Michael M. Moser, Christoph Voser, C. Onder, L. Guzzella
Idling losses constitute a significant amount of the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines. Therefore, shutting down the engine during idling phases can improve its overall efficiency. For driver acceptance a fast restart of the engine must be guaranteed. A fast engine start can be performed using a powerful electric starter and an appropriate battery which are found in hybrid electric vehicles, for example. However, these devices involve additional cost and weight. An alternative method is to use a tank with pressurized air that can be injected directly into the cylinders to start the engine pneumatically. In this paper, pneumatic engine starts using camshaft driven charge valves are discussed. A general methodology for an air-optimal charge valve design is presented which can deal with various requirements. The proposed design methodology is based on a process model representing pneumatic engine operation. A design example for a two-cylinder engine is shown, and the resulting optimized pneumatic start is experimentally verified on a test bench engine. The engine’s idling speed of 1200 rpm can be reached within 350 ms for an initial pressure in the air tank of 10 bar. A detailed system analysis highlights the characteristics of the optimal design found.
{"title":"Design Methodology of Camshaft Driven Charge Valves for Pneumatic Engine Starts","authors":"Michael M. Moser, Christoph Voser, C. Onder, L. Guzzella","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2013207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2013207","url":null,"abstract":"Idling losses constitute a significant amount of the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines. Therefore, shutting down the engine during idling phases can improve its overall efficiency. For driver acceptance a fast restart of the engine must be guaranteed. A fast engine start can be performed using a powerful electric starter and an appropriate battery which are found in hybrid electric vehicles, for example. However, these devices involve additional cost and weight. An alternative method is to use a tank with pressurized air that can be injected directly into the cylinders to start the engine pneumatically. In this paper, pneumatic engine starts using camshaft driven charge valves are discussed. A general methodology for an air-optimal charge valve design is presented which can deal with various requirements. The proposed design methodology is based on a process model representing pneumatic engine operation. A design example for a two-cylinder engine is shown, and the resulting optimized pneumatic start is experimentally verified on a test bench engine. The engine’s idling speed of 1200 rpm can be reached within 350 ms for an initial pressure in the air tank of 10 bar. A detailed system analysis highlights the characteristics of the optimal design found.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"4 1","pages":"179-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76988087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper derives an LQR anti-jerk controller for an automotive driveline. The time derivative of the drive shaft torque, which is closely related to the vehicle jerk, is used as a virtual system output and regulated to zero. Thereby, the controller does not need a reference model for generation of reference trajectories for the control law evaluation. The controller acts as a torque compensator for the driver’s torque demand which the controller output asymptotically follows. The properties of the controller are discussed and the behavior is illustrated by simulation examples and verified with experiments on a heavy duty truck.
{"title":"A Powertrain LQR-Torque Compensator with Backlash Handling","authors":"Peter Templin, B. Egardt","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2011147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2011147","url":null,"abstract":"This paper derives an LQR anti-jerk controller for an automotive driveline. The time derivative of the drive shaft torque, which is closely related to the vehicle jerk, is used as a virtual system output and regulated to zero. Thereby, the controller does not need a reference model for generation of reference trajectories for the control law evaluation. The controller acts as a torque compensator for the driver’s torque demand which the controller output asymptotically follows. The properties of the controller are discussed and the behavior is illustrated by simulation examples and verified with experiments on a heavy duty truck.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"42 1","pages":"645-654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80375583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dynamic kinetic data collected over commercial V2 O5 -WO3 /TiO2 and Fe-zeolite catalysts analyzing the standard NH3 -SCR of NO for the abatement of NOx from vehicle exhausts showed transient effects at low temperatures related to the inhibiting action of excess ammonia. In order to describe such transient effects, a specific rate expression accounting for NH3 inhibition of the standard SCR reaction is needed in mathematical models of real SCR converters. We present herein a dual-site Mars-Ven Krevelen-type rate equation suitable to describe dynamic features associated with ammonia injection and shut-off over both V-based and Fe-zeolite catalysts.
{"title":"Kinetic Modeling of Dynamic Aspects of the Standard NH3-SCR Reaction Over V2O5-WO3/TiO2 and Fe-Zeolite Commercial Catalysts for the Aftertreatment of Diesel Engines Exhausts","authors":"I. Nova, M. Colombo, E. Tronconi","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2011132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2011132","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic kinetic data collected over commercial V2 O5 -WO3 /TiO2 and Fe-zeolite catalysts analyzing the standard NH3 -SCR of NO for the abatement of NOx from vehicle exhausts showed transient effects at low temperatures related to the inhibiting action of excess ammonia. In order to describe such transient effects, a specific rate expression accounting for NH3 inhibition of the standard SCR reaction is needed in mathematical models of real SCR converters. We present herein a dual-site Mars-Ven Krevelen-type rate equation suitable to describe dynamic features associated with ammonia injection and shut-off over both V-based and Fe-zeolite catalysts.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"68 1","pages":"681-691"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86948395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Model-Based Throttle Control using Static Compensators and Pole Placement - In modern spark ignited engines, the throttle is controlled by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), which gives the ECU dir ...
{"title":"Model-Based Throttle Control using Static Compensators and Pole Placement","authors":"Andreas Thomasson, L. Eriksson","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2011137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2011137","url":null,"abstract":"Model-Based Throttle Control using Static Compensators and Pole Placement - In modern spark ignited engines, the throttle is controlled by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), which gives the ECU dir ...","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"336 ","pages":"717-727"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91459259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to make modern Diesel engines cleaner and more fuel efficient, their air systems architecture become more and more complex. The control strategies of these systems must take account of the multiple components interactions with minimal calibration effort required. In this context, model based techniques are very attractive. In this paper, we propose a control oriented model of a variable geometry turbocharger in an architecture with two Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) loops: High Pressure (HP) and Low Pressure (LP). This model is implemented in a basic control strategy and evaluated experimentally during tests with LP or HP EGR. The results show that the choice of EGR circuit has a high influence on the turbocharger actuator position, but that this effect is well taken into account in the proposed model.
{"title":"Control Oriented Model of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger in an Engine with Two EGR Loops Modélisation de compresseur à géométrie variable dédiée au contrôle pour un moteur avec deux boucles EGR","authors":"J.-C. Chauvin, Olivier Grondin, P. Moulin","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2011103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2011103","url":null,"abstract":"In order to make modern Diesel engines cleaner and more fuel efficient, their air systems architecture become more and more complex. The control strategies of these systems must take account of the multiple components interactions with minimal calibration effort required. In this context, model based techniques are very attractive. In this paper, we propose a control oriented model of a variable geometry turbocharger in an architecture with two Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) loops: High Pressure (HP) and Low Pressure (LP). This model is implemented in a basic control strategy and evaluated experimentally during tests with LP or HP EGR. The results show that the choice of EGR circuit has a high influence on the turbocharger actuator position, but that this effect is well taken into account in the proposed model.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"51 1","pages":"563-571"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90398697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finding the correct Top Dead Center (TDC) offset for an internal combustion engine is harder than it seems. This study introduces a novel method to find the TDC offset based on the simple assumption that the heat loss power through the combustion chamber walls is constant for motored cycles in a narrow Crank Angle interval around TDC. The proposed method uses nonlinear least squares optimization to find the combination of specific heat ratio and TDC offset that makes the heat loss power as constant as possible. An important subproblem is to determine the peak pressure location with high accuracy. Fitting a third order Fourier series to the motored cylinder pressure allows the pressure maximum to be estimated with a standard deviation of 0.005° Crank Angle (CA) and it can also be used instead of the measured pressure to reduce the uncertainty of the TDC estimate by approximately 50%. The standard deviation of a single-cycle TDC estimate is approximately 0.025° CA when using a crank resolution of 0.2° CA for the measurements. The bias of the TDC estimate is in the 0-0.02° CA range both when comparing to measurements with a TDC sensor and with simulated motored cycles. The method can be used both for calibration and on-board diagnostics purposes e.g. during cranking, fuel cut-off or engine switch-off. The third order Fourier series fit comes with a significant computational penalty but since it is only applied very intermittently this does not have to be a serious issue.
{"title":"TDC Offset Estimation from Motored Cylinder Pressure Data based on Heat Release Shaping","authors":"P. Tunestål","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2011144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2011144","url":null,"abstract":"Finding the correct Top Dead Center (TDC) offset for an internal combustion engine is harder than it seems. This study introduces a novel method to find the TDC offset based on the simple assumption that the heat loss power through the combustion chamber walls is constant for motored cycles in a narrow Crank Angle interval around TDC. The proposed method uses nonlinear least squares optimization to find the combination of specific heat ratio and TDC offset that makes the heat loss power as constant as possible. An important subproblem is to determine the peak pressure location with high accuracy. Fitting a third order Fourier series to the motored cylinder pressure allows the pressure maximum to be estimated with a standard deviation of 0.005° Crank Angle (CA) and it can also be used instead of the measured pressure to reduce the uncertainty of the TDC estimate by approximately 50%. The standard deviation of a single-cycle TDC estimate is approximately 0.025° CA when using a crank resolution of 0.2° CA for the measurements. The bias of the TDC estimate is in the 0-0.02° CA range both when comparing to measurements with a TDC sensor and with simulated motored cycles. The method can be used both for calibration and on-board diagnostics purposes e.g. during cranking, fuel cut-off or engine switch-off. The third order Fourier series fit comes with a significant computational penalty but since it is only applied very intermittently this does not have to be a serious issue.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"65 1","pages":"705-716"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82331409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Zadakbar, R. Abbassi, F. Khan, K. Karimpour, M. Golshani, A. Vatani
Flaring is a common method of disposal of flammable waste gases in the downstream industries. Flare flame out (flame lift-off or blow-outs) often occurs causing toxic vapors to discharge. The toxic gases released may have hazardous effects on the surrounding environment. To study the effect of inhalation exposure of these toxic gases on human health, the four steps of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency ) framework with the field data to quantify the cancer and non-cancer health risks are integrated in this paper. As a part of exposure assessment, gas dispersion modeling using AERMOD and UDM-PHAST is applied in two different conditions of normal flaring and flare flame out during a particular climate condition in Khangiran region. Recommendations to avoid flare flame out conditions are also presented here.
{"title":"Risk Analysis of Flare Flame-out Condition in a Gas Process Facility Analyse des risques des conditions d’extinction de torche au sein d’une installation de traitement de gaz","authors":"O. Zadakbar, R. Abbassi, F. Khan, K. Karimpour, M. Golshani, A. Vatani","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2010027","url":null,"abstract":"Flaring is a common method of disposal of flammable waste gases in the downstream industries. Flare flame out (flame lift-off or blow-outs) often occurs causing toxic vapors to discharge. The toxic gases released may have hazardous effects on the surrounding environment. To study the effect of inhalation exposure of these toxic gases on human health, the four steps of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency ) framework with the field data to quantify the cancer and non-cancer health risks are integrated in this paper. As a part of exposure assessment, gas dispersion modeling using AERMOD and UDM-PHAST is applied in two different conditions of normal flaring and flare flame out during a particular climate condition in Khangiran region. Recommendations to avoid flare flame out conditions are also presented here.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"135 1","pages":"521-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75623289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Pröll, Philipp Kolbitsch, Johannes Bolhar-Nordenkampf, H. Hofbauer
A chemical looping pilot plant was designed, built and operated with a design fuel power of 120 kW (lower heating value, natural gas). The system consists of two Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) reactors. Operating results are presented and evaluated for a highly reactive nickel-based oxygen carrier, total system inventory 65 kg. The performance in fuel conversion achieved is in the range of 99.8% (CH4 conversion) and 92% (CO2 yield). In chemical looping reforming operation, it can be reported that thermodynamic equilibrium is reached in the fuel reactor and that all oxygen is absorbed in the air reactor as soon as the global stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is below 1 and the air reactor temperature is 900°C or more. Even though pure natural gas (98.6 vol.% CH4 ) without steam addition was fed to the fuel reactor, no carbon formation has been found as long as the global stoichiometric air/fuel ratio was larger than 0.4. Based on the experimental findings and on the general state of the art, it is concluded that niche applications such as industrial steam generation from natural gas or CO2 -ready coupled production of H2 and N2 can be interesting pathways for immediate scale-up of the technology.
{"title":"Chemical Looping Pilot Plant Results Using a Nickel-Based Oxygen Carrier","authors":"T. Pröll, Philipp Kolbitsch, Johannes Bolhar-Nordenkampf, H. Hofbauer","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2010036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2010036","url":null,"abstract":"A chemical looping pilot plant was designed, built and operated with a design fuel power of 120 kW (lower heating value, natural gas). The system consists of two Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) reactors. Operating results are presented and evaluated for a highly reactive nickel-based oxygen carrier, total system inventory 65 kg. The performance in fuel conversion achieved is in the range of 99.8% (CH4 conversion) and 92% (CO2 yield). In chemical looping reforming operation, it can be reported that thermodynamic equilibrium is reached in the fuel reactor and that all oxygen is absorbed in the air reactor as soon as the global stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is below 1 and the air reactor temperature is 900°C or more. Even though pure natural gas (98.6 vol.% CH4 ) without steam addition was fed to the fuel reactor, no carbon formation has been found as long as the global stoichiometric air/fuel ratio was larger than 0.4. Based on the experimental findings and on the general state of the art, it is concluded that niche applications such as industrial steam generation from natural gas or CO2 -ready coupled production of H2 and N2 can be interesting pathways for immediate scale-up of the technology.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"51 1","pages":"173-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80487973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Eyring, G. Kónya, J. Lighty, Asad H. Sahir, A. Sarofim, K. Whitty
A preliminary analysis has been conducted of the performance of a Chemical Looping system with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) with copper oxide as the oxygen carrier and coal approximated by carbon as the fuel. The advantages of oxygen uncoupling are demonstrated by providing the energy balances, the circulation rate of oxygen carrier, the oxygen carrier mass loadings, the carbon burnout and oxygen partial pressure in the fuel reactor. Experimental data on the cycling of cuprous oxide to cupric oxide and kinetics for the oxidation and decomposition reactions of the oxides were obtained for use in the analysis. For this preliminary study unsupported oxides were utilized. The decomposition temperatures were rapid at the high temperature of 950°C selected for the fuel reactor. The oxidation kinetics peaked at about 800°C with the decrease in rate at higher temperatures, a decrease which is attributed in the literature to the temperature dependence of the diffusional resistance of the CuO layer surrounding the Cu2 O; the diffusion occurs through grain boundaries in the CuO layers and the rate of diffusion decreases as a consequence of growth of CuO grains with increasing temperature. The analysis shows the advantages of CLOU in providing rapid combustion of the carbon with carbon burnout times lower than the decomposition times of the oxygen carrier. For the full potential of CLOU to be established additional data are needed on the kinetics of supported oxides at the high temperatures (>850°C) at which oxygen is released by the CuO in the fuel reactor.
{"title":"Chemical Looping with Copper Oxide as Carrier and Coal as Fuel","authors":"E. Eyring, G. Kónya, J. Lighty, Asad H. Sahir, A. Sarofim, K. Whitty","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2010028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2010028","url":null,"abstract":"A preliminary analysis has been conducted of the performance of a Chemical Looping system with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) with copper oxide as the oxygen carrier and coal approximated by carbon as the fuel. The advantages of oxygen uncoupling are demonstrated by providing the energy balances, the circulation rate of oxygen carrier, the oxygen carrier mass loadings, the carbon burnout and oxygen partial pressure in the fuel reactor. Experimental data on the cycling of cuprous oxide to cupric oxide and kinetics for the oxidation and decomposition reactions of the oxides were obtained for use in the analysis. For this preliminary study unsupported oxides were utilized. The decomposition temperatures were rapid at the high temperature of 950°C selected for the fuel reactor. The oxidation kinetics peaked at about 800°C with the decrease in rate at higher temperatures, a decrease which is attributed in the literature to the temperature dependence of the diffusional resistance of the CuO layer surrounding the Cu2 O; the diffusion occurs through grain boundaries in the CuO layers and the rate of diffusion decreases as a consequence of growth of CuO grains with increasing temperature. The analysis shows the advantages of CLOU in providing rapid combustion of the carbon with carbon burnout times lower than the decomposition times of the oxygen carrier. For the full potential of CLOU to be established additional data are needed on the kinetics of supported oxides at the high temperatures (>850°C) at which oxygen is released by the CuO in the fuel reactor.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"2 1","pages":"209-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86994746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Hoteit, Ann Forret, William Pelletant, J. Roesler, T. Gauthier
CLC is a new promising combustion process for CO2 capture with less or even no energy penalty compared to other processes. Up to now, most of the work performed on CLC was conducted with gaseous or solid fuels, using methane and coal and/or pet coke. Liquid fuels such as heavy fuels resulting from oil distillation or conversion may also be interesting feedstocks to consider. However, liquid fuels are challenging feedstock to deal with in fluidized beds. The objective of the present work is therefore to investigate the feasibility of liquid feed injection and contact with oxygen carrier in CLC conditions in order to conduct partial or complete combustion of hydrocarbons. A batch experimental fluidized bed set-up was developed to contact alternatively oxygen carrier with liquid fuels or air. The 20 mm i.d. fluidized bed reactor was filled up with 45 g of NiAl0.44 O1.67 and pulses of 1-2 g of liquid were injected in the bed at high temperatures up to 950˚C. Different feedstocks have been injected, from dodecane to heavy fuel oils No.2. Results show that, during the reduction period, it is possible to convert all the fuel injected and there is no coke remaining on particles at the end of the reduction step. Depending upon oxygen available in the bed, either full combustion or partial combustion can be achieved. Similar results were found with different liquid feeds, despite their different composition and properties.
与其他方法相比，CLC是一种新的有前途的二氧化碳捕获燃烧方法，其能量损失更少，甚至没有。到目前为止，在CLC上进行的大部分工作都是使用气体或固体燃料进行的，使用甲烷和煤和/或pet焦。液体燃料，如由石油蒸馏或转化产生的重质燃料，也可能是值得考虑的有趣原料。然而，液体燃料是流化床处理的一个挑战。因此，本工作的目的是研究在CLC条件下液体进料喷射和与氧载体接触以实现碳氢化合物部分或完全燃烧的可行性。研制了一种间歇式实验流化床装置，使氧载体与液体燃料或空气交替接触。在20 mm的流化床反应器中填充45 g NiAl0.44 O1.67，并在高达950℃的高温下脉冲注入1-2 g液体。注入了不同的原料，从十二烷到重质燃料油2号。结果表明，在还原过程中，注入的燃料可以全部转化，并且在还原步骤结束时颗粒上没有残留的焦炭。根据床层中可用的氧气，可以实现完全燃烧或部分燃烧。不同的液体饲料，尽管其成分和性质不同，但结果相似。
{"title":"Chemical Looping Combustion with Different Types of Liquid Fuels","authors":"A. Hoteit, Ann Forret, William Pelletant, J. Roesler, T. Gauthier","doi":"10.2516/OGST/2010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST/2010022","url":null,"abstract":"CLC is a new promising combustion process for CO2 capture with less or even no energy penalty compared to other processes. Up to now, most of the work performed on CLC was conducted with gaseous or solid fuels, using methane and coal and/or pet coke. Liquid fuels such as heavy fuels resulting from oil distillation or conversion may also be interesting feedstocks to consider. However, liquid fuels are challenging feedstock to deal with in fluidized beds. The objective of the present work is therefore to investigate the feasibility of liquid feed injection and contact with oxygen carrier in CLC conditions in order to conduct partial or complete combustion of hydrocarbons. A batch experimental fluidized bed set-up was developed to contact alternatively oxygen carrier with liquid fuels or air. The 20 mm i.d. fluidized bed reactor was filled up with 45 g of NiAl0.44 O1.67 and pulses of 1-2 g of liquid were injected in the bed at high temperatures up to 950˚C. Different feedstocks have been injected, from dodecane to heavy fuel oils No.2. Results show that, during the reduction period, it is possible to convert all the fuel injected and there is no coke remaining on particles at the end of the reduction step. Depending upon oxygen available in the bed, either full combustion or partial combustion can be achieved. Similar results were found with different liquid feeds, despite their different composition and properties.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"56 1","pages":"193-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86090537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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