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Density‐dependent effects of parasitism on the activity of a benthic engineer species: potential impact on ecosystem functioning 寄生对一种底栖工程物种活动的密度依赖效应:对生态系统功能的潜在影响
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10400
A. Dairain, Manon Doutrelant, Sarah Bureau, Sébastien Henry, Olivier Maire
While parasitism is a common lifestyle on Earth, its importance for the functioning of marine ecosystems has been overlooked for a long time. In particular, parasites have significant potential to influence central ecological processes through their impacts on hosts that serve as ecosystem engineers. Using an ex situ experimental approach, we explored the effects of trematode parasites on the engineering bioturbation activity of a common and abundant bivalve along European Atlantic soft‐bottom coastlines, the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana, as well as knock‐on effects for nutrient exchanges at the sediment–water interface (SWI). Trematodes negatively impacted the host's ability to transport sediment particles and solutes in a density‐dependent way, with parasite burden explaining 22–31% of the inter‐individual variability. This could be explained by parasitism impairing the bivalve physiological state and ability to burrow, as we observed a decrease in the condition index and the burrowing depth of the bivalves with an increase in the number of parasites they host. In contrast, the influence of S. plana on benthic biogeochemical fluxes did not vary significantly according to parasitic burden over a short time scale. Here, we focused on the effects of trematode parasites on the behaviour of S. plana alone, and thus excluded other macrofaunal organisms. We should next test whether trematodes modulate the structure and functioning of benthic communities dominated by S. plana to better understand and quantify the engineering role of parasites in soft‐bottom coastal environments.
寄生是地球上一种常见的生活方式,但其对海洋生态系统功能的重要性却长期被忽视。特别是,寄生虫通过对作为生态系统工程师的宿主的影响,具有影响中心生态过程的巨大潜力。我们采用原位实验的方法,探讨了吸虫对欧洲大西洋软底海岸线上常见的一种丰富双壳贝类--胡椒沟贝(Scrobicularia plana)的工程生物扰动活动的影响,以及对沉积物-水界面(SWI)营养交换的连锁反应。线虫对宿主运输沉积物颗粒和溶质的能力产生了负面影响,其影响程度与密度有关,寄生虫负担占个体间差异的 22-31%。这可能是由于寄生虫损害了双壳贝的生理状态和钻穴能力,因为我们观察到随着寄生虫数量的增加,双壳贝的状态指数和钻穴深度都有所下降。相比之下,寄生虫对底栖生物地球化学通量的影响在短时间内并不会随着寄生虫数量的增加而发生显著变化。在这里,我们只关注了吸虫对刨花水母行为的影响,因此排除了其他大型底栖生物。下一步,我们应检验吸虫是否会改变以刨腹鱼为主的底栖生物群落的结构和功能,以便更好地了解和量化寄生虫在沿岸软底环境中的工程作用。
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引用次数: 0
Geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships across taxa 不同类群之间的地理和时间距离衰减关系
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10269
Tad A. Dallas, Lauren A. Holian, Cleber Ten Caten
Communities that are farther away from one another in distance or time tend to be more dissimilar. These relationships are often referred to as ‘distance–decay' relationships, relating compositional dissimilarity of communities to geographic distance or exploring compositional shifts through time at a single site. The data required to explore both relationships simultaneously – and their potential interactions – require standardized sampling through time across a set of geographically unique sites. We used data on five taxonomic groups sampled between 2013 and 2021 as part of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) to explore evidence for geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships. Links between these relationships were explored by estimating the temporal consistency of geographic distance–decay relationships and estimating the strength of geographic patterns in temporal distance–decay relationships. Overall, we found evidence for geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships across the five studied taxa, but detected no temporal signal in geographic distance–decay relationships and no spatial signal in temporal distance–decay relationships. Together, this highlights that community composition changes across geographic and temporal gradients, but that the drivers of these changes may depend on different drivers at different scales.
距离或时间越远的群落往往差异越大。这些关系通常被称为 "距离-衰减 "关系,将群落的组成差异与地理距离联系起来,或探索单个地点的组成随时间的变化。同时探索这两种关系及其潜在的相互作用所需的数据,需要在一组地理位置独特的地点进行标准化的时间取样。作为国家生态观测网络(NEON)的一部分,我们使用了 2013 年至 2021 年期间采样的五个分类群的数据,以探索地理和时间距离衰减关系的证据。我们通过估算地理距离衰减关系的时间一致性和估算时间距离衰减关系中地理模式的强度来探索这些关系之间的联系。总体而言,我们在所研究的五个类群中发现了地理和时间距离衰减关系的证据,但在地理距离衰减关系中没有发现时间信号,在时间距离衰减关系中也没有发现空间信号。总之,这凸显了群落组成在地理和时间梯度上的变化,但这些变化的驱动因素可能取决于不同尺度上的不同驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
Density‐dependent effects of parasitism on the activity of a benthic engineer species: potential impact on ecosystem functioning 寄生对一种底栖工程物种活动的密度依赖效应:对生态系统功能的潜在影响
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10400
A. Dairain, Manon Doutrelant, Sarah Bureau, Sébastien Henry, Olivier Maire
While parasitism is a common lifestyle on Earth, its importance for the functioning of marine ecosystems has been overlooked for a long time. In particular, parasites have significant potential to influence central ecological processes through their impacts on hosts that serve as ecosystem engineers. Using an ex situ experimental approach, we explored the effects of trematode parasites on the engineering bioturbation activity of a common and abundant bivalve along European Atlantic soft‐bottom coastlines, the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana, as well as knock‐on effects for nutrient exchanges at the sediment–water interface (SWI). Trematodes negatively impacted the host's ability to transport sediment particles and solutes in a density‐dependent way, with parasite burden explaining 22–31% of the inter‐individual variability. This could be explained by parasitism impairing the bivalve physiological state and ability to burrow, as we observed a decrease in the condition index and the burrowing depth of the bivalves with an increase in the number of parasites they host. In contrast, the influence of S. plana on benthic biogeochemical fluxes did not vary significantly according to parasitic burden over a short time scale. Here, we focused on the effects of trematode parasites on the behaviour of S. plana alone, and thus excluded other macrofaunal organisms. We should next test whether trematodes modulate the structure and functioning of benthic communities dominated by S. plana to better understand and quantify the engineering role of parasites in soft‐bottom coastal environments.
寄生是地球上一种常见的生活方式,但其对海洋生态系统功能的重要性却长期被忽视。特别是,寄生虫通过对作为生态系统工程师的宿主的影响,具有影响中心生态过程的巨大潜力。我们采用原位实验的方法,探讨了吸虫对欧洲大西洋软底海岸线上常见的一种丰富双壳贝类--胡椒沟贝(Scrobicularia plana)的工程生物扰动活动的影响,以及对沉积物-水界面(SWI)营养交换的连锁反应。线虫对宿主运输沉积物颗粒和溶质的能力产生了负面影响,其影响程度与密度有关,寄生虫负担占个体间差异的 22-31%。这可能是由于寄生虫损害了双壳贝的生理状态和钻穴能力,因为我们观察到随着寄生虫数量的增加,双壳贝的状态指数和钻穴深度都有所下降。相比之下,寄生虫对底栖生物地球化学通量的影响在短时间内并不会随着寄生虫数量的增加而发生显著变化。在这里,我们只关注了吸虫对刨花水母行为的影响,因此排除了其他大型底栖生物。下一步,我们应检验吸虫是否会改变以刨腹鱼为主的底栖生物群落的结构和功能,以便更好地了解和量化寄生虫在沿岸软底环境中的工程作用。
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引用次数: 0
Diversity patterns along ecological succession in tropical dry forests: a multi-taxonomic approach 热带干旱森林生态演替的多样性模式:多分类方法
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1111/oik.09653
Priscila S. Oliveira, Luiz A. D. Falcão, Jarcilene S. Almeida, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Ronaldo Reis Júnior, Yule R. F. Nunes, Maria das Dores M. Veloso, Marina do Vale Beirão, Frederico de Siqueira Neves, Ricardo R. C. Solar, Magno A. Z. Borges, Alex C. Silva, Renato P. Salomão, Luciana Iannuzzi, Luciana F. Silva, George A. L. Cabral, Everardo V. S. B. Sampaio, Luiz E. Macedo-Reis, Cleandson F. Santos, Solange M. Kerpel, Rayana M. Souza, Iaciara G. S. Cardoso, Mário M. do Espírito Santo
Evaluating the diversity of multiple taxa is fundamental to understand community assembly and to assess the integrity and functionality of tropical secondary forests. In this study, we analyzed the natural regeneration of tropical dry forests (TDFs) in three regions of Brazil using Hill–Simpson diversity, abundance and β-diversity of trees and five groups of insects (herbivores, fruit-feeding butterflies, ants, culicid mosquitoes and dung beetles). Sampling was conducted in 39 0.1 ha plots using a chronosequence approach (13 plots in early, intermediate and old-growth forests). We evaluated the contribution of three different levels to γ-diversity: α (within plots), β1 (among plots) and β2 (among successional stages), and further determined the relative importance of turnover (species replacement) and nestedness (differences in species number among sites) to β2. Our results showed that, unexpectedly, the Hill–Simpson diversity was consistently higher in early than old-growth stages for all regions, but varied more widely in the intermediate stages. For each group separately, the same trend was observed for butterflies, ants, dung beetles and herbivores and did not differ among stages for mosquitoes. Successional differences in abundance were only detected for trees (increasing along the gradient) and for mosquitoes (decreasing). According to our expectations, the additive partitioning analysis showed that β2-diversity contributed more to γ-diversity than β1-diversity, when all taxa were considered together and for most of them separately (except for butterflies and dung beetles). Most of the β2-diversity was due to species turnover, but this contribution varied among groups and regions, with the highest turnover for herbivores and the lowest for dung beetles. Our results suggest that the Hill–Simpson diversity and changes in species composition (as given by β2-diversity) are better indicators of forest natural regeneration than raw species richness, corroborating previous studies with plants and animals.
评估多个类群的多样性对于了解群落的组合以及评估热带次生林的完整性和功能性至关重要。在这项研究中,我们利用树木和五类昆虫(食草动物、食果蝴蝶、蚂蚁、秆蚊和蜣螂)的希尔-辛普森多样性、丰度和β-多样性分析了巴西三个地区热带干燥林(TDFs)的自然再生情况。采样工作在 39 个 0.1 公顷的地块上进行,采用了时序法(13 个地块分别位于早生林、中生林和老龄林中)。我们评估了三个不同层次对γ多样性的贡献:α(地块内)、β1(地块间)和β2(演替阶段间),并进一步确定了更替(物种更替)和嵌套(不同地点间物种数量的差异)对β2的相对重要性。我们的结果表明,出乎意料的是,在所有地区,早期生长阶段的希尔-辛普森多样性一直高于老龄生长阶段,但在中期阶段的差异更大。就每组生物而言,蝴蝶、蚂蚁、蜣螂和食草动物都有相同的趋势,蚊子在不同阶段没有差异。只有树木(沿梯度递增)和蚊子(递减)的丰度存在演替差异。根据我们的预期,加性分区分析表明,当所有类群一起考虑时,β2 多样性对γ 多样性的贡献大于β1 多样性对大多数类群的贡献(蝴蝶和蜣螂除外)。大部分的 β2 多样性是由于物种更替造成的,但这一贡献在不同类群和地区有所不同,其中食草动物的更替率最高,而蜣螂的更替率最低。我们的研究结果表明,与原始物种丰富度相比,希尔-辛普森多样性和物种组成的变化(由β2-多样性表示)是森林自然再生的更好指标,这与之前对植物和动物的研究结果相吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Beta-diversity buffers fragmented landscapes against local species losses 贝塔多样性可缓冲破碎景观,防止当地物种减少
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10401
Cristian S. Dambros, Thiago Junqueira Izzo, Luciene Castuera de Oliveira, Ricardo Eduardo Vicente, Carlos A. Peres
Agricultural expansion has markedly reduced forests and reconfigured landscapes. These changes incur a well-known detrimental impact on the biodiversity of local forest patches, but the effects on species persistence in entire landscapes comprised of multiple patches are debated. Using data from ants collected in the Amazonian deforestation arc in Brazil, we investigated how regional diversity is affected by habitat loss, fragmentation, and cattle grazing, and how species respond to deforestation both locally and regionally. We also investigated how the heterogeneity in species distribution (beta-diversity) buffers landscapes against local diversity losses. We used hierarchical multi-species occupancy models to estimate these effects while controlling for errors in species detection. The vast majority of the 251 ant species found in our study were negatively affected by both habitat loss and cattle at local forest patches, drastically reducing diversity at these patches compared to continuous forests. Despite local declines in diversity, however, heavily fragmented landscapes could still retain most species due to the high heterogeneity in species distribution. We found that beta-diversity is the main component of regional diversity. Results from several studies suggest that this component is maximized when remnant primary habitats in a landscape are spread across vast areas. Although preserving local diversity may be important for the adequate functioning of the ecosystem locally, our results indicate that the maintenance of many small forest patches in a landscape can buffer regional biodiversity against local species losses. Our results suggest that even small forest remnants in otherwise deforested landscapes can collectively prevent most regional-scale species extirpations, and therefore also merit conservation efforts.
农业扩张使森林明显减少,地貌也发生了改变。这些变化对当地森林斑块的生物多样性造成了众所周知的不利影响,但对由多个斑块组成的整个地貌中物种持久性的影响还存在争议。我们利用在巴西亚马逊森林砍伐弧收集到的蚂蚁数据,研究了区域多样性如何受到栖息地丧失、破碎化和放牧的影响,以及物种如何在局部和区域范围内对森林砍伐做出反应。我们还研究了物种分布的异质性(β-多样性)如何缓冲景观对局部多样性损失的影响。我们使用分层多物种占据模型来估计这些影响,同时控制物种检测的误差。在我们的研究中发现的 251 种蚂蚁物种中,绝大多数都在局部森林斑块受到栖息地丧失和牛群的负面影响,与连续森林相比,这些斑块的多样性急剧下降。然而,尽管局部多样性下降,但由于物种分布的高度异质性,严重破碎化的景观仍能保留大多数物种。我们发现,β-多样性是区域多样性的主要组成部分。多项研究结果表明,当景观中残存的原生栖息地分布在广阔的区域内时,这部分多样性会最大化。虽然保持局部多样性对生态系统在局部地区的充分运作可能很重要,但我们的研究结果表明,在景观中保持许多小森林斑块可以缓冲区域生物多样性,防止局部物种的损失。我们的研究结果表明,即使是森林砍伐殆尽的地貌中的小片残留森林,也能共同防止大多数区域范围的物种灭绝,因此也值得保护。
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引用次数: 0
Parasite-mediated changes in host traits alter food web dynamics 寄生虫介导的宿主性状变化改变食物网动态
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10374
Ines Klemme, Tommi Perälä, Sami O. Lehtinen, Anna Kuparinen
Parasites commonly alter the phenotype of their hosts, thereby influencing competitive and consumer–resource interactions. This could trigger a cascade effect on the dynamics of biological communities, but the role of parasites in ecosystem processes is poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how parasite-induced trait modifications shape the dynamics of a complex lake food web using an allometric trophic network model (ATN). We simulated infections of stage-structured fish host populations via increased maintenance costs and predation risk. Our results show that host trait modifications can significantly impact host demography, with stage-specific biomass declines up to 60%. However, less severely affected host stages buffered these effects and sustained the population. Importantly, host biomass decline altered the dynamics of species interactions and these effects cascaded through the entire community, with biomass changes observed at all trophic levels. Our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating both indirect parasite effects and host life history in ecological network studies for more realistic simulations of community dynamics.
寄生虫通常会改变宿主的表型,从而影响竞争和消费者与资源之间的相互作用。这可能会对生物群落的动态产生连带效应,但寄生虫在生态系统过程中的作用却鲜为人知。在本研究中,我们利用异速营养网络模型(ATN)研究了寄生虫引起的性状改变如何影响复杂湖泊食物网的动态。我们通过增加维持成本和捕食风险来模拟阶段结构鱼类宿主种群的感染。我们的研究结果表明,宿主性状的改变会对宿主的种群数量产生重大影响,特定阶段生物量的降幅最高可达 60%。然而,受影响较轻的寄主阶段可以缓冲这些影响,维持种群数量。重要的是,寄主生物量的下降改变了物种相互作用的动态,这些影响通过整个群落逐级扩散,在所有营养级都观察到了生物量的变化。我们的研究结果强调了在生态网络研究中纳入间接寄生虫效应和宿主生活史的重要性,以便更真实地模拟群落动态。
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引用次数: 0
Linking intrinsic scales of ecological processes to characteristic scales of biodiversity and functioning patterns 将生态过程的内在尺度与生物多样性和功能模式的特征尺度联系起来
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10514
Yuval R. Zelnik, Matthieu Barbier, David W. Shanafelt, Michel Loreau, Rachel M. Germain
Ecology is a science of scale, which guides our description of both ecological processes and patterns, but we lack a systematic understanding of how process scale and pattern scale are connected. Recent calls for synthesis between population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology motivate the integration of phenomena at multiple organizational levels. Furthermore, many studies leave out the scaling of a critical process: species interactions, which may be non-local through movement or foraging and must be distinguished from dispersal scales. Here, we use simulations to explore the consequences of three different process scales (species interactions, dispersal, and the environment) on emergent patterns of biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and their relationship, in a spatially-explicit landscape and stable equilibrium setting. A major result of our study is that the spatial scales of dispersal and species interactions have opposite effects: a larger dispersal scale homogenizes spatial biomass patterns, while a larger interaction scale amplifies their heterogeneity. Interestingly, the specific scale at which dispersal and interaction scales begin to influence landscape patterns depends on the scale of environmental heterogeneity – in other words, the scale of one process allows important scales to emerge in other processes. This interplay between process scales, i.e. a situation where no single process dominates, can only occur when the environment is heterogeneous and the scale of dispersal small. Finally, contrary to our expectations, we observe that the spatial scale of ecological processes is more clearly reflected in landscape patterns (i.e. distribution of local outcomes) than in global patterns such as species–area relationships (SARs) or large-scale biodiversity–functioning relationships. Overall we conclude that long-range interactions often act differently and even in opposite ways to dispersal, and that the landscape patterns that emerge from the interplay of long-ranged interactions, dispersal and environmental heterogeneity are not well captured by often-used metrics like the SAR.
生态学是一门尺度科学,它指导着我们对生态过程和模式的描述,但我们对过程尺度和模式尺度之间的联系缺乏系统的了解。最近,人们呼吁将种群生态学、群落生态学和生态系统生态学综合起来,这促使我们整合多个组织层面的现象。此外,许多研究忽略了一个关键过程的尺度:物种相互作用,这种相互作用可能是通过运动或觅食实现的非局部性,必须与扩散尺度区分开来。在此,我们使用模拟方法,在空间明确的景观和稳定平衡环境中,探讨了三种不同过程尺度(物种相互作用、扩散和环境)对生物多样性、生态系统功能及其关系的新模式的影响。我们研究的一个主要结果是,物种扩散和物种相互作用的空间尺度具有相反的效果:较大的扩散尺度会使空间生物量模式趋于均匀,而较大的相互作用尺度则会放大其异质性。有趣的是,分散和相互作用尺度开始影响景观模式的具体尺度取决于环境异质性的尺度--换句话说,一个过程的尺度允许其他过程出现重要尺度。这种过程尺度之间的相互作用,即没有单一过程占主导地位的情况,只有在环境异质性高、扩散尺度小的情况下才会出现。最后,与我们的预期相反,我们观察到生态过程的空间尺度在景观模式(即局部结果的分布)中比在物种-区域关系(SARs)或大规模生物多样性-功能关系等全球模式中得到了更清晰的反映。总之,我们得出的结论是,远距离相互作用的作用方式往往不同于扩散,甚至与扩散的作用方式相反,而且远距离相互作用、扩散和环境异质性相互作用所产生的景观模式并不能被经常使用的指标(如 SAR)很好地捕捉。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the complex dynamics of zebra mussel invasions over several decades in European rivers: drivers, impacts and predictions 了解几十年来斑马贻贝入侵欧洲河流的复杂动态:驱动因素、影响和预测
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10283
Phillip J. Haubrock, Ismael Soto, Melina Kourantidou, Danish A. Ahmed, Ali Serhan Tarkan, Paride Balzani, Kristi Bego, Antonín Kouba, Sadi Aksu, Elizabeta Briski, Francisco Sylvester, Vanessa De Santis, Gaït Archambaud-Suard, Núria Bonada, Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, Zoltán Csabai, Thibault Datry, Mathieu Floury, Jean-François Fruget, John Iwan Jones, Marie-Helene Lizee, Anthony Maire, John F. Murphy, Davis Ozolins, Jes Jessen Rasmussen, Agnija Skuja, Gábor Várbíró, Piet Verdonschot, Ralf C. M. Verdonschot, Peter Wiberg-Larsen, Ross N. Cuthbert
The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha is one of the most successful, notorious, and detrimental aquatic invasive non-native species worldwide, having invaded Europe and North America while causing substantial ecological and socio-economic impacts. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal trends in this species' invasion success using 178 macroinvertebrate abundance time series, containing 1451 records of D. polymorpha collected across nine European countries between 1972–2019. Using these raw (absolute) abundance data, we examined trends and drivers of occurrences and relative abundances of D. polymorpha within invaded communities. Meta-regression models revealed non-significant trends both at the European level and for the majority of the invaded countries, except for France (significant decreasing trend) and Hungary (marginally positive trend). At the European level, the number of D. polymorpha occurrences over time followed a flat-top bell-shaped distribution, with a steep increase between 1973–1989 followed by a plateau phase prior to significantly declining post-1998. Using a series of climatic and hydromorphological site-specific characteristics of invaded and uninvaded sites from two periods (1998–2002; 2011–2015), we found that native richness, non-native abundance, distance to the next barrier, and elevation were associated with the occurrence of D. polymorpha. We also found that higher native richness and lower latitude were related to lower relative abundances. Using Cohen's D as a measure of D. polymorpha impact, we found that biodiversity within the invaded sites was initially higher than in uninvaded ones, but then declined, suggesting differences in biodiversity trends across invaded and uninvaded sites. While our results emphasise the high invasion success of D. polymorpha, increasing stressors within the context of global change – particularly ongoing climate change – are likely to enhance invasion rates and the impact of D. polymorpha in the near future, exacerbated by the lack of timely and effective management actions.
斑马贻贝(Dreissena polymorpha)是世界上最成功、最臭名昭著、危害最大的水生入侵非本地物种之一,在入侵欧洲和北美的同时对生态和社会经济造成了巨大影响。在此,我们利用 178 个大型无脊椎动物丰度时间序列研究了该物种入侵成功的时空趋势,这些时间序列包含 1972-2019 年间在 9 个欧洲国家收集的 1451 条 D. polymorpha 记录。利用这些原始(绝对)丰度数据,我们研究了被入侵群落中多甲虫的出现趋势和驱动因素以及相对丰度。元回归模型显示,除法国(显著下降趋势)和匈牙利(略呈正趋势)外,欧洲层面和大多数受入侵国家的趋势都不显著。在欧洲层面,D. polymorpha 的出现数量随着时间的推移呈平顶钟形分布,1973-1989 年间急剧上升,随后进入高原阶段,1998 年后显著下降。利用两个时期(1998-2002 年;2011-2015 年)入侵和未入侵地点的一系列气候和水文地质特征,我们发现本地丰富度、非本地丰富度、到下一个障碍物的距离和海拔与多甲藻的出现有关。我们还发现,较高的本地丰富度和较低的纬度与较低的相对丰度有关。使用科恩氏 D 作为 D. polymorpha 影响的衡量标准,我们发现受入侵地点的生物多样性最初高于未受入侵地点,但随后有所下降,这表明受入侵地点和未受入侵地点的生物多样性趋势存在差异。虽然我们的研究结果表明多甲藻的入侵成功率很高,但在全球变化(尤其是持续的气候变化)的背景下,越来越多的压力因素可能会在不久的将来提高多甲藻的入侵率和影响,而缺乏及时有效的管理措施则会加剧这种情况。
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引用次数: 0
Parasites make hosts more profitable but less available to predators 寄生虫使宿主更有利可图,但却减少了捕食者的机会
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10469
Loïc Prosnier, Nicolas Loeuille, Florence D. Hulot, David Renault, Christophe Piscart, Baptiste Bicocchi, Muriel Deparis, Matthieu Lam, Vincent Médoc
Parasites are omnipresent, and their eco-evolutionary significance has aroused much interest from scientists. Parasites may affect their hosts in many ways with changes in density, appearance, behaviour and energy content, likely to modify their value to predators (profitability) within the optimal foraging framework. Consequently, parasites could impact predators' diet and the trophic links through food webs. Here, we investigate the consequences of the infection by the iridovirus Daphnia iridescent virus 1 (DIV-1) on the reproductive success, mortality, appearance, mobility, and biochemical composition of water fleas Daphnia magna, a widespread freshwater crustacean. We do predation tests and compare search time, handling time and feeding preference between infected and uninfected Daphnia when preyed upon by Notonecta sp., a common aquatic insect. Our findings show that infection does not change fecundity but reduces lifespan and thereby constrains fitness. Infected Daphnia show reduced mobility and increased color reflectance in the UV and visible domains, which potentially affects their appearance and thus vulnerability to predators. Infection increases body size and the amount of proteins but does not affect carbohydrate and lipid contents. Although infected Daphnia are longer to handle, they are preferred over uninfected individuals by aquatic insects. Taken together, our findings show that DIV-1 infection could make Daphnia more profitable to predators (24% energy increase), a positive effect that should be balanced with a lower availability due to the higher mortality of infected specimens. We also highlight that exposure to infection in asymptomatic individuals leads to ecological characteristics that differ from both healthy and symptomatic infected individuals.
寄生虫无处不在,它们对生态进化的意义引起了科学家们的极大兴趣。寄生虫可能通过多种方式影响宿主,如改变宿主的密度、外观、行为和能量含量,从而可能在最佳觅食框架内改变宿主对捕食者的价值(盈利能力)。因此,寄生虫会影响捕食者的饮食和食物网中的营养联系。在此,我们研究了水蚤虹彩病毒 1(DIV-1)感染对水蚤(一种广泛分布的淡水甲壳动物)的繁殖成功率、死亡率、外观、流动性和生化成分的影响。我们进行了捕食试验,并比较了受感染水蚤和未感染水蚤被常见水生昆虫 Notonecta sp.捕食时的搜索时间、处理时间和取食偏好。我们的研究结果表明,感染不会改变水蚤的繁殖力,但会缩短其寿命,从而限制其适应能力。受感染的水蚤表现出活动能力下降,在紫外线和可见光领域的颜色反射率增加,这可能会影响它们的外观,从而容易受到捕食者的攻击。感染会增加体型和蛋白质含量,但不会影响碳水化合物和脂质含量。虽然感染水蚤的处理时间较长,但与未感染的个体相比,它们更受水生昆虫的青睐。总之,我们的研究结果表明,DIV-1 感染可使水蚤对捕食者更有利可图(能量增加 24%),但这一积极影响应与受感染标本死亡率较高导致的可用性降低相平衡。我们还强调,无症状个体受到感染会导致生态特征与健康个体和有症状的感染个体不同。
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引用次数: 0
Pattern and driver of the compositional variations in a tropical cloud forest: comparing vascular epiphytes with terrestrial woody plants 热带云雾林成分变化的模式和驱动因素:比较维管附生植物和陆生木本植物
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10158
Chuchu Xiao, Guang Feng, Wenxing Long
β-diversity patterns (the compositional variations across sites) and their drivers are the major concerns of biodiversity research and conservation practices, whereas such information remains scarce for vascular epiphytes, especially in tropical forest communities. This study aimed to reveal the pattern and driving process of the compositional variations of vascular epiphytes in a tropical cloud forest on Hainan island, southern China, and their differences from those of terrestrial woody plants. To this end, we quantified their between-habitat compositional variations and distinguished the underlying components of β-diversity (nestedness and turnover). We then examined the relative roles of niche-based and neutral processes in driving the compositional variations by using a null model approach. Our results showed that the between-habitat compositional variations were significant for both plant assemblages and stronger in vascular epiphytes than in terrestrial woody plants. The turnover component of β-diversity was significantly stronger in terrestrial woody plants, accounting for 73.16–80.08% of the variations. By contrast, the nestedness component was significantly stronger in vascular epiphytes and characterized 46.82–67.5% of the variations. Besides, the compositional variations of both plant assemblages, especially terrestrial woody plants, were generally poorly fitted by the simulated niche-based scenarios but well fitted by the simulated neutral scenarios. Overall, the compositional variations of both plant assemblages were significant and mainly due to dispersal limitation, albeit to varying degrees. Hence, further studies of these plant assemblages at local scales should not be ideologically limited to the niche-based framework. Moreover, the stronger nestedness observed in vascular epiphytes suggests the greater importance of prioritizing conservation efforts in the species-rich habitats for these plants.
β多样性模式(不同地点之间的成分变化)及其驱动因素是生物多样性研究和保护实践的主要关注点,而对于维管附生植物,尤其是热带森林群落中的维管附生植物,这方面的信息仍然很少。本研究旨在揭示中国南部海南岛热带云雾林中维管附生植物成分变化的模式和驱动过程,以及它们与陆生木本植物成分变化的差异。为此,我们量化了它们在不同生境之间的成分变化,并区分了β多样性的基本成分(嵌套度和周转率)。然后,我们采用空模型方法研究了基于生态位的过程和中性过程在驱动成分变化中的相对作用。我们的研究结果表明,栖息地之间的组成变化对两种植物群落都有显著影响,而且维管附生植物的变化比陆生木本植物更大。在陆生木本植物中,β多样性的周转成分明显更强,占变化的73.16%-80.08%。相比之下,维管附生植物的嵌套性成分明显更强,占变化的 46.82%-67.5%。此外,两种植物群落的组成变化,尤其是陆生木本植物的组成变化,在基于生态位的模拟情景中的拟合程度普遍较低,但在模拟中性情景中的拟合程度较高。总体而言,这两个植物群的成分变化显著,主要是由于扩散限制造成的,只是程度不同而已。因此,在局部范围内对这些植物组合的进一步研究不应局限于基于生态位的框架。此外,在维管附生植物中观察到的更强的嵌套性表明,在物种丰富的栖息地优先保护这些植物更为重要。
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