Anna Turek-Fijak, Joanna Brania, K. Styszko, D. Zięba, Z. Stęgowski, L. Samek
Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyse the elements and PM10 concentrations in air samples gathered in the winter of 2017/2018 in two small towns, namely Skala and Wadowice. The chemical elements were identified for each sample using the energy dispersive X-ray method. The spectrometer was equipped, among others, with an Mo-X-ray tube which was the source of the photons and the Si(Li) detector. The following chemical elements: Cl, K, Fe, Ca, Zn, Pb, Br, Ti, Cu, Mn, V, Co, Rb, Ni, Sr, and Cr were identified in the samples. In addition, As and Se were identified in Wadowice. First, the results were compared with each other and then with the results for the nearest city. It was observed that the PM10 concentrations were significantly higher than the UE limit value for PM10, which equals 50 μg·m−3 per 24 h. Moreover, the high concentrations of, among others, K, Pb, Cl or Zn, are likely to be linked with fossil fuels combustion and biomass burning. The levels of element concentrations in Wadowice and Skala resemble the levels observed several years earlier in Krakow.
{"title":"Chemical characterization of PM10 in two small towns located in South Poland","authors":"Anna Turek-Fijak, Joanna Brania, K. Styszko, D. Zięba, Z. Stęgowski, L. Samek","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2021-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2021-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyse the elements and PM10 concentrations in air samples gathered in the winter of 2017/2018 in two small towns, namely Skala and Wadowice. The chemical elements were identified for each sample using the energy dispersive X-ray method. The spectrometer was equipped, among others, with an Mo-X-ray tube which was the source of the photons and the Si(Li) detector. The following chemical elements: Cl, K, Fe, Ca, Zn, Pb, Br, Ti, Cu, Mn, V, Co, Rb, Ni, Sr, and Cr were identified in the samples. In addition, As and Se were identified in Wadowice. First, the results were compared with each other and then with the results for the nearest city. It was observed that the PM10 concentrations were significantly higher than the UE limit value for PM10, which equals 50 μg·m−3 per 24 h. Moreover, the high concentrations of, among others, K, Pb, Cl or Zn, are likely to be linked with fossil fuels combustion and biomass burning. The levels of element concentrations in Wadowice and Skala resemble the levels observed several years earlier in Krakow.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"66 1","pages":"29 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46195461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aslina Br. Ginting, A. Siti, Noviarty, Yanlinastuti, A. Nugroho, Boybul
Abstract Characterization of natural salts from Bayah, Lampung, and Tasikmalaya, Indonesia has been carried out as a substitute for synthetic resins. The characteristics include zeolite activation with NH4Cl, and heated at 200°C, the bond stability test of 137Cs-zeolite, chemical composition analysis, surface area, pore size, analysis of Cs cation exchange capacity (CEC), diffusion coefficient (Di), activation energy (Ea), and absorption of three zeolites. To do this, pipette 50 μl of a standard solution of 137Cs from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), put in, 2 ml of 0.1 N HCl, and then add 1 g of zeolite and stir each for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 24 h. Based on this stirring time, the 137C isotope will exchange ions with NH4-zeolite to 137Cs-zeolite in the solid phase. The content of 137Cs in 137Cs-zeolites (solid phase) was analysed using a gamma spectrometer. The results of the chemical composition analysis showed that the character of zeolite from Lampung has a Si/Al ratio, with a CEC value of 1.448 mEq/g which is greater than Bayah and Tasikmalaya, while the Di and Ea values for the three select types were obtained almost the same. Moreover, the stability test of the Cs ion bond with zeolite showed no significant release of Cs ions from the zeolite structure. It can be concluded that the three soloists tested that the zeolite from Lampung has better characters. The results of 137Cs isotope separation in 150 μl of U3Si2/Al fuel solution post-irradiation using zeolite from Lampung and Dowex resins obtained almost the same recovery around 98–99%, so it can be concluded that zeolite from Lampung can be used as a substitute for synthetic resin in the cation exchange process for the 137Cs isotope in nuclear fuel post-irradiated.
{"title":"Natural zeolite as a replacement for resin in the cation exchange process of cesium on post-irradiated nuclear fuel","authors":"Aslina Br. Ginting, A. Siti, Noviarty, Yanlinastuti, A. Nugroho, Boybul","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Characterization of natural salts from Bayah, Lampung, and Tasikmalaya, Indonesia has been carried out as a substitute for synthetic resins. The characteristics include zeolite activation with NH4Cl, and heated at 200°C, the bond stability test of 137Cs-zeolite, chemical composition analysis, surface area, pore size, analysis of Cs cation exchange capacity (CEC), diffusion coefficient (Di), activation energy (Ea), and absorption of three zeolites. To do this, pipette 50 μl of a standard solution of 137Cs from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), put in, 2 ml of 0.1 N HCl, and then add 1 g of zeolite and stir each for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 24 h. Based on this stirring time, the 137C isotope will exchange ions with NH4-zeolite to 137Cs-zeolite in the solid phase. The content of 137Cs in 137Cs-zeolites (solid phase) was analysed using a gamma spectrometer. The results of the chemical composition analysis showed that the character of zeolite from Lampung has a Si/Al ratio, with a CEC value of 1.448 mEq/g which is greater than Bayah and Tasikmalaya, while the Di and Ea values for the three select types were obtained almost the same. Moreover, the stability test of the Cs ion bond with zeolite showed no significant release of Cs ions from the zeolite structure. It can be concluded that the three soloists tested that the zeolite from Lampung has better characters. The results of 137Cs isotope separation in 150 μl of U3Si2/Al fuel solution post-irradiation using zeolite from Lampung and Dowex resins obtained almost the same recovery around 98–99%, so it can be concluded that zeolite from Lampung can be used as a substitute for synthetic resin in the cation exchange process for the 137Cs isotope in nuclear fuel post-irradiated.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"66 1","pages":"11 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47493213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the present study is to compare dose distributions and their verification in target areas and organs at risk (OAR) in conformal and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques. Proper verification procedures allow the removal of the major sources of errors, such as incorrect application of a planning system, its insufficient or cursory commissioning, as well as an erroneous interpretation of the obtained results. Three target areas (head and neck, chest, and pelvic) were selected and the treatment was delivered based on plans made using collapsed cone convolution and Monte Carlo algorithms with 6-MV photon beams, adopting conformal and VMAT techniques, respectively. All the plans were prepared for the anthropomorphic phantom. Dose measurements were performed with TL detectors made of LiF phosphor doped with magnesium and titanium (LiF:Mg,Ti). This paper presents the results of TL measurements and calculated doses, as well as their deviations from the treatment planning system (TPS) in the three planned target areas. It was established that the algorithms subject to analysis differ, particularly in dose calculations for highly inhomogeneous regions (OAR). Aside from the need to achieve the dose intended for the tumour, the choice of irradiation technique in teleradiotherapy should be dictated by the degree of exposure to individual critical organs during irradiation. While nothing deviated beyond the bounds of what is acceptable by international regulatory bodies in plans from TPS, clinically one must be more cautious with the OAR areas.
{"title":"Comparison of dose distributions in target areas and organs at risk in conformal and VMAT techniques and dose verifications with the use of thermoluminescence dosimetry","authors":"M. Paluch-Ferszt, B. Kozłowska, M. Dybek","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2020-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the present study is to compare dose distributions and their verification in target areas and organs at risk (OAR) in conformal and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques. Proper verification procedures allow the removal of the major sources of errors, such as incorrect application of a planning system, its insufficient or cursory commissioning, as well as an erroneous interpretation of the obtained results. Three target areas (head and neck, chest, and pelvic) were selected and the treatment was delivered based on plans made using collapsed cone convolution and Monte Carlo algorithms with 6-MV photon beams, adopting conformal and VMAT techniques, respectively. All the plans were prepared for the anthropomorphic phantom. Dose measurements were performed with TL detectors made of LiF phosphor doped with magnesium and titanium (LiF:Mg,Ti). This paper presents the results of TL measurements and calculated doses, as well as their deviations from the treatment planning system (TPS) in the three planned target areas. It was established that the algorithms subject to analysis differ, particularly in dose calculations for highly inhomogeneous regions (OAR). Aside from the need to achieve the dose intended for the tumour, the choice of irradiation technique in teleradiotherapy should be dictated by the degree of exposure to individual critical organs during irradiation. While nothing deviated beyond the bounds of what is acceptable by international regulatory bodies in plans from TPS, clinically one must be more cautious with the OAR areas.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"65 1","pages":"217 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42430368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Sobotka, Bartlomiej Klis, Z. Baranowska, K. Wołoszczuk, K. Rutkowska, T. Wolinski
Abstract The aim of this experimental work was to examine whether semiconductor photodetectors may be applied for the efficient reading of thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) signals. For this purpose, a series of experiments have been performed at the Department of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, in cooperation with the Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection (CLOR). Specifically, the measurement system proposed here has been designed to detect a signal from TLDs that use a semiconductor detector operating in conditions analogous to those met when using commercial devices equipped with a classic photomultiplier. For the experimental tests, the TLDs were irradiated with a beam of 137Cs radiation in the accredited Laboratory for Calibration of Dosimetric and Radon Instruments. Eventually, a comparison of the results obtained with a semiconductor detector (ID120) and a commercial TLD reader with a photomultiplier tube (RADOS) were made.
{"title":"Efficient reading of thermoluminescent dosimeter signals using semiconductor detectors","authors":"P. Sobotka, Bartlomiej Klis, Z. Baranowska, K. Wołoszczuk, K. Rutkowska, T. Wolinski","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2020-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this experimental work was to examine whether semiconductor photodetectors may be applied for the efficient reading of thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) signals. For this purpose, a series of experiments have been performed at the Department of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, in cooperation with the Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection (CLOR). Specifically, the measurement system proposed here has been designed to detect a signal from TLDs that use a semiconductor detector operating in conditions analogous to those met when using commercial devices equipped with a classic photomultiplier. For the experimental tests, the TLDs were irradiated with a beam of 137Cs radiation in the accredited Laboratory for Calibration of Dosimetric and Radon Instruments. Eventually, a comparison of the results obtained with a semiconductor detector (ID120) and a commercial TLD reader with a photomultiplier tube (RADOS) were made.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"65 1","pages":"223 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44429429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract By considering energy-dependent form factors extracted from generalized Chou–Yang model, root mean square (rms) charge radii of deuteron and helium nuclei (alpha) are predicted at different values of center of mass energy which are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and experimental results. The rms radius is inversely proportional to mass of nuclei. Besides, the relationship between radii and energy are also derived.
{"title":"Variation in rms charge radii of deuteron and helium nuclei with s sqrt s","authors":"S. Zahra, B. Shafaq, B. Kanwal, Nosheen Akbar","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2020-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract By considering energy-dependent form factors extracted from generalized Chou–Yang model, root mean square (rms) charge radii of deuteron and helium nuclei (alpha) are predicted at different values of center of mass energy which are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and experimental results. The rms radius is inversely proportional to mass of nuclei. Besides, the relationship between radii and energy are also derived.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"65 1","pages":"211 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45227889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Wild, P. Pira, T. Burian, L. Vyšín, L. Juha, Z. Zelinger, S. Danis, V. Nehasil, Zdeněk Rafaj, V. Nevrlý, M. Dostal, P. Bitala, P. Kudrna, M. Tichý, J. Rocca
Abstract Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) capillary-discharge lasers (CDLs) are a suitable source for the efficient, clean ablation of ionic crystals, which are obviously difficult to ablate with conventional, long-wavelength lasers. In the present study, a single crystal of cesium iodide (CsI) was irradiated by multiple, focused 1.5-ns pulses of 46.9-nm radiation delivered from a compact XUV-CDL device operated at either 2-Hz or 3-Hz repetition rates. The ablation rates were determined from the depth of the craters produced by the accumulation of laser pulses. Langmuir probes were used to diagnose the plasma plume produced by the focused XUV-CDL beam. Both the electron density and electron temperature were sufficiently high to confirm that ablation was the key process in the observed CsI removal. Moreover, a CsI thin film on MgO substrate was prepared by XUV pulsed laser deposition; a fraction of the film was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
{"title":"Ablation of single-crystalline cesium iodide by extreme ultraviolet capillary-discharge laser","authors":"J. Wild, P. Pira, T. Burian, L. Vyšín, L. Juha, Z. Zelinger, S. Danis, V. Nehasil, Zdeněk Rafaj, V. Nevrlý, M. Dostal, P. Bitala, P. Kudrna, M. Tichý, J. Rocca","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2020-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) capillary-discharge lasers (CDLs) are a suitable source for the efficient, clean ablation of ionic crystals, which are obviously difficult to ablate with conventional, long-wavelength lasers. In the present study, a single crystal of cesium iodide (CsI) was irradiated by multiple, focused 1.5-ns pulses of 46.9-nm radiation delivered from a compact XUV-CDL device operated at either 2-Hz or 3-Hz repetition rates. The ablation rates were determined from the depth of the craters produced by the accumulation of laser pulses. Langmuir probes were used to diagnose the plasma plume produced by the focused XUV-CDL beam. Both the electron density and electron temperature were sufficiently high to confirm that ablation was the key process in the observed CsI removal. Moreover, a CsI thin film on MgO substrate was prepared by XUV pulsed laser deposition; a fraction of the film was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"65 1","pages":"205 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49570239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Józef Bogowicz, M. Chabera, Wojciech Dziewiecki, Kacper Kaźmierczak, J. Klimaszewski, T. Kosiński, Andrzej Łubian, M. Matusiak, A. Wasilewski, M. Wojciechowski, S. Wronka, Tomasz Zakrzewski
Abstract The new vehicle scanning system Sowa has been developed in the National Centre for Nuclear Research. This innovative device is equipped with a 300 kV X-ray tube, U-shape imaging detector line, transport system, and fully shielded container. Sowa allows for a detailed inspection of the car and the detection of illegal transported items. This article presents the design, applied solutions, and achieved results of Sowa scanning system.
{"title":"Development of X-ray scanning system Sowa","authors":"Józef Bogowicz, M. Chabera, Wojciech Dziewiecki, Kacper Kaźmierczak, J. Klimaszewski, T. Kosiński, Andrzej Łubian, M. Matusiak, A. Wasilewski, M. Wojciechowski, S. Wronka, Tomasz Zakrzewski","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2020-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The new vehicle scanning system Sowa has been developed in the National Centre for Nuclear Research. This innovative device is equipped with a 300 kV X-ray tube, U-shape imaging detector line, transport system, and fully shielded container. Sowa allows for a detailed inspection of the car and the detection of illegal transported items. This article presents the design, applied solutions, and achieved results of Sowa scanning system.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"65 1","pages":"229 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48673826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-25DOI: 10.22541/au.159569105.56056755
D. Chmielewska, Łukasz Werner, U. Gryczka, W. Migdał
Abstract The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the demand for medical masks and respirators exceeds the current global stockpile of these items, and there is a dire need to increase the production capacity. Considering that ionizing radiation has been used for sterilization of medical products for many years and electron beam (EB) irradiation enables the treatment of huge quantities of disposable medical products in a short time this method should be tested for the mask’s decontamination. In this work, three different filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) were irradiated with electron beams of 12 kGy and 25 kGy. The results confirmed that the decrease in filtration efficiency after irradiation of all respirators results from the elimination of the electric charge from the polypropylene (PP) fibers in the irradiation process. Moreover, the applied doses may affect the thermal stability of PP fabrics, while filtering materials structure and integrity have not changed after irradiation.
{"title":"Effect of electron beam irradiation on filtering facepiece respirators integrity and filtering efficiency","authors":"D. Chmielewska, Łukasz Werner, U. Gryczka, W. Migdał","doi":"10.22541/au.159569105.56056755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159569105.56056755","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the demand for medical masks and respirators exceeds the current global stockpile of these items, and there is a dire need to increase the production capacity. Considering that ionizing radiation has been used for sterilization of medical products for many years and electron beam (EB) irradiation enables the treatment of huge quantities of disposable medical products in a short time this method should be tested for the mask’s decontamination. In this work, three different filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) were irradiated with electron beams of 12 kGy and 25 kGy. The results confirmed that the decrease in filtration efficiency after irradiation of all respirators results from the elimination of the electric charge from the polypropylene (PP) fibers in the irradiation process. Moreover, the applied doses may affect the thermal stability of PP fabrics, while filtering materials structure and integrity have not changed after irradiation.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"67 1","pages":"23 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46727940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents the results of long-term investigations of 137Cs and 134Cs activity concentrations in drinking water in the city of Zagreb for the period 1987–2018. The highest activity concentrations of both radio-nuclides were measured in 1987, decreasing exponentially ever since, while 134Cs in several subsequent years fell under the detection limit. After the Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011, the presence of 134Cs in drinking water was detected again. The environmental residence time for 137Cs was estimated to be 8.1 years in drinking water and 5.7 years in fallout. The correlation between 137Cs in fallout and in drinking water is very good, and this indicates that fallout is the main source of water contamination. The observed 134Cs/137Cs activity ratio in drinking water for the post-Chernobyl period was similar to the ratio found in other environmental samples. The estimation of annual effective doses received by the adult members of the Croatian population due to the intake of radiocaesium in drinking water showed quite small doses of 0.28 μSv in 1987 decreasing to 2.5 nSv in 2018, which indicated that drinking water was not a critical pathway for the transfer of radiocaesium to humans.
{"title":"Long-term investigation of 137Cs and 134Cs in drinking water in the city of Zagreb, Croatia","authors":"Z. Franić, Gina Branica, B. Petrinec, G. Marović","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2020-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the results of long-term investigations of 137Cs and 134Cs activity concentrations in drinking water in the city of Zagreb for the period 1987–2018. The highest activity concentrations of both radio-nuclides were measured in 1987, decreasing exponentially ever since, while 134Cs in several subsequent years fell under the detection limit. After the Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011, the presence of 134Cs in drinking water was detected again. The environmental residence time for 137Cs was estimated to be 8.1 years in drinking water and 5.7 years in fallout. The correlation between 137Cs in fallout and in drinking water is very good, and this indicates that fallout is the main source of water contamination. The observed 134Cs/137Cs activity ratio in drinking water for the post-Chernobyl period was similar to the ratio found in other environmental samples. The estimation of annual effective doses received by the adult members of the Croatian population due to the intake of radiocaesium in drinking water showed quite small doses of 0.28 μSv in 1987 decreasing to 2.5 nSv in 2018, which indicated that drinking water was not a critical pathway for the transfer of radiocaesium to humans.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"65 1","pages":"193 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45287794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract X-rays application for radiation processing was introduced to the industrial practice, and in some circumstances is found to be more economically competitive, and offer more flexibility than gamma sources. Recent progress in high-power accelerators development gives opportunity to construct and apply reliable high-power electron beam to X-rays converters for the industrial application. The efficiency of the conversion process depends mainly on electron energy and atomic number of the target material, as it was determined in theoretical predictions and confirmed experimentally. However, the lower price of low-energy direct accelerators and their higher electrical efficiency may also have certain influence on process economy. There are number of auxiliary parameters that can effectively change the economical results of the process. The most important ones are as follows: average beam power level, spare part cost, and optimal shape of electron beam and electron beam utilization efficiency. All these parameters and related expenses may affect the unit cost of radiation facility operation and have a significant influence on X-ray process economy. The optimization of X-rays converter construction is also important, but it does not depend on the type of accelerator. The article discusses the economy of radiation processing with high-intensity of X-rays stream emitted by conversion of electron beams accelerated in direct accelerator (electron energy 2.5 MeV) and resonant accelerators (electron energy 5 MeV and 7.5 MeV). The evaluation and comparison of the costs of alternative technical solutions were included to estimate the unit cost of X-rays facility operation for average beam power 100 kW.
{"title":"Economical evaluation of radiation processing with high-intensity X-rays","authors":"Z. Zimek","doi":"10.2478/nuka-2020-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract X-rays application for radiation processing was introduced to the industrial practice, and in some circumstances is found to be more economically competitive, and offer more flexibility than gamma sources. Recent progress in high-power accelerators development gives opportunity to construct and apply reliable high-power electron beam to X-rays converters for the industrial application. The efficiency of the conversion process depends mainly on electron energy and atomic number of the target material, as it was determined in theoretical predictions and confirmed experimentally. However, the lower price of low-energy direct accelerators and their higher electrical efficiency may also have certain influence on process economy. There are number of auxiliary parameters that can effectively change the economical results of the process. The most important ones are as follows: average beam power level, spare part cost, and optimal shape of electron beam and electron beam utilization efficiency. All these parameters and related expenses may affect the unit cost of radiation facility operation and have a significant influence on X-ray process economy. The optimization of X-rays converter construction is also important, but it does not depend on the type of accelerator. The article discusses the economy of radiation processing with high-intensity of X-rays stream emitted by conversion of electron beams accelerated in direct accelerator (electron energy 2.5 MeV) and resonant accelerators (electron energy 5 MeV and 7.5 MeV). The evaluation and comparison of the costs of alternative technical solutions were included to estimate the unit cost of X-rays facility operation for average beam power 100 kW.","PeriodicalId":19467,"journal":{"name":"Nukleonika","volume":"65 1","pages":"167 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46224754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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