J. Tillou, Jean-Baptiste Michel, C. Angelberger, C. Bekdemir, D. Veynante
A Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) study of the transient combustion in the spray H experiment investigated in the frame of the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) is presented. Combustion is modeled using a LES formulation of the ADF-PCM approach, the principle of which is to tabulate approximated diffusion flames based on the flamelet equation to account for complex chemical effects. The liquid phase is resolved with an Eulerian mesoscopic approach coupled with the DITurBC model for the injection. The structure of the combustion resulting from the n-heptane liquid fuel jet is investigated and compared to the literature. A very good reproduction of experimental findings by the presented LES approach is reported for small EGR rates. Albeit the qualitative effect of increasing the EGR rate is captured, the quantitative quality of the LES predictions deteriorates with increasing EGR rate. One possible explanation for this poor reproduction of EGR effects might be related to the fact that the used semi-detailed scheme was not validated for high EGR rates.
{"title":"Large-Eddy Simulation of Diesel Spray Combustion with Exhaust Gas Recirculation","authors":"J. Tillou, Jean-Baptiste Michel, C. Angelberger, C. Bekdemir, D. Veynante","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2013139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2013139","url":null,"abstract":"A Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) study of the transient combustion in the spray H experiment investigated in the frame of the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) is presented. Combustion is modeled using a LES formulation of the ADF-PCM approach, the principle of which is to tabulate approximated diffusion flames based on the flamelet equation to account for complex chemical effects. The liquid phase is resolved with an Eulerian mesoscopic approach coupled with the DITurBC model for the injection. The structure of the combustion resulting from the n-heptane liquid fuel jet is investigated and compared to the literature. A very good reproduction of experimental findings by the presented LES approach is reported for small EGR rates. Albeit the qualitative effect of increasing the EGR rate is captured, the quantitative quality of the LES predictions deteriorates with increasing EGR rate. One possible explanation for this poor reproduction of EGR effects might be related to the fact that the used semi-detailed scheme was not validated for high EGR rates.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84176590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preeti S. Abraham, K. Liu, Daniel C. Haworth, David L. Reuss, Volker Sick
This study is part of a program to understand the stochastic variations in IC engine flows; in particular, it is a comparison of measured (PIV) and computed (LES) velocity from multiple cycles of the same motored engine. Comparison procedures included traditional RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) decomposition (ensemble-averaged and RMS (Root Mean Square) velocity), phase-dependent, and phase- invariant POD. Phase-dependent POD was performed on the PIV and LES samples separately and on the combined samples, thus creating separate or a single POD mode sets, respectively. The phase- invariant POD was performed both on normalized snapshots and on snapshots where the original energy was conserved. Initial comparisons of the mass-specific kinetic energies of the ensemble average and RMS velocities revealed that the PIV and LES data sets differed significantly during most of the intake stroke. This discrepancy was quantifiedfirst by comparing the relevance indices calculated between ensemble average velocity fields and, second, using phase-dependent POD, which quantified cycle-to-cycle flow variations of the RANS average and turbulence. Phase-dependent POD was applied separately to the PIV and LES data sets during the intake stroke (76° ATDCE, After Top Dead Center Exhaust), where the intake-valve jet is strong and the PIV and LES data were earlier found to be significantly different. The cyclic variability of the LES ensemble average was estimated to be significantly higher than that of the PIV data set. POD was also applied to the combined sample of LES and PIV snapshots for quantitative comparison creating a single set of modes, so that comparison could be made with POD coefficients alone. Example comparisons were made at again for data at 76° and also 330° ATDCE, which is a viable spark timing in a fired engine. The results at 76° ATDCE were similar to those obtained with the POD analysis of the separate samples. At 330° ATDCE, the PIV ensemble average and RMS velocities showed somewhat more cyclic variability. Phase-invariant POD was applied to the combined PIV and LES velocity data from all crank angles to study the flow evolution over the crank angle range. Conclusions derived from the two different energy transformations are contrasted. When the energy of each velocity field is normalized, the phase-invariant POD results focus on differences in flow structures and their evolution. On the other hand, when the energy of each velocity field is conserved, the phase-invariant POD results also take into account differences in energy between the PIV and LES data.
这项研究是了解内燃机流量随机变化计划的一部分;特别是，它是同一发动机在多个循环中测量速度(PIV)和计算速度(LES)的比较。比较程序包括传统的RANS (Reynolds average Navier-Stokes)分解(集成平均速度和RMS(均方根)速度)、相相关和相不变POD。分别对PIV和LES样品以及组合样品进行相位依赖POD，从而分别创建单独或单个POD模式集。在归一化快照和原始能量守恒的快照上都进行了相不变POD。对总体平均速度和均数速度的质量比动能的初步比较表明，PIV和LES数据集在进气冲程的大部分时间内存在显著差异。这种差异首先通过比较总体平均速度场之间计算的相关指数来量化，其次使用相依赖POD来量化RANS平均值和湍流的循环间流动变化。相位依赖POD分别应用于进气冲程(76°ATDCE，上止点排气后)期间的PIV和LES数据集，其中进气阀射流很强，PIV和LES数据先前发现有显着差异。LES总体平均的周期变率估计显著高于PIV数据集。还将POD应用于LES和PIV快照的组合样本进行定量比较，形成一组模态，以便单独使用POD系数进行比较。在76°ATDCE和330°ATDCE下的数据再次进行了示例比较，这是在着火发动机中可行的火花正时。在76°ATDCE下的结果与分离样品的POD分析结果相似。在330°ATDCE, PIV整体平均速度和均势速度表现出更多的周期变率。将相位不变POD应用于所有曲柄角的PIV和LES联合速度数据，研究曲柄角范围内的流动演化。对比了两种不同能量变换的结论。当对各速度场能量进行归一化处理时，相不变POD结果关注的是流动结构的差异及其演化。另一方面，当每个速度场的能量守恒时，相不变POD结果也考虑了PIV和LES数据之间的能量差异。
{"title":"Évaluation de données de simulation aux grandes échelles (LES) et de vélocimétrie par imagerie de particules (PIV) via une décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres invariante en phase (POD)","authors":"Preeti S. Abraham, K. Liu, Daniel C. Haworth, David L. Reuss, Volker Sick","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2013126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2013126","url":null,"abstract":"This study is part of a program to understand the stochastic variations in IC engine flows; in particular, it is a comparison of measured (PIV) and computed (LES) velocity from multiple cycles of the same motored engine. Comparison procedures included traditional RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) decomposition (ensemble-averaged and RMS (Root Mean Square) velocity), phase-dependent, and phase- invariant POD. Phase-dependent POD was performed on the PIV and LES samples separately and on the combined samples, thus creating separate or a single POD mode sets, respectively. The phase- invariant POD was performed both on normalized snapshots and on snapshots where the original energy was conserved. Initial comparisons of the mass-specific kinetic energies of the ensemble average and RMS velocities revealed that the PIV and LES data sets differed significantly during most of the intake stroke. This discrepancy was quantifiedfirst by comparing the relevance indices calculated between ensemble average velocity fields and, second, using phase-dependent POD, which quantified cycle-to-cycle flow variations of the RANS average and turbulence. Phase-dependent POD was applied separately to the PIV and LES data sets during the intake stroke (76° ATDCE, After Top Dead Center Exhaust), where the intake-valve jet is strong and the PIV and LES data were earlier found to be significantly different. The cyclic variability of the LES ensemble average was estimated to be significantly higher than that of the PIV data set. POD was also applied to the combined sample of LES and PIV snapshots for quantitative comparison creating a single set of modes, so that comparison could be made with POD coefficients alone. Example comparisons were made at again for data at 76° and also 330° ATDCE, which is a viable spark timing in a fired engine. The results at 76° ATDCE were similar to those obtained with the POD analysis of the separate samples. At 330° ATDCE, the PIV ensemble average and RMS velocities showed somewhat more cyclic variability. Phase-invariant POD was applied to the combined PIV and LES velocity data from all crank angles to study the flow evolution over the crank angle range. Conclusions derived from the two different energy transformations are contrasted. When the energy of each velocity field is normalized, the phase-invariant POD results focus on differences in flow structures and their evolution. On the other hand, when the energy of each velocity field is conserved, the phase-invariant POD results also take into account differences in energy between the PIV and LES data.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79994235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Monot, A. Margeot, B. Hahn‐hägerdal, J. Lindstedt, R. Slade
NILE ("New Improvements for Lignocellulosic Ethanol") was an integrated European project (2005-2010) devoted to the conversion of lignocellulosic raw materials to ethanol. The main objectives were to design novel enzymes suitable for the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose and new yeast strains able to efficiently converting all the sugars present in lignocellulose into ethanol. The project also included testing these new developments in an integrated pilot plant and evaluating the environmental and socio-economic impacts of implementing lignocellulosic ethanol on a large scale. Two model raw materials – spruce and wheat straw – both preconditioned with similar pretreatments, were used. Several approaches were explored to improve the saccharification of these pretreated raw materials such as searching for new efficient enzymes and enzyme engineering. Various genetic engineering methods were applied to obtain stable xylose- and arabinose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that tolerate the toxic compounds present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The pilot plant was able to treat 2 tons of dry matter per day, and hydrolysis and fermentation could be run successively or simultaneously. A global model integrating the supply chain was used to assess the performance of lignocellulosic ethanol from an economical and environmental perspective. It was found that directed evolution of a specific enzyme of the cellulolytic cocktail produced by the industrial fungus, Trichoderma reesei, and modification of the composition of this cocktail led to improvements of the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated raw material. These results, however, were difficult to reproduce at a large scale. A substantial increase in the ethanol conversion yield and in specific ethanol productivity was obtained through a combination of metabolic engineering of yeast strains and fermentation process development. Pilot trials confirmed the good behaviour of the yeast strains in industrial conditions as well as the suitability of lignin residues as fuels. The ethanol cost and the greenhouse gas emissions were highly dependent on the supply chain but the best performing supply chains showed environmental and economic benefits. From a global standpoint, the results showed the necessity for an optimal integration of the process to co-develop all the steps of the process and to test the improvements in a flexible pilot plant, thus allowing the comparison of various configurations and their economic and environmental impacts to be determined.
{"title":"The NILE Project — Advances in the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Materials into Ethanol","authors":"F. Monot, A. Margeot, B. Hahn‐hägerdal, J. Lindstedt, R. Slade","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2012078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2012078","url":null,"abstract":"NILE (\"New Improvements for Lignocellulosic Ethanol\") was an integrated European project (2005-2010) devoted to the conversion of lignocellulosic raw materials to ethanol. The main objectives were to design novel enzymes suitable for the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose and new yeast strains able to efficiently converting all the sugars present in lignocellulose into ethanol. The project also included testing these new developments in an integrated pilot plant and evaluating the environmental and socio-economic impacts of implementing lignocellulosic ethanol on a large scale. Two model raw materials – spruce and wheat straw – both preconditioned with similar pretreatments, were used. Several approaches were explored to improve the saccharification of these pretreated raw materials such as searching for new efficient enzymes and enzyme engineering. Various genetic engineering methods were applied to obtain stable xylose- and arabinose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that tolerate the toxic compounds present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The pilot plant was able to treat 2 tons of dry matter per day, and hydrolysis and fermentation could be run successively or simultaneously. A global model integrating the supply chain was used to assess the performance of lignocellulosic ethanol from an economical and environmental perspective. It was found that directed evolution of a specific enzyme of the cellulolytic cocktail produced by the industrial fungus, Trichoderma reesei, and modification of the composition of this cocktail led to improvements of the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated raw material. These results, however, were difficult to reproduce at a large scale. A substantial increase in the ethanol conversion yield and in specific ethanol productivity was obtained through a combination of metabolic engineering of yeast strains and fermentation process development. Pilot trials confirmed the good behaviour of the yeast strains in industrial conditions as well as the suitability of lignin residues as fuels. The ethanol cost and the greenhouse gas emissions were highly dependent on the supply chain but the best performing supply chains showed environmental and economic benefits. From a global standpoint, the results showed the necessity for an optimal integration of the process to co-develop all the steps of the process and to test the improvements in a flexible pilot plant, thus allowing the comparison of various configurations and their economic and environmental impacts to be determined.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89624423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this short review, we survey the historical progress of fast pyrolysis technologies for thermochemical liquefaction of biomass to produce so-called "bio-oil". Our focus is on the potential applications of bio-oil as a liquid fuel for heat and power generation. We point out some of the inherent properties of bio-oil that create difficulties standing in the way of these applications. Finally, we take a brief look at some processes that aim to valorize bio-oil by conversion to higher value liquid fuel products.
{"title":"A Short Historical Review of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass","authors":"D. Radlein, A. Quignard","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2013162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2013162","url":null,"abstract":"In this short review, we survey the historical progress of fast pyrolysis technologies for thermochemical liquefaction of biomass to produce so-called \"bio-oil\". Our focus is on the potential applications of bio-oil as a liquid fuel for heat and power generation. We point out some of the inherent properties of bio-oil that create difficulties standing in the way of these applications. Finally, we take a brief look at some processes that aim to valorize bio-oil by conversion to higher value liquid fuel products.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81879815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents a mechanistic system level simulation model for mode/big hybrid and conventional vehicle topologies. The paper addresses the Dynamic interaction between different domains: internal combustion engine. exhaust after treatment devices, electric components. mechanical drive train. cooling circuit system and corresponding control units. To achieve a good ratio between accuracy. predictability and computational speed of the model an innovative time domain decoupling is presented, which is based on applying domain specific integration steps to ditferent domains and subsequent consistent cross-domain coupling ol’thefluxes. In addition, a computationally efficient frunieveork for transporting active and passive gaseous species is introduced to combine computational efficiency with the need for modeling pollutant transport in the gas path. The applicability and versatility of the mechanistic system level simulations model is presented through analyses of transient phenomena caused by the high interdependency of the sub-systems, i.e. domains. Results of a hyt’hrid vehicle are compared to results of a conventional vehicle to highlight differences in operating regimes of partiular components that are inherent to particular poster train topology.
{"title":"Optimization of Hybrid Power Trains by Mechanistic System Simulations Optimisation de groupes motopropulseurs électriques hybrides par simulation du système mécanique","authors":"Tomaž Katrašnik, Johann C. Wurzenberger","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2012100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2012100","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a mechanistic system level simulation model for mode/big hybrid and conventional vehicle topologies. The paper addresses the Dynamic interaction between different domains: internal combustion engine. exhaust after treatment devices, electric components. mechanical drive train. cooling circuit system and corresponding control units. To achieve a good ratio between accuracy. predictability and computational speed of the model an innovative time domain decoupling is presented, which is based on applying domain specific integration steps to ditferent domains and subsequent consistent cross-domain coupling ol’thefluxes. In addition, a computationally efficient frunieveork for transporting active and passive gaseous species is introduced to combine computational efficiency with the need for modeling pollutant transport in the gas path. The applicability and versatility of the mechanistic system level simulations model is presented through analyses of transient phenomena caused by the high interdependency of the sub-systems, i.e. domains. Results of a hyt’hrid vehicle are compared to results of a conventional vehicle to highlight differences in operating regimes of partiular components that are inherent to particular poster train topology.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88323551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Workshop on industrial use of molecular thermodynamics (InMoTher)","authors":"J. Jaubert, G. Kontogeorgis, J. D. Hemptinne","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2013120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2013120","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75919463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Domenico, Y. Creff, E. Prada, P. Duchêne, J. Bernard, V. Sauvant-Moynot
A Review of Approaches for the Design of Li-Ion BMS Estimation Functions —T his paper aims at comparing different approaches for the estimation of the state of charge of lithium-ion batteries. The main advantages as well as the critical points of the considered techniques are analyzed, highlighting the impact of the cell model precision and complexity on the estimator performance. Among others, the electrical equivalent circuit based technique is selected for further development. The results of a complete procedure from the cell characterization to the online estimation are illus- trated. The experimental tests based on the data collected on batteries testing facilities of IFP Energies nouvelles show that the proposed strategy allows a satisfying state of charge real time estimation.
锂离子BMS估计函数设计方法综述-本文旨在比较锂离子电池充电状态估计的不同方法。分析了这些技术的主要优点和关键点，重点讨论了单元模型精度和复杂度对估计器性能的影响。其中，选择了基于等效电路的技术作为进一步发展的方向。从细胞表征到在线估计的完整过程的结果被说明。基于在IFP energy nouvelles电池测试设备上收集的数据进行的实验测试表明，所提出的策略可以实现令人满意的充电状态实时估计。
{"title":"A Review of Approaches for the Design of Li-Ion BMS Estimation Functions Revue de différentes approches pour l’estimation de l’état de charge de batteries Li-ion","authors":"D. Domenico, Y. Creff, E. Prada, P. Duchêne, J. Bernard, V. Sauvant-Moynot","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2012072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2012072","url":null,"abstract":"A Review of Approaches for the Design of Li-Ion BMS Estimation Functions —T his paper aims at comparing different approaches for the estimation of the state of charge of lithium-ion batteries. The main advantages as well as the critical points of the considered techniques are analyzed, highlighting the impact of the cell model precision and complexity on the estimator performance. Among others, the electrical equivalent circuit based technique is selected for further development. The results of a complete procedure from the cell characterization to the online estimation are illus- trated. The experimental tests based on the data collected on batteries testing facilities of IFP Energies nouvelles show that the proposed strategy allows a satisfying state of charge real time estimation.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86204911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Automotive manufacturers of hybrid electric vehicles are confronted with the multi-objective non-trivial optimization problem of engine downsizing and electric hybridization under consideration of cost and drivability. Solutions to this sizing problem are typically reached by heuristic design methodologies. However, a design approach formalized in an optimization theoretical setting is necessary in order to obtain globally optimal solutions. In this paper, we present a framework for optimal sizing of hybrid electric drivetrain components. This framework is cast within standard optimization theory. Moreover, it is flexible in order to easily include any number of objectives, such as minimization of fuel consumption, cost of hybridization, emission levels and (or) maximization of acceleration performance. Based on this framework, we demonstrate a number of techniques and tools to analyze, accept, improve, or reject the proposed solutions to the optimal sizing problem.
{"title":"Engine Downsizing and Electric Hybridization Under Consideration of Cost and Drivability","authors":"S. Ebbesen, P. Elbert, L. Guzzella","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2012030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2012030","url":null,"abstract":"Automotive manufacturers of hybrid electric vehicles are confronted with the multi-objective non-trivial optimization problem of engine downsizing and electric hybridization under consideration of cost and drivability. Solutions to this sizing problem are typically reached by heuristic design methodologies. However, a design approach formalized in an optimization theoretical setting is necessary in order to obtain globally optimal solutions. In this paper, we present a framework for optimal sizing of hybrid electric drivetrain components. This framework is cast within standard optimization theory. Moreover, it is flexible in order to easily include any number of objectives, such as minimization of fuel consumption, cost of hybridization, emission levels and (or) maximization of acceleration performance. Based on this framework, we demonstrate a number of techniques and tools to analyze, accept, improve, or reject the proposed solutions to the optimal sizing problem.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81825689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Marano, G. Rizzoni, P. Tulpule, Q. Gong, H. Khayyam
The desire to reduce carbon emissions due to transportation sources has led over the past decade to the development of new propulsion technologies, focused on vehicle electrification (including hybrid, plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles). These propulsion technologies, along with advances in telecommunication and computing power, have the potential of making passenger and commercial vehicles more energy efficient and environment friendly. In particular, energy management algorithms are an integral part of plug-in vehicles and are very important for achieving the performance benefits. The optimal performance of energy management algorithms depends strongly on the ability to forecast energy demand from the vehicle. Information available about environment (temperature, humidity, wind, road grade, etc.) and traffic (traffic density, traffic lights, etc.), is very important in operating a vehicle at optimal efficiency. This article outlines some current technologies that can help achieving this optimum efficiency goal. In addition to information available from telematic and geographical information systems, knowledge of projected vehicle charging demand on the power grid is necessary to build an intelligent energy management controller for future plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles. The impact of charging millions of vehicles from the power grid could be significant, in the form of increased loading of power plants, transmission and distribution lines, emissions and economics (information are given and discussed for the US case). Therefore, this effect should be considered in an intelligent way by controlling/scheduling the charging through a communication based distributed control.
{"title":"Intelligent Energy Management for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: The Role of ITS Infrastructure in Vehicle Electrification","authors":"V. Marano, G. Rizzoni, P. Tulpule, Q. Gong, H. Khayyam","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2012019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2012019","url":null,"abstract":"The desire to reduce carbon emissions due to transportation sources has led over the past decade to the development of new propulsion technologies, focused on vehicle electrification (including hybrid, plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles). These propulsion technologies, along with advances in telecommunication and computing power, have the potential of making passenger and commercial vehicles more energy efficient and environment friendly. In particular, energy management algorithms are an integral part of plug-in vehicles and are very important for achieving the performance benefits. The optimal performance of energy management algorithms depends strongly on the ability to forecast energy demand from the vehicle. Information available about environment (temperature, humidity, wind, road grade, etc.) and traffic (traffic density, traffic lights, etc.), is very important in operating a vehicle at optimal efficiency. This article outlines some current technologies that can help achieving this optimum efficiency goal. In addition to information available from telematic and geographical information systems, knowledge of projected vehicle charging demand on the power grid is necessary to build an intelligent energy management controller for future plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles. The impact of charging millions of vehicles from the power grid could be significant, in the form of increased loading of power plants, transmission and distribution lines, emissions and economics (information are given and discussed for the US case). Therefore, this effect should be considered in an intelligent way by controlling/scheduling the charging through a communication based distributed control.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81505125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To provide an efficient inspection of pipeline, pigging operations must be executed at a constant speed. This paper presents an efficient and simple method based on Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT), which is a well-known robust controller scheme, for speed control of a pig with bypass flow in a liquid pipeline. This classical-type controller commands the valve installed in the body of the pig to open or close. Then, the pig is controlled using the amount of bypass flow across its body. For this purpose, the nonlinear dynamic equation of motion of the pig is converted to a family of linear uncertain equivalent plants using Sobhani-Rafeeyan’s method (SR method). Then, for this family of uncertain equivalent plants, a QFT-type controller is synthesized. The presented method is developed for two-dimensional pipelines in two cases. The designed controllers are simulated numerically using the Simulink toolbox of the MATLAB software. The simulation results show that the designed controller can be used for speed control of the pig with good performance when it runs in the liquid pipelines.
{"title":"Speed Control of Pipeline Pig Using the QFT Method Contrôle de la vitesse d’un racleur grâce à la méthode de synthèse QFT","authors":"M. Mirshamsi, M. Rafeeyan","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2012008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2012008","url":null,"abstract":"To provide an efficient inspection of pipeline, pigging operations must be executed at a constant speed. This paper presents an efficient and simple method based on Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT), which is a well-known robust controller scheme, for speed control of a pig with bypass flow in a liquid pipeline. This classical-type controller commands the valve installed in the body of the pig to open or close. Then, the pig is controlled using the amount of bypass flow across its body. For this purpose, the nonlinear dynamic equation of motion of the pig is converted to a family of linear uncertain equivalent plants using Sobhani-Rafeeyan’s method (SR method). Then, for this family of uncertain equivalent plants, a QFT-type controller is synthesized. The presented method is developed for two-dimensional pipelines in two cases. The designed controllers are simulated numerically using the Simulink toolbox of the MATLAB software. The simulation results show that the designed controller can be used for speed control of the pig with good performance when it runs in the liquid pipelines.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89794433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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