Nutritional Neuroscience最新文献

Pregnancy is a transformative period marked by profound physical and emotional changes, with far-reaching consequences for both mother and child. Emerging research has illustrated the pivotal role of a mother's diet during pregnancy in influencing the prenatal gut microbiome and subsequently shaping the neurodevelopment of her offspring. The intricate interplay between maternal gut health, nutrition, and neurodevelopmental outcomes has emerged as a captivating field of investigation within developmental science. Acting as a dynamic bridge between mother and fetus, the maternal gut microbiome, directly and indirectly, impacts the offspring's neurodevelopment through diverse pathways. This comprehensive review delves into a spectrum of studies, clarifying putative mechanisms through which maternal nutrition, by modulating the gut microbiota, orchestrates the early stages of brain development. Drawing insights from animal models and human cohorts, this work underscores the profound implications of maternal gut health for neurodevelopmental trajectories and offers a glimpse into the formulation of targeted interventions able to optimize the health of both mother and offspring. The prospect of tailored dietary recommendations for expectant mothers emerges as a promising and accessible intervention to foster the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, potentially leading to enhanced cognitive outcomes and reduced risks of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Background: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of migraine, a neurovascular disease. Cryptoxanthin is a carotenoid known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the specific association between serum cryptoxanthin levels and migraine remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between migraine and serum cryptoxanthin levels.

Methods: For this cross-sectional analysis, information was gathered from individuals ≥20 years who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2001 to 2004. Details information was collected on migraines, serum cryptoxanthin levels and various crucial factors. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between serum cryptoxanthin and the occurrence of migraines.

Results: The study included 8,645 participants, of whom 20.00%(1734/8645) experienced migraine. There was a nonlinear relationship (p < 0.001) between serum cryptoxanthin levels and migraine, which was depicted as an L-shaped curve. The occurrence rate of individuals with serum cryptoxanthin levels below 26.64 nmol/dL experiencing migraine was 0.976 (95% CI: 0.965∼0.987, p<0.001).

Conclusion: In adults among the United States, increased levels of serum cryptoxanthin were associated with decreased risk of migriane with a turning point at around 26.64 nmol/dL in American adults. Further studys are needed to confirm our findings.

Flavonoids, known for their neuroprotective properties, are abundant in Acacia catechu and Scutellaria baicalensis. Yet, human studies on their combined effects are limited.

Objective: This study evaluated the cognitive effects of combined Acacia catechu and Scutellaria baicalensis supplementation in healthy adults.

Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 26 males and 59 females (N = 85; 43 ± 8 yrs) consumed the test product (TP) containing 240 mg stem extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and 51 mg heartwood extract of Acacia catechu (UP326, Unigen, Tacoma, WA USA) or placebo (PLA) for four weeks. Cognitive function and biomarkers were assessed throughout the study.

Results: Significant time effects (p < 0.001) were observed across cognitive function assessments, with no differences between groups. Energy and fatigue reports showed a significant time effect (p = 0.023), while no significant differences emerged in general health and well-being scores. Cortisol levels increased significantly over time across conditions (p = 0.005), but no significant changes were observed in change scores or individual visits. Interim (p = 0.023) and final (p = 0.004) absolute basophil levels differed significantly between groups, with no intergroup changes. No significant differences in BDNF, CRP, or health and safety biomarkers were detected between supplemental conditions or over time.

Discussion: Four-week daily TP supplementation significantly enhanced cognitive function without difference from placebo. However, no adverse events or significant blood marker changes were noted, suggesting TP supplementation is generally well-tolerated. Further research is warranted to explore the preventive and attenuating cognitive effects of this supplementation.Trial registration: ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN16548309.

Objectives: The ketogenic diet (KD) has long been used as an alternative nonpharmacological therapy to manage pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The anticonvulsant mechanisms of KD have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study explored whether a KD could exert antioxidative effects by altering brain Klotho (Kl) gene expression.Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into three groups: the normal diet (ND) group received standard rat chow; the calorie-restricted diet (CRD) group was maintained at 90% of the calculated energy need; and the KD group received a diet composed of 8% protein, 2% carbohydrates, and 90% fat (per calorie macronutrient). The levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the serum, Kl gene expression in the brain, and Kl protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC) levels in the serum and brain were evaluated by standard methods.Results: The serum BHB levels in the KD group were significantly greater than those in the ND and CRD groups (p < 0.001). The Kl expression in the brain was significantly greater in the KD group than in the ND group (p = 0.028). The brain MDA levels in the KD group were significantly lower than those in the ND group (p = 0.006). Elevated BHB was positively correlated with brain Kl expression (r = 0.668, p < 0.001). The brain MDA levels were negatively correlated with brain Kl expression (r = -0.531, p = 0.003) and serum BHB levels (r = 0.472, p = 0.020).Discussion: KD might exert antioxidative effects by increasing BHB and upregulating Kl in the brain. This could be considered a possible anticonvulsant mechanism of KD.

Folate and vitamin B₁₂ status, through their critical involvement in DNA synthesis and methylation, may be causally related to the risk of schizophrenia. However, associations with blood status measures may reflect reverse causation or inadequate control for confounders. We aimed to synthesize evidence on the possible causal link between folate/vitamin B₁₂ status and schizophrenia using genetic variants as instrumental variables. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for Mendelian Randomization studies that investigated a causal relationship between genetic instruments for folate/vitamin B₁₂ status and schizophrenia onset or progression. We assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using random effects models. We found 34 case-control studies. None used a formal instrumental variable analysis. Most of the studies had high methodological quality for assessing genetic association. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms (C677T, A1298C) were most studied and homozygosity for the variants showed significant positive associations with the risk of schizophrenia (OR_{677TT vs 677CC}= 1.26 (1.03, 1.55) and OR_{1298CC vs 1298AA}= 1.58 (1.17, 2.13)). Heterozygosity for the variants showed attenuated associations in the same direction as homozygosity. Subgroups of age, sex, ethnicity, and folic acid fortification implementation were mostly underpowered to detect effects with precision. Evidence on the association of MTHFR polymorphisms with schizophrenia symptoms or the relationship between other gene polymorphisms and the risk of schizophrenia was severely limited. We identified significant associations between the MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and the risk of schizophrenia at an aggregate level.

Background and aim: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe and rare inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system through optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Present study aimed to investigate the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and risk of NMOSD.

Methods: In this case-control study, 30 NMOSD cases and 90 aged matched healthy individuals were recruited. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed by a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire to calculate the DII score. A multiple adjusted regression was used to determine the odd ratio (OR) of NMOSD across DII tertiles. The Residual method was applied to adjust the energy intake.

Results: Participants in the top of DII tertile were more likely to have NMOSD in the crude model compared to those with the lowest one (OR: 4.18; 95%CI: 1.43-12.21). It was the case when multivariable confounders were considered in adjustment model I (OR: 3.98; 95%CI: 1.34-11.82) and II (OR: 4.43; 95%CI: 1.36-14.38), such that, individuals with a greater DII score had 3.98 and 4.43-time higher risk of NMOSD in model I and II, respectively.

Conclusion: The Present study suggests that greater adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet may be associated with an increased risk of NMOSD.

Objective: Vitamin D is thought to be deficient in patients with bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study is to use latent profile analysis to identify the patterns of vitamin D levels in patients with episodes of bipolar depression, and to examine the relationship among these latent profiles and demographic and clinical characteristics.

Methods: A total of 149 patients diagnosed with bipolar depression were selected in Guangzhou, China. Depression was evaluated by Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels tested at baseline and after two weeks of psychiatric treatment were included in the latent profile analysis to identify subgroups. P-trend analysis was used to assess the association between subgroups and depression improvement. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess the influencing factors of subgroups.

Results: A three-profiles solution was found to demonstrate the best fit [low-level profile (32.9%), medium-level profile (51.0%), and high-level profile (16.1%)]. There was a significant nonlinear relationship between depression improvement and vitamin D high-level profile, compared to medium-level profile (P for trend <0.05). In multinomial logistic regression analysis, baseline and post-treatment SDS scores, admission season, age, and body mass index significantly affect the profile membership.

Conclusions: This study found that individuals with high levels of vitamin D showed a significant improvement in depression severity. However, those with low levels of vitamin D remained deficient, indicating a need for targeted vitamin D supplementation. Our findings may provide valuable insights for designing tailored vitamin D supplement interventions to address vitamin D deficiency in bipolar depression.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of green tea catechins on the prevention of Parkinson's disease neurobehavioral symptoms and α-synuclein blood plasma concentration in a hemizygous transgenic A53T mouse model.Methods: Thirty 6-month-old male mice were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10/group): control, low-dose, and high-dose, receiving green tea polyphenol (GTP) treatment in their drinking water at 0%, 0.5%, and 1.5%, respectively, over a 90-day period. The efficacy of ad libitum dosing was assessed by analyzing the bioaccumulation of tea catechins in urine samples collected from metabolic cages on days 0, 30, 60, and 90, using LC/Q-TOF analysis. PD-related behavioral impairments were measured with open field and rotarod performance tests on days 0, 45, and 90. On day 90, plasma α-synuclein levels were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess treatment effects.Results: Circulating tea catechin metabolites were detected in treated groups by day 30, with levels progressively increasing through day 90. By day 90, control mice exhibited significant deficits in rotarod performance, while both low- and high-dose groups maintained or improved their maximum time on the rotarod. Open field testing indicated reduced anxiety-related behavior in control mice compared to treated groups. ELISA analysis revealed significantly lower circulating α-synuclein levels in high-dose mice compared to controls.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that sustained administration of tea catechins significantly reduces circulating α-synuclein levels in blood plasma, improves motor coordination in a dose-dependent manner, and modulates anxiety-related behaviors in a PD mouse model.

Objectives: Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes, has been studied extensively for its potential benefits on metabolic markers and inflammation. While promising results have been observed in animal studies and some human trials, the overall evidence is mixed. Moreover, elevated inflammatory markers have been closely linked to more severe symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Therefore, strategies to reduce systemic inflammation could potentially improve outcomes for MS patients. So we aimed to examine the effectiveness of resveratrol supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS), in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded parallel clinical trial.

Methods: A total of 55 subjects with MS were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to the two groups who were supplemented with resveratrol at a dose of 500 mg/day or received placebo capsules for 8 weeks. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Malondialdehyde (MDA), fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein - cholesterol (HDL-C), and the degree of fatigue were measured at baseline and after the intervention.

Results: Resveratrol treatment significantly decreased TNF-α (P < 0.001), and MDA (P < 0.001) compared to the placebo. The respective increase and decrease in FBS and HDL levels were seen in both groups, while the change in participants receiving resveratrol was significantly less pronounced. Changes in the levels of TG and fatigue scale remained unchanged.

Conclusion: This study showed that resveratrol supplementation exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in patients with MS.Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20230315057731N1.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a long-term intervention with β-lactolin, a tetrapeptide (sequence: glycine-threonine-tryptophan-tyrosine) derived from milk, on cognitive performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. We recruited 48 participants aged 50 years or older with the Japanese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-J) score of 24-28 and a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0.5. Participants were administered β-lactolin (1.8 mg daily) or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary outcomes were the MMSE-J and the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J) scores for cognitive function.

Results: A total of 422 individuals were screened, 48 of whom were included in this study. The MMSE-J and MoCA-J scores showed no significant differences between the groups. In the intra-group comparison of the MoCA-J delayed recall score, a significant difference was observed in the β-lactolin group after 12 and 24 weeks of intervention (p = 0.0256, p = 0.0175, respectively). Furthermore, the subgroup analysis stratified for females only showed a significant difference in MoCA-J total score in the β-lactolin group after 24 weeks of intervention (p = 0.0253).

Conclusion: β-lactolin intake does not significantly improve cognitive function in MCI in an inter-group comparison; nevertheless, the MoCA-J delayed recall score was significantly improved in the β-lactolin group. The number of participants was lower than planned, limiting the confirmation of the effectiveness of β-lactolin on MCI. This report demonstrated the effect size of β-lactolin intervention in MCI, contributing insights for future research.