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Drying and fragmentation drive the dynamics of resources, consumers and ecosystem functions across aquatic‐terrestrial habitats in a river network 河流网络中水生-陆生栖息地的资源、消费者和生态系统功能受干燥和破碎化的动态影响
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10135
Romain Sarremejane, Teresa Silverthorn, Angélique Arbaretaz, Amélie Truchy, Nans Barthélémy, Naiara López‐Rojo, Arnaud Foulquier, Laurent Simon, Hervé Pella, Gabriel Singer, Thibault Datry
Rivers form meta‐ecosystems, in which disturbance and connectivity control biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and their interactions across the river network, but also across connected instream and riparian ecosystems. This aquatic–terrestrial linkage is modified by drying, a disturbance that also naturally fragments river networks and thereby modifies organism dispersal and organic matter (OM) transfers across the river network. However, little evidence of the effects of drying on river network‐scale OM cycling exists. Here, we assessed the effects of fragmentation by drying at the river meta‐ecosystem scale by monitoring leaf resource stocks, invertebrate communities and decomposition rates, across three seasons and 20 sites, in the instream and riparian habitats of a river network naturally fragmented by drying. Although instream leaf resource quantity and quality increased, leaf‐shredder invertebrate richness and abundance decreased with flow intermittence. Decomposition was, however, mainly driven by network‐scale fragmentation and connectivity. Shredder richness and invertebrate‐driven decomposition both peaked at sites with intermediate amounts of intermittent reaches upstream, suggesting that upstream drying can promote the biodiversity and functioning of downstream ecosystems. Shredder richness, however, had a negative effect on decomposition in perennial sites, likely due to interspecific competition. Leaf quantity, invertebrate communities and invertebrate‐driven decomposition became more similar between instream and riparian habitats as drying frequency increased, likely due to homogenization of environmental conditions between both habitats as the river dried. Our study demonstrates the paramount effects of drying on the dynamics of resources, communities and ecosystem functioning in rivers and presents evidence of one of the first network‐scale examples of the co‐drivers of ecosystem functions across terrestrial–aquatic boundaries.
河流形成了元生态系统,其中干扰和连通性控制着生物多样性、生态系统功能及其在整个河网中的相互作用,同时也控制着相连的河内生态系统和河岸生态系统。这种水生-陆生联系会因干旱而改变,干旱也会自然地破坏河网,从而改变生物的扩散和有机物(OM)在河网中的转移。然而,很少有证据表明干燥会影响河网尺度的有机物循环。在这里,我们通过监测因干旱而自然破碎的河网的河内和河岸栖息地的叶片资源储量、无脊椎动物群落和分解率,在三个季节和 20 个地点评估了干旱对河流元生态系统尺度的破碎化影响。虽然河内叶片资源的数量和质量都有所提高,但碎叶无脊椎动物的丰富度和丰度却随着水流的间歇性而降低。然而,分解主要是由网络尺度的破碎化和连通性驱动的。碎叶无脊椎动物丰富度和无脊椎动物驱动的分解均在上游有中等数量间歇性河段的地点达到峰值,这表明上游的干涸可以促进下游生态系统的生物多样性和功能。然而,碎屑类丰富度对多年生地点的分解有负面影响,这可能是由于种间竞争造成的。叶片数量、无脊椎动物群落和无脊椎动物驱动的分解在河流干涸频率增加时,在河流内栖地和河岸栖息地之间变得更加相似,这可能是由于河流干涸时两种栖息地的环境条件趋于一致。我们的研究证明了干燥对河流资源、群落和生态系统功能动态的重要影响,并提供了跨陆生-水生边界生态系统功能共同驱动因素的首批网络规模实例之一。
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引用次数: 0
Plant–mycorrhizal associations may explain the latitudinal gradient of plant community assembly 植物与菌根的联系可以解释植物群落组合的纬度梯度
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10367
Naoto Shinohara, Yuta Kobayashi, Keita Nishizawa, Kohmei Kadowaki, Akira Yamawo
Biogeographical variation in community assembly processes forms the basis of the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity by driving β‐diversity. Classical studies on community assembly predict environmental filtering affecting β‐diversity more strongly at higher latitudes, where productivity is lower and abiotic stress is stronger. Contrary to this prediction, recent evidence indicates that plant community composition at higher latitudes exhibits more spatially clustered distributions independently of background environments, suggesting the importance of spatial processes, such as priority effects. In this study, we propose a hypothesis that resolves this paradox by considering plant–soil feedback and biogeographic variations in the dominant mycorrhizal type: we predict that the increasing prevalence of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees with latitude contributes to the spatially clustered distribution of plants, as EcM trees tend to exhibit positive plant–soil feedback. We analyzed a large‐scale standardized dataset of Japanese forests covering a latitudinal gradient of >10° and found that 1) the proportion of EcM trees was higher at higher latitudes, and 2) EcM tree‐rich communities exhibited more spatially clustered distributions likely due to positive plant–soil feedback. Consequently, 3) tree species composition at higher latitudes was better explained by spatial variables suggesting the importance of priority effects. Consistent with the predictions of the plant–soil feedback theory, these patterns were more pronounced in understory than in canopy communities. Taken together, our results lend support to our hypothesis that biogeographic variation in tree community assembly patterns is defined by mycorrhizal types and plant–soil feedback, thereby resolving a paradox in the latitudinal gradient of plant community assembly. Our work highlights that plant mycorrhizal type underlies the determinants of β‐diversity which is a critical component of the latitudinal gradient of diversity.
群落组合过程中的生物地理差异是生物多样性纬度梯度的基础,它驱动着β-多样性。关于群落组合的经典研究预测,在生产力较低、非生物压力较强的高纬度地区,环境过滤对 β 多样性的影响更大。与这一预测相反,最近的证据表明,高纬度地区的植物群落组成与背景环境无关,表现出更多的空间集群分布,这表明空间过程(如优先效应)的重要性。在本研究中,我们提出了一个假说,通过考虑植物-土壤反馈和优势菌根类型的生物地理学变化来解决这一矛盾:我们预测,随着纬度的增加,外生菌根(EcM)树木的普遍性会促进植物的空间集群分布,因为EcM树木倾向于表现出植物-土壤的正反馈。我们分析了纬度梯度为 10°的日本森林的大规模标准化数据集,发现:1)纬度越高,EcM 树的比例越高;2)富含 EcM 树的群落表现出更多的空间集群分布,这可能是由于植物-土壤的正反馈作用。因此,3)空间变量能更好地解释高纬度地区的树种组成,表明优先效应的重要性。与植物-土壤反馈理论的预测一致,这些模式在林下群落中比在林冠群落中更为明显。综上所述,我们的研究结果支持了我们的假设,即树木群落组合模式的生物地理差异是由菌根类型和植物-土壤反馈决定的,从而解决了植物群落组合纬度梯度的一个悖论。我们的研究突出表明,植物菌根类型是决定β多样性的关键因素,而β多样性是多样性纬度梯度的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Flowering synchrony modulates pollinator sharing and places plant individuals along a competition–facilitation continuum 花期同步调节传粉者的分享,并将植物个体置于竞争-促进的连续体中
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10477
Blanca Arroyo‐Correa, Ignasi Bartomeus, Pedro Jordano
Indirect interactions among species within ecological communities govern ecological and evolutionary processes as much as, or even more, than direct effects. In insect‐pollinated plant communities, indirect interactions between plants can be mediated by shared pollinators, and may influence plant fitness, population growth and community structure. As individuals are the entities actually interacting in nature, rather than species, downscaling a hierarchical level (i.e. from species to individuals) is essential to understand the underlying processes promoting these indirect interactions. We combined empirical data on plant–pollinator interactions collected in Mediterranean shrublands with a novel modelling framework to assess how the patterns of heterospecific and conspecific pollinator sharing between plant individuals are generated and their fitness implications. We found that the effects of flowering synchrony on pollinator sharing among conspecific and heterospecific plant individuals outperformed those of spatial distance. Our results revealed that plant individuals that shared more pollinators with conspecifics were also involved in a higher pollinator sharing with heterospecifics. For most plant species, the sharing of pollinator species between heterospecific plant individuals produced positive mean fitness outcomes, as long as plants did not share many pollinator interactions, which had negative effects on their fitness. At the level of plant individuals, we found that specific combinations of conspecific and heterospecific pollinator sharing lead to distinct reproductive outcomes that placed each individual along a competition–facilitation continuum. Interestingly, most plant species included a higher proportion of individuals likely experiencing competition compared to those potentially involved in facilitation processes. Our contribution provides novel insights into the factors responsible for local‐scale indirect interactions within communities and their individual‐level functional consequences. Such intricate patterns of indirect interactions have far‐reaching implications, as the transitions of plant individuals along competitive or facilitative processes mediated by shared mutualists may contribute significantly to the functioning and coexistence of ecological communities.
生态群落中物种之间的间接相互作用对生态和进化过程的影响不亚于甚至超过直接影响。在昆虫授粉的植物群落中,植物之间的间接相互作用可以通过共同的授粉者进行调解,并可能影响植物的适应性、种群增长和群落结构。由于个体是自然界中实际发生相互作用的实体,而不是物种,因此,要了解促进这些间接相互作用的基本过程,就必须降低层次(即从物种到个体)。我们将在地中海灌木丛中收集到的植物与授粉者相互作用的经验数据与一个新颖的建模框架相结合,以评估植物个体之间的异种和同种授粉者共享模式是如何产生的及其对适应性的影响。我们发现,开花同步性对同种植物个体和异种植物个体之间授粉者共享的影响优于空间距离的影响。我们的研究结果表明,与同种植物共享更多传粉媒介的植物个体,与异种植物共享的传粉媒介也更多。对于大多数植物物种来说,只要植物个体之间的授粉昆虫互作不多,异种植物个体之间的授粉昆虫互作就会产生积极的平均适合度结果,因为授粉昆虫互作会对其适合度产生负面影响。在植物个体层面,我们发现同种和异种授粉者共享的特定组合会导致不同的繁殖结果,使每个个体处于竞争-促进的连续统一体中。有趣的是,与可能参与促进过程的个体相比,大多数植物物种中可能经历竞争的个体比例更高。我们的研究成果为了解群落内局部范围间接相互作用的因素及其个体层面的功能后果提供了新的视角。这种错综复杂的间接相互作用模式具有深远的影响,因为植物个体在竞争或促进过程中的转变是由共同的互助者介导的,这可能会极大地促进生态群落的功能和共存。
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引用次数: 0
Food web complexity modulates environmental impacts on food chain length 食物网复杂性调节环境对食物链长度的影响
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10331
Shota Shibasaki, Akira Terui
The determinants of food chain length (FCL), a crucial aspect of biodiversity due to its effects on ecosystem functioning, have long been debated. Previous studies proposed resource availability, disturbance, and ecosystem size as environmental drivers. However, studies using stable isotope approaches have shown inconsistent results, indicating missing links between environmental drivers and FCL. Here, we hypothesized that species richness and motifs (i.e. three‐species subgraphs) modulated environmental effects on FCL. Combining empirical food webs with our N‐species food web model, we found that FCL disproportionately changed at low species richness, with saturation at high species richness. This functional response was essential to the interdependent effects of disturbance and ecosystem size in our model. Disturbance more strongly regulated FCL in smaller ecosystems, where species richness was low. Similarly, increasing ecosystem size enhanced FCL under strong, but not weak, disturbance regimes. Our study suggests that internal food web structure should deepen our understanding of how FCL changes over environments.
食物链长度(FCL)是生物多样性的一个重要方面,因其对生态系统功能的影响而备受争议。以前的研究提出,资源可用性、干扰和生态系统规模是环境驱动因素。然而,使用稳定同位素方法进行的研究结果并不一致,表明环境驱动因素与 FCL 之间缺乏联系。在此,我们假设物种丰富度和模式(即三物种子图)会调节环境对 FCL 的影响。通过将经验食物网与我们的N种食物网模型相结合,我们发现在物种丰富度较低时,FCL会发生不成比例的变化,而在物种丰富度较高时,FCL会达到饱和。在我们的模型中,这种功能反应对于干扰和生态系统规模的相互依存效应至关重要。在物种丰富度较低的较小生态系统中,干扰对 FCL 的调节作用更强。同样,在强干扰(而非弱干扰)机制下,生态系统规模的扩大会增强食物网的FCL。我们的研究表明,内部食物网结构应加深我们对FCL如何随环境变化的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Flower‐visitor and pollen‐load data provide complementary insight into species and individual network roles 访花者和花粉量数据提供了物种和个体网络作用的互补性洞察力
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10301
Alyssa R. Cirtwill, Helena Wirta, Riikka Kaartinen, Gavin Ballantyne, Graham N. Stone, Helen Cunnold, Mikko Tiusanen, Tomas Roslin
Most animal pollination results from plant–insect interactions, but how we perceive these interactions may differ with the sampling method adopted. The two most common methods are observations of visits by pollinators to plants and observations of pollen loads carried by insects. Each method could favour the detection of different species and interactions, and pollen load observations typically reveal more interactions per individual insect than visit observations. Moreover, while observations concern plant and insect individuals, networks are frequently analysed at the level of species. Although networks constructed using visitation and pollen‐load data have occasionally been compared in relatively specialised, bee‐dominated systems, it is not known how sampling methodology will affect our perception of how species (and individuals within species) interact in a more generalist system. Here we use a Diptera‐dominated high‐Arctic plant–insect community to explore how sampling approach shapes several measures of species' interactions (focusing on specialisation), and what we can learn about how the interactions of individuals relate to those of species. We found that species degrees, interaction strengths, and species motif roles were significantly correlated across the two method‐specific versions of the network. However, absolute differences in degrees and motif roles were greater than could be explained by the greater number of interactions per individual provided by the pollen‐load data. Thus, despite the correlations between species roles in networks built using visitation and pollen‐load data, we infer that these two perspectives yield fundamentally different summaries of the ways species fit into their communities. Further, individuals' roles generally predicted the species' overall role, but high variability among individuals means that species' roles cannot be used to predict those of particular individuals. These findings emphasize the importance of adopting a dual perspective on bipartite networks, as based on the different information inherent in insect visits and pollen loads.
大多数动物授粉都是植物-昆虫相互作用的结果,但我们对这些相互作用的认识可能会因采用的取样方法而有所不同。最常见的两种方法是观察传粉昆虫对植物的访问和观察昆虫携带的花粉量。每种方法都有利于发现不同的物种和相互作用,而花粉量观测通常比访问观测更能揭示每只昆虫的相互作用。此外,观察结果涉及植物和昆虫个体,而网络则经常在物种水平上进行分析。虽然在相对专业化的、以蜜蜂为主的系统中,偶尔会对利用访问量和花粉量数据构建的网络进行比较,但目前还不清楚取样方法会如何影响我们对物种(以及物种内个体)在更普遍的系统中如何相互作用的认识。在这里,我们利用双翅目昆虫为主的高纬度北极植物-昆虫群落来探讨取样方法如何影响物种相互作用的几种测量方法(重点是特化),以及我们可以了解到的个体相互作用与物种相互作用之间的关系。我们发现,在两种方法特定版本的网络中,物种度、相互作用强度和物种主题作用都有显著的相关性。然而,由于花粉量数据提供的每个个体的交互作用数量更多,因此物种度和主题作用的绝对差异更大。因此,尽管物种角色在使用访问量数据和花粉量数据构建的网络中存在相关性,但我们推断,这两种观点对物种融入群落的方式产生了根本不同的总结。此外,个体的作用通常可以预测物种的整体作用,但个体间的高度变异性意味着物种的作用不能用来预测特定个体的作用。这些发现强调了基于昆虫访问和花粉量的不同内在信息,采用双重视角来看待双链网络的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Microbe-induced plant resistance alters aphid inter-genotypic competition leading to rapid evolution with consequences for plant growth and aphid abundance 微生物诱导的植物抗性改变了蚜虫基因型间的竞争,导致快速进化,对植物生长和蚜虫数量造成影响
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10426
Xinqiang Xi, Andrew Dean, Sharon E. Zytynska
Plants and insect herbivores are two of the most diverse multicellular groups in the world, and both are strongly influenced by interactions with the belowground soil microbiome. Effects of reciprocal rapid evolution on ecological interactions between herbivores and plants have been repeatedly demonstrated, but it is unknown if (and how) the soil microbiome could mediate these eco-evolutionary processes on a shared host plant. We tested the role of a plant-beneficial soil bacterium Acidovorax radicis in altering eco-evolutionary interactions between different aphid genotypes (Sitobion avenae, genotypes Sickte and Fescue) feeding on barley Hordeum vulgare. We measured fecundity, longevity and population growth of two aphid genotypes reared separately or together (population mixture) on three different barley varieties that were inoculated with or without A. radicis. Results showed that across all plant varieties A. radicis increased plant growth and suppressed aphid populations via reduced longevity and fecundity. The strength of effect was dependent on aphid genotype and barley variety, while the direction of effect was altered by aphid population mixture. Using Lotka–Volterra modelling, we demonstrated that while A. radicis inoculation decreased growth rates for both aphid genotypes it increased the competitiveness of one genotype against the other. In general, in the presence of A. radicis, the Fescue aphid genotype became more inhibitory of Sickte aphids, while Sickte aphids facilitated the growth of Fescue aphids. Our work demonstrates that plant rhizosphere microbiomes exert community-level influences by mediating eco-evolutionary interactions between herbivores and host plants. By altering competitive interaction outcomes among aphids and thus impacting processes such as rapid evolution, soil microbes contribute to the short- and long-term structure and functioning of terrestrial habitats.
植物和昆虫食草动物是世界上最多样化的两个多细胞群体,两者都受到与地下土壤微生物群相互作用的强烈影响。相互快速进化对食草动物和植物之间生态互动的影响已被反复证明,但土壤微生物组是否(以及如何)能在共同宿主植物上介导这些生态进化过程,目前还不得而知。我们测试了对植物有益的土壤细菌 Acidovorax radicis 在改变以大麦为食的不同蚜虫基因型(Sitobion avenae,基因型 Sickte 和 Fescue)之间的生态进化相互作用中的作用。我们测量了两种蚜虫基因型分别或共同饲养(种群混合)在三种不同大麦品种上的繁殖力、寿命和种群增长情况,这些大麦品种接种或不接种蚜虫。结果表明,在所有植物品种上,A. radicis 都能增加植物生长,并通过降低寿命和繁殖力来抑制蚜虫数量。影响的强度取决于蚜虫基因型和大麦品种,而影响的方向则受蚜虫种群混合物的影响。我们利用 Lotka-Volterra 模型证明,虽然接种 A. radicis 会降低两种蚜虫基因型的生长率,但却会提高一种基因型对另一种基因型的竞争力。一般来说,在根瘤蚜存在的情况下,羊茅蚜基因型对镰刀蚜的抑制作用更强,而镰刀蚜则有利于羊茅蚜的生长。我们的研究表明,植物根瘤微生物群通过介导食草动物与寄主植物之间的生态进化互动,发挥了群落级的影响。通过改变蚜虫之间的竞争互动结果,从而影响快速进化等过程,土壤微生物对陆地栖息地的短期和长期结构与功能做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Habitat simplification affects functional group structure along with taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of temperate-zone ant assemblages over a ten-year period 栖息地简化对温带蚂蚁群落的功能群结构以及分类和系统发育多样性产生了十年影响
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10472
G. Pérez-Toledo, M. Cuautle, C. Castillo-Guevara, J. G. Miguelena
Biodiversity is declining at various scales due to habitat simplification. Nevertheless, there is scarce information on how the biotic and abiotic changes linked to simplification affect several diversity dimensions, such as taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversities. This study investigated whether transforming natural oak forests into induced grasslands affected species diversity, functional group structure, and phylogenetic diversity of ant assemblages inhabiting a temperate forest in central Mexico. We placed over 1000 pitfall traps in five sampling events covering a ten-year period. We used Hill numbers to evaluate species diversity differences between vegetation types and patterns over time. Ant species were classified into stress-related functional groups, which were analyzed for their association with vegetation types and changes to their proportional abundance over time. We calculated the standardized effect size of the mean nearest taxon distance to quantify the evolutionary history and test for non-random patterns within vegetation types and sampling years. Species richness did not differ between vegetation types, yet grasslands showed greater diversity for the q = 1 and q = 2 orders. , We also found three ant species as bioindicators for each type of vegetation. Regarding functional structure, cold climate specialists were associated with oak forests. In contrast, generalist species were predominant in induced grasslands. Higher phylogenetic diversity with an overdispersed structure was associated with oak forest, whereas lower phylogenetic diversity and a clustered pattern were found in induced grassland. These results indicate that habitat simplification may not affect the number of ant species, but rather increases their relative abundance and reorganizes the functional and phylogenetic structure in the ecosystem, particularly shifting towards the dominance of evolutionary closely related species and broad-stress-tolerant groups. These results highlight the importance of integrating further dimensions of diversity to properly evaluate the reassembly dynamics after habitat simplification, and understand the mechanisms driving this biodiversity loss.
由于栖息地的简化,各种规模的生物多样性都在下降。然而,关于与简化相关的生物和非生物变化如何影响分类、功能和系统发育多样性等多个多样性维度的信息却很少。本研究调查了将天然橡树林转化为诱导草地是否会影响物种多样性、功能群结构以及栖息在墨西哥中部温带森林中的蚂蚁群的系统发育多样性。我们在为期十年的五次取样活动中放置了 1000 多个坑式陷阱。我们使用希尔数来评估植被类型之间的物种多样性差异以及随时间变化的模式。我们将蚂蚁物种划分为与压力相关的功能群,并分析了这些功能群与植被类型的关系以及随着时间推移其丰度比例的变化。我们计算了最近类群平均距离的标准化效应大小,以量化进化历史,并检验植被类型和采样年份内的非随机模式。不同植被类型的物种丰富度并无差异,但草地的 q = 1 和 q = 2 目物种丰富度更高。我们还发现,每种植被类型都有三种蚂蚁作为生物指标。在功能结构方面,寒冷气候专家与橡树林有关。与此相反,在诱导草地中则以通才物种为主。栎树林的系统发育多样性较高,结构过于分散,而诱导草地的系统发育多样性较低,结构呈聚类模式。这些结果表明,生境简化可能不会影响蚂蚁物种的数量,反而会增加它们的相对丰度,并重组生态系统中的功能和系统发育结构,特别是向进化上密切相关的物种和广泛耐压群体的主导地位转变。这些结果凸显了整合多样性的更多方面以正确评估生境简化后的重新组合动态以及了解生物多样性丧失的驱动机制的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships across taxa 不同类群之间的地理和时间距离衰减关系
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10269
Tad A. Dallas, Lauren A. Holian, Cleber Ten Caten
Communities that are farther away from one another in distance or time tend to be more dissimilar. These relationships are often referred to as ‘distance–decay' relationships, relating compositional dissimilarity of communities to geographic distance or exploring compositional shifts through time at a single site. The data required to explore both relationships simultaneously – and their potential interactions – require standardized sampling through time across a set of geographically unique sites. We used data on five taxonomic groups sampled between 2013 and 2021 as part of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) to explore evidence for geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships. Links between these relationships were explored by estimating the temporal consistency of geographic distance–decay relationships and estimating the strength of geographic patterns in temporal distance–decay relationships. Overall, we found evidence for geographic and temporal distance–decay relationships across the five studied taxa, but detected no temporal signal in geographic distance–decay relationships and no spatial signal in temporal distance–decay relationships. Together, this highlights that community composition changes across geographic and temporal gradients, but that the drivers of these changes may depend on different drivers at different scales.
距离或时间越远的群落往往差异越大。这些关系通常被称为 "距离-衰减 "关系,将群落的组成差异与地理距离联系起来,或探索单个地点的组成随时间的变化。同时探索这两种关系及其潜在的相互作用所需的数据,需要在一组地理位置独特的地点进行标准化的时间取样。作为国家生态观测网络(NEON)的一部分,我们使用了 2013 年至 2021 年期间采样的五个分类群的数据,以探索地理和时间距离衰减关系的证据。我们通过估算地理距离衰减关系的时间一致性和估算时间距离衰减关系中地理模式的强度来探索这些关系之间的联系。总体而言,我们在所研究的五个类群中发现了地理和时间距离衰减关系的证据,但在地理距离衰减关系中没有发现时间信号,在时间距离衰减关系中也没有发现空间信号。总之,这凸显了群落组成在地理和时间梯度上的变化,但这些变化的驱动因素可能取决于不同尺度上的不同驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
Diversity patterns along ecological succession in tropical dry forests: a multi-taxonomic approach 热带干旱森林生态演替的多样性模式:多分类方法
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1111/oik.09653
Priscila S. Oliveira, Luiz A. D. Falcão, Jarcilene S. Almeida, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Ronaldo Reis Júnior, Yule R. F. Nunes, Maria das Dores M. Veloso, Marina do Vale Beirão, Frederico de Siqueira Neves, Ricardo R. C. Solar, Magno A. Z. Borges, Alex C. Silva, Renato P. Salomão, Luciana Iannuzzi, Luciana F. Silva, George A. L. Cabral, Everardo V. S. B. Sampaio, Luiz E. Macedo-Reis, Cleandson F. Santos, Solange M. Kerpel, Rayana M. Souza, Iaciara G. S. Cardoso, Mário M. do Espírito Santo
Evaluating the diversity of multiple taxa is fundamental to understand community assembly and to assess the integrity and functionality of tropical secondary forests. In this study, we analyzed the natural regeneration of tropical dry forests (TDFs) in three regions of Brazil using Hill–Simpson diversity, abundance and β-diversity of trees and five groups of insects (herbivores, fruit-feeding butterflies, ants, culicid mosquitoes and dung beetles). Sampling was conducted in 39 0.1 ha plots using a chronosequence approach (13 plots in early, intermediate and old-growth forests). We evaluated the contribution of three different levels to γ-diversity: α (within plots), β1 (among plots) and β2 (among successional stages), and further determined the relative importance of turnover (species replacement) and nestedness (differences in species number among sites) to β2. Our results showed that, unexpectedly, the Hill–Simpson diversity was consistently higher in early than old-growth stages for all regions, but varied more widely in the intermediate stages. For each group separately, the same trend was observed for butterflies, ants, dung beetles and herbivores and did not differ among stages for mosquitoes. Successional differences in abundance were only detected for trees (increasing along the gradient) and for mosquitoes (decreasing). According to our expectations, the additive partitioning analysis showed that β2-diversity contributed more to γ-diversity than β1-diversity, when all taxa were considered together and for most of them separately (except for butterflies and dung beetles). Most of the β2-diversity was due to species turnover, but this contribution varied among groups and regions, with the highest turnover for herbivores and the lowest for dung beetles. Our results suggest that the Hill–Simpson diversity and changes in species composition (as given by β2-diversity) are better indicators of forest natural regeneration than raw species richness, corroborating previous studies with plants and animals.
评估多个类群的多样性对于了解群落的组合以及评估热带次生林的完整性和功能性至关重要。在这项研究中,我们利用树木和五类昆虫(食草动物、食果蝴蝶、蚂蚁、秆蚊和蜣螂)的希尔-辛普森多样性、丰度和β-多样性分析了巴西三个地区热带干燥林(TDFs)的自然再生情况。采样工作在 39 个 0.1 公顷的地块上进行,采用了时序法(13 个地块分别位于早生林、中生林和老龄林中)。我们评估了三个不同层次对γ多样性的贡献:α(地块内)、β1(地块间)和β2(演替阶段间),并进一步确定了更替(物种更替)和嵌套(不同地点间物种数量的差异)对β2的相对重要性。我们的结果表明,出乎意料的是,在所有地区,早期生长阶段的希尔-辛普森多样性一直高于老龄生长阶段,但在中期阶段的差异更大。就每组生物而言,蝴蝶、蚂蚁、蜣螂和食草动物都有相同的趋势,蚊子在不同阶段没有差异。只有树木(沿梯度递增)和蚊子(递减)的丰度存在演替差异。根据我们的预期,加性分区分析表明,当所有类群一起考虑时,β2 多样性对γ 多样性的贡献大于β1 多样性对大多数类群的贡献(蝴蝶和蜣螂除外)。大部分的 β2 多样性是由于物种更替造成的,但这一贡献在不同类群和地区有所不同,其中食草动物的更替率最高,而蜣螂的更替率最低。我们的研究结果表明,与原始物种丰富度相比,希尔-辛普森多样性和物种组成的变化(由β2-多样性表示)是森林自然再生的更好指标,这与之前对植物和动物的研究结果相吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Beta-diversity buffers fragmented landscapes against local species losses 贝塔多样性可缓冲破碎景观,防止当地物种减少
IF 3.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1111/oik.10401
Cristian S. Dambros, Thiago Junqueira Izzo, Luciene Castuera de Oliveira, Ricardo Eduardo Vicente, Carlos A. Peres
Agricultural expansion has markedly reduced forests and reconfigured landscapes. These changes incur a well-known detrimental impact on the biodiversity of local forest patches, but the effects on species persistence in entire landscapes comprised of multiple patches are debated. Using data from ants collected in the Amazonian deforestation arc in Brazil, we investigated how regional diversity is affected by habitat loss, fragmentation, and cattle grazing, and how species respond to deforestation both locally and regionally. We also investigated how the heterogeneity in species distribution (beta-diversity) buffers landscapes against local diversity losses. We used hierarchical multi-species occupancy models to estimate these effects while controlling for errors in species detection. The vast majority of the 251 ant species found in our study were negatively affected by both habitat loss and cattle at local forest patches, drastically reducing diversity at these patches compared to continuous forests. Despite local declines in diversity, however, heavily fragmented landscapes could still retain most species due to the high heterogeneity in species distribution. We found that beta-diversity is the main component of regional diversity. Results from several studies suggest that this component is maximized when remnant primary habitats in a landscape are spread across vast areas. Although preserving local diversity may be important for the adequate functioning of the ecosystem locally, our results indicate that the maintenance of many small forest patches in a landscape can buffer regional biodiversity against local species losses. Our results suggest that even small forest remnants in otherwise deforested landscapes can collectively prevent most regional-scale species extirpations, and therefore also merit conservation efforts.
农业扩张使森林明显减少,地貌也发生了改变。这些变化对当地森林斑块的生物多样性造成了众所周知的不利影响,但对由多个斑块组成的整个地貌中物种持久性的影响还存在争议。我们利用在巴西亚马逊森林砍伐弧收集到的蚂蚁数据,研究了区域多样性如何受到栖息地丧失、破碎化和放牧的影响,以及物种如何在局部和区域范围内对森林砍伐做出反应。我们还研究了物种分布的异质性(β-多样性)如何缓冲景观对局部多样性损失的影响。我们使用分层多物种占据模型来估计这些影响,同时控制物种检测的误差。在我们的研究中发现的 251 种蚂蚁物种中,绝大多数都在局部森林斑块受到栖息地丧失和牛群的负面影响,与连续森林相比,这些斑块的多样性急剧下降。然而,尽管局部多样性下降,但由于物种分布的高度异质性,严重破碎化的景观仍能保留大多数物种。我们发现,β-多样性是区域多样性的主要组成部分。多项研究结果表明,当景观中残存的原生栖息地分布在广阔的区域内时,这部分多样性会最大化。虽然保持局部多样性对生态系统在局部地区的充分运作可能很重要,但我们的研究结果表明,在景观中保持许多小森林斑块可以缓冲区域生物多样性,防止局部物种的损失。我们的研究结果表明,即使是森林砍伐殆尽的地貌中的小片残留森林,也能共同防止大多数区域范围的物种灭绝,因此也值得保护。
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