lifespan of <i>daf-16, daf-2, sir-2.1</i>, and <i>clk-1</i> mutants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early-start supplementation is essential for cocoa-mediated lifespan extension which is dependent on insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and mitochondrial respiration.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/11786388211029443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39206658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the link between the physical activity (PA) and cognitive function among the elderly in the health and social centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem city (Morocco).
Materials and methods: This study was conducted among 172 elderly (56.4% men) aged above 60 years (67.53 ± 7.53) in the health and social centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem city (Morocco). Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Normal: MMSE's score >24 and cognitive impairment (CI): MMSE's score ⩽ 24). The physical activity (PA) was evaluated using the GPAQ (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), ranking the elderly by high, moderate, and limited level of PA. The binary logistic regression was performed by the cognitive function (dependent variable), and PA level (independent variable).
Results: The elderly people with cognitive impairment (MMSE score <24 tend to practice less walking and cycling activities (P=.005). However no difference was found between normal and cognitively impaired subjects for all other subtypes of PA (P > .05). The binary logistic regression adjusted for gender, education, profession, pension, depression, and nutritional status reveled that only the moderate level of PA was a protective factor against cognitive impairment compared to limited level (ORa = 0.136, 95% CI: 0.04-0.41) (ORa: Adjusted Odd Ratio; 95% CI: 95% of Confidence Interval).
Conclusion: Our finding demonstrates that moderate PA specially walking or cycling is associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment. This indicates that a regular practice of walking or cycling as PA can play an important role for cognitive impairment prevention. And the necessity for further researches to more understands this association.
{"title":"Association between Physical Activity and Cognitive Function among the Elderly in the Health and Social Centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem City (Morocco).","authors":"Abdeljalil Talhaoui, Youssef Aboussaleh, Ahmed Ahami, Rachid Sbaibi, Naima Agoutim, Fatima Zohra Rouim, Khadija Karjouh","doi":"10.1177/11786388211026758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211026758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the link between the physical activity (PA) and cognitive function among the elderly in the health and social centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem city (Morocco).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was conducted among 172 elderly (56.4% men) aged above 60 years (67.53 ± 7.53) in the health and social centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem city (Morocco). Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Normal: MMSE's score >24 and cognitive impairment (CI): MMSE's score ⩽ 24). The physical activity (PA) was evaluated using the GPAQ (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), ranking the elderly by high, moderate, and limited level of PA. The binary logistic regression was performed by the cognitive function (dependent variable), and PA level (independent variable).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The elderly people with cognitive impairment (MMSE score <24 tend to practice less walking and cycling activities <b>(</b> <i>P</i> <i>=</i> <i>.005</i>). However no difference was found between normal and cognitively impaired subjects for all other subtypes of PA (<i>P</i> > .05). The binary logistic regression adjusted for gender, education, profession, pension, depression, and nutritional status reveled that only the moderate level of PA was a protective factor against cognitive impairment compared to limited level (ORa = 0.136, 95% CI: 0.04-0.41) (ORa: Adjusted Odd Ratio; 95% CI: 95% of Confidence Interval).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our finding demonstrates that moderate PA specially walking or cycling is associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment. This indicates that a regular practice of walking or cycling as PA can play an important role for cognitive impairment prevention. And the necessity for further researches to more understands this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/11786388211026758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39196712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-17eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/11786388211025352
Husein Mohammed, Grace S Marquis, Frances Aboud, Karim Bougma, Aregash Samuel
Objectives: This study examines the hormonal mediators of the effect of iodized salt in pregnancy on child cognition.
Methods: Sixty districts across 6 zones in the Amhara region of Ethiopia were randomly allocated to a control or intervention arm of early market access to iodized salt. Twenty-two villages per arm were randomly selected for this sub-study. A total of 1220 pregnant women who conceived after the intervention began were enrolled and assessed for their iodine and iron status. Data were collected once on the household socio-demographic status and iodized salt use, and maternal urinary iodine during pregnancy. Then, infants' diet, urinary iodine level, cognitive development (Bayley III), serum hormonal levels, iron status, and inflammation markers were measured between 2 and 13 months of age.
Results: The median maternal urinary iodine concentration was adequate and significantly higher in the intervention mothers than that of the controls (163 vs 121 µg/L, P < .0001). Intervention children compared to the control children had lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (mean: 2.4 ± 1.0 µIU/mL vs 2.7 ± 1.0 µIU/mL, effect size = 0.18, P < .01) and thyroglobulin (Tg) (41.6 ± 1.0 ng/mL vs 45.1 ± 1.0 ng/mL, effect size = 0.14, P < .05). There was an interaction between the intervention and iron stores such that cognition was higher with iron (effect size = 0.28, 100 vs 94 IQ points). TSH was a partial mediator (12%) of the effect of the intervention on child cognition (Sobel z-score = 2.1 ± 0.06, P < .05).
Conclusion: TSH partially mediated the effect of the iodized salt intervention on child cognition.
目的:探讨孕期加碘盐对儿童认知影响的激素介质。方法:将埃塞俄比亚阿姆哈拉地区6个地区的60个地区随机分配到加碘盐早期市场准入的对照或干预组。每组随机选取22个村庄作为亚研究。共有1220名在干预开始后怀孕的孕妇被纳入研究,并评估了她们的碘和铁状况。收集了一次家庭社会人口状况、碘盐使用情况和孕妇孕期尿碘的数据。然后,在2至13个月大期间测量婴儿的饮食、尿碘水平、认知发展(Bayley III)、血清激素水平、铁状态和炎症标志物。结果:干预组产妇尿碘浓度中位数正常,显著高于对照组(163µg/L vs 121µg/L, P P P P P)。结论:TSH部分介导了加碘盐干预对儿童认知的影响。
{"title":"TSH Mediated the Effect of Iodized Salt on Child Cognition in a Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Husein Mohammed, Grace S Marquis, Frances Aboud, Karim Bougma, Aregash Samuel","doi":"10.1177/11786388211025352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211025352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study examines the hormonal mediators of the effect of iodized salt in pregnancy on child cognition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty districts across 6 zones in the Amhara region of Ethiopia were randomly allocated to a control or intervention arm of early market access to iodized salt. Twenty-two villages per arm were randomly selected for this sub-study. A total of 1220 pregnant women who conceived after the intervention began were enrolled and assessed for their iodine and iron status. Data were collected once on the household socio-demographic status and iodized salt use, and maternal urinary iodine during pregnancy. Then, infants' diet, urinary iodine level, cognitive development (Bayley III), serum hormonal levels, iron status, and inflammation markers were measured between 2 and 13 months of age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median maternal urinary iodine concentration was adequate and significantly higher in the intervention mothers than that of the controls (163 vs 121 µg/L, <i>P</i> < .0001). Intervention children compared to the control children had lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (mean: 2.4 ± 1.0 µIU/mL vs 2.7 ± 1.0 µIU/mL, effect size = 0.18, <i>P</i> < .01) and thyroglobulin (Tg) (41.6 ± 1.0 ng/mL vs 45.1 ± 1.0 ng/mL, effect size = 0.14, <i>P</i> < .05). There was an interaction between the intervention and iron stores such that cognition was higher with iron (effect size = 0.28, 100 vs 94 IQ points). TSH was a partial mediator (12%) of the effect of the intervention on child cognition (Sobel z-score = 2.1 ± 0.06, <i>P</i> < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TSH partially mediated the effect of the iodized salt intervention on child cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/11786388211025352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39142319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/11786388211025342
Amare Abera Tareke, Taddese Alemu Zerfu
Background: Iodine deficiency causes various health problems such as mental defects, goiter, reproductive damage, hypo and hyperthyroidism, stillbirth, abortion, congenital abnormalities, cretinism, mental retardation, muscle anomalies, and reduced work output. Although the adverse effects on health and socio-economic development are well known, they persisted as a public health problem worldwide. Salt iodization is recommended as a simple cost-effective method to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. This study aimed to determine the magnitude, trends, and determinants of iodized salt availability in the household in Ethiopia.
Methods: The current study used the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys conducted from 2000 to 2016 with a total of 57 939 households. Descriptive statistics were performed on selected background characteristics to provide an overall picture of the sample after considering sample weights. To ensure the representativeness of the sample we applied a complex sample design considering household weights, primary sampling units, and the strata associated with it. The Cochran-Armitage test was performed to assess the trend of iodized salt availability in the household. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between the dependent variable and independent variables. A significance level of .05 was chosen for all analyses.
Results: The magnitude of iodized salt availability in the household was 28.45% in 2000, 54.34% in 2005, 15.42% in 2011, and 89.28% in 2016. Iodized salt availability increased from 28.45% [95% CI: 27.69-29.21] in 2000 to 89.28% [95% CI: 88.79-89.75] in 2016. Despite the decline from 2005 to 2011 in the percentage of households with iodized salt, overall, there was a significant increment from 2000 to 2016 in Ethiopia (P-value <.001). There were differences in the status of salt iodization in the administrative region, wealth, family size, and ownership of radio or television.
Conclusion: Remarkable progress has been made in Ethiopia regarding iodized salt availability in recent years. Besides the current efforts to achieve universal salt iodization, future interventions should prioritize specific groups like those with lower socioeconomic status and geographic areas with lower availability of iodized salt in the household.
{"title":"Magnitude, Trends, and Determinants of Iodized Salt Availability among Households in Ethiopia: Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (2000-2016).","authors":"Amare Abera Tareke, Taddese Alemu Zerfu","doi":"10.1177/11786388211025342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211025342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Iodine deficiency causes various health problems such as mental defects, goiter, reproductive damage, hypo and hyperthyroidism, stillbirth, abortion, congenital abnormalities, cretinism, mental retardation, muscle anomalies, and reduced work output. Although the adverse effects on health and socio-economic development are well known, they persisted as a public health problem worldwide. Salt iodization is recommended as a simple cost-effective method to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. This study aimed to determine the magnitude, trends, and determinants of iodized salt availability in the household in Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current study used the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys conducted from 2000 to 2016 with a total of 57 939 households. Descriptive statistics were performed on selected background characteristics to provide an overall picture of the sample after considering sample weights. To ensure the representativeness of the sample we applied a complex sample design considering household weights, primary sampling units, and the strata associated with it. The Cochran-Armitage test was performed to assess the trend of iodized salt availability in the household. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between the dependent variable and independent variables. A significance level of .05 was chosen for all analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The magnitude of iodized salt availability in the household was 28.45% in 2000, 54.34% in 2005, 15.42% in 2011, and 89.28% in 2016. Iodized salt availability increased from 28.45% [95% CI: 27.69-29.21] in 2000 to 89.28% [95% CI: 88.79-89.75] in 2016. Despite the decline from 2005 to 2011 in the percentage of households with iodized salt, overall, there was a significant increment from 2000 to 2016 in Ethiopia (<i>P</i>-value <.001). There were differences in the status of salt iodization in the administrative region, wealth, family size, and ownership of radio or television.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Remarkable progress has been made in Ethiopia regarding iodized salt availability in recent years. Besides the current efforts to achieve universal salt iodization, future interventions should prioritize specific groups like those with lower socioeconomic status and geographic areas with lower availability of iodized salt in the household.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/11786388211025342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39142780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/11786388211022373
Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Riccardo Calvani, Francesco Landi, Anna Picca, Emanuele Marzetti
Introduction: The present study investigated the association between protein intake and cognitive function in older adults.
Methods: We performed a literature search with no restriction on publication year in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, AgeLine from inception up to October 2020. Observational studies that investigated as a primary or secondary outcome the association of protein intake and cognitive function in older adults aged ⩾60 years were included.
Results: Nine cross-sectional studies that investigated a total of 4929 older adults were included in the qualitative analysis. Overall cognitive function was examined in 6 studies. Four investigations reported null associations and 2 studies found that older adults with a high protein intake had higher global cognitive function than their counterparts. Results from the meta-analysis suggested that there were no significant associations between protein consumption and global cognitive function in older adults, regardless of gender. Three studies investigated other cognitive domains. Memory and protein intake were significantly and positively correlated in all studies. In addition, visuospatial, verbal fluency, processing speed, and sustained attention were positively associated with protein consumption in 1 study each.
Conclusion: No significant associations between protein intake and global cognitive function were observed in neither qualitative nor quantitative analyses. The association between protein consumption with multiple other cognitive domains were also tested. As a whole, 3 studies reported a positive and significant association between high protein intake and memory, while 1 study observed a significant and positive association with visuospatial, verbal fluency, processing speed, and sustained attention.
{"title":"Protein Intake and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Riccardo Calvani, Francesco Landi, Anna Picca, Emanuele Marzetti","doi":"10.1177/11786388211022373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211022373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The present study investigated the association between protein intake and cognitive function in older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a literature search with no restriction on publication year in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, AgeLine from inception up to October 2020. Observational studies that investigated as a primary or secondary outcome the association of protein intake and cognitive function in older adults aged ⩾60 years were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine cross-sectional studies that investigated a total of 4929 older adults were included in the qualitative analysis. Overall cognitive function was examined in 6 studies. Four investigations reported null associations and 2 studies found that older adults with a high protein intake had higher global cognitive function than their counterparts. Results from the meta-analysis suggested that there were no significant associations between protein consumption and global cognitive function in older adults, regardless of gender. Three studies investigated other cognitive domains. Memory and protein intake were significantly and positively correlated in all studies. In addition, visuospatial, verbal fluency, processing speed, and sustained attention were positively associated with protein consumption in 1 study each.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No significant associations between protein intake and global cognitive function were observed in neither qualitative nor quantitative analyses. The association between protein consumption with multiple other cognitive domains were also tested. As a whole, 3 studies reported a positive and significant association between high protein intake and memory, while 1 study observed a significant and positive association with visuospatial, verbal fluency, processing speed, and sustained attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/11786388211022373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39097034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-03eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/11786388211022378
Carlos O Mendivil
Dietary habits are a major determinant of the risk of chronic disease, particularly metabolic and endocrine disorders. Fish as a food group are a unique source of nutrients with metabolic and hormonal importance including omega-3 fatty acids, iodine, selenium, vitamin D, taurine and carnitine. Fish are also a source of high quality protein and have in general low caloric density. The impact of these nutrients on cardiovascular risk has been extensively reviewed, but the impact of fish on the broader field of endocrine and metabolic health is sometimes not sufficiently appreciated. This article aimed to summarize the impact the effect of regular fish consumption on conditions like the metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome and the menopausal transition, which are in and of themselves significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The review revealed that scientific evidence from food science, translational research, epidemiologic studies and interventional trials shows that regular fish consumption has a positive impact on thyroid homeostasis, facilitates maintenance of a healthy body weight, reduces the magnitude of age-associated increases in blood pressure, improves glucose homeostasis helping prevent diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, and has a positive impact on muscle mass preservation among the elderly. These effects are mediated by multiple mechanisms, only some of which have been identified. For most of these effects it holds true that the potential benefits are more substantial when baseline fish consumption is low.
{"title":"Fish Consumption: A Review of Its Effects on Metabolic and Hormonal Health.","authors":"Carlos O Mendivil","doi":"10.1177/11786388211022378","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11786388211022378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary habits are a major determinant of the risk of chronic disease, particularly metabolic and endocrine disorders. Fish as a food group are a unique source of nutrients with metabolic and hormonal importance including omega-3 fatty acids, iodine, selenium, vitamin D, taurine and carnitine. Fish are also a source of high quality protein and have in general low caloric density. The impact of these nutrients on cardiovascular risk has been extensively reviewed, but the impact of fish on the broader field of endocrine and metabolic health is sometimes not sufficiently appreciated. This article aimed to summarize the impact the effect of regular fish consumption on conditions like the metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome and the menopausal transition, which are in and of themselves significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The review revealed that scientific evidence from food science, translational research, epidemiologic studies and interventional trials shows that regular fish consumption has a positive impact on thyroid homeostasis, facilitates maintenance of a healthy body weight, reduces the magnitude of age-associated increases in blood pressure, improves glucose homeostasis helping prevent diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, and has a positive impact on muscle mass preservation among the elderly. These effects are mediated by multiple mechanisms, only some of which have been identified. For most of these effects it holds true that the potential benefits are more substantial when baseline fish consumption is low.</p>","PeriodicalId":19396,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/eb/70/10.1177_11786388211022378.PMC8182174.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39097035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}