Xiaorong Lu, Marc W. Cadotte, Pandeng Wang, Shan Rao, Xiaoye Shi, Siyuan Ren, Xihua Wang, Shao-peng Li
The complex relationship between aboveground and belowground diversity and whether they act as surrogates for one another remains unresolved. Increasing evidence suggests that investigating phylogenetic diversity could provide valuable insights into the interplay between plants and soil microbes, but the proliferation of phylogenetic diversity metrics has hindered comparative studies and the identification of general patterns. To overcome this challenge, we implemented a multi-dimensional framework that classifies phylogenetic diversity metrics into three dimensions: richness, divergence, and regularity, each of which captures different ecological aspects of species differences. Then we applied this framework to investigate the relationship between above and belowground diversity in a subtropical forest in eastern China. We found that phylogenetic diversity of plant and soil microbes, including bacteria and fungi, were more strongly correlated at the richness and regularity dimensions compared with divergence dimension. Further analyses revealed that these observed correlation patterns align with variations in soil total phosphorus content, a key factor influencing both plant and microbial phylogenetic diversity at richness and regularity dimensions. Together, our study demonstrated the necessity of using a multi-dimensional approach to advance our understanding of the complex relationships between plant and soil microbial biodiversity.
{"title":"Multiple dimensions of phylogenetic diversity are needed to explain the complex aboveground–belowground diversity relationships","authors":"Xiaorong Lu, Marc W. Cadotte, Pandeng Wang, Shan Rao, Xiaoye Shi, Siyuan Ren, Xihua Wang, Shao-peng Li","doi":"10.1111/oik.10474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10474","url":null,"abstract":"The complex relationship between aboveground and belowground diversity and whether they act as surrogates for one another remains unresolved. Increasing evidence suggests that investigating phylogenetic diversity could provide valuable insights into the interplay between plants and soil microbes, but the proliferation of phylogenetic diversity metrics has hindered comparative studies and the identification of general patterns. To overcome this challenge, we implemented a multi-dimensional framework that classifies phylogenetic diversity metrics into three dimensions: richness, divergence, and regularity, each of which captures different ecological aspects of species differences. Then we applied this framework to investigate the relationship between above and belowground diversity in a subtropical forest in eastern China. We found that phylogenetic diversity of plant and soil microbes, including bacteria and fungi, were more strongly correlated at the richness and regularity dimensions compared with divergence dimension. Further analyses revealed that these observed correlation patterns align with variations in soil total phosphorus content, a key factor influencing both plant and microbial phylogenetic diversity at richness and regularity dimensions. Together, our study demonstrated the necessity of using a multi-dimensional approach to advance our understanding of the complex relationships between plant and soil microbial biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139056907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Stahlschmidt, Daniel Bui, Jessica Chen, William Zhao
Different life‐history strategies can be employed to navigate the tradeoff between investment into reproductive and somatic tissues, and plasticity in life‐history strategies may be one of animals' most important tools to counter ongoing global change. Therefore, we factorially manipulated the availability of two critical resources – mates and food – to determine plasticity in life‐history investment strategies. We tested several hypotheses using females of the variable field cricket Gryllus lineaticeps because it exhibits a wing dimorphism that mediates a tradeoff between investment into ovary mass and dispersal (flight capacity) during early adulthood – long‐winged females' investment into flight muscle obligates reduced ovaries, while short‐winged females lack flight but instead heavily invest into ovaries. The availability of food and mates played different roles in the plasticity of life‐history strategies. Song exposure as a proxy for mate density exerted its strongest (negative) effects on somatic tissue and flight capacity. Meanwhile, food availability strongly influenced food intake, which exerted its strongest (positive) effects on reproduction. Raw traits of reproductive and somatic investment, such as ovary and non‐ovary mass gained, respectively, positively covaried; yet, reproduction‐soma relationships disappeared or became negative (i.e. characterizing tradeoffs) when resource (food) acquisition was accounted for. Thus, failure to account for food intake can lead to misdiagnoses of the plasticity of reproduction‐related tradeoffs. Further, the negative effect of flight capacity on ovary mass gain was dependent on male song (acoustic × flight interaction) and food availability (food × flight interaction). These were likely adaptive responses because they allowed flight‐capable females to invest heavily into reproduction when conditions for reproduction were favorable (i.e. abundance of food and mates). In sum, we uncovered multi‐directional effects among dispersal capacity, resource availability, and the plasticity of the tradeoff between investment into reproductive and non‐reproductive tissues.
{"title":"Availability of mates and food influence the plasticity in strategies mediating life‐history tradeoffs in an insect","authors":"Z. Stahlschmidt, Daniel Bui, Jessica Chen, William Zhao","doi":"10.1111/oik.10337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10337","url":null,"abstract":"Different life‐history strategies can be employed to navigate the tradeoff between investment into reproductive and somatic tissues, and plasticity in life‐history strategies may be one of animals' most important tools to counter ongoing global change. Therefore, we factorially manipulated the availability of two critical resources – mates and food – to determine plasticity in life‐history investment strategies. We tested several hypotheses using females of the variable field cricket Gryllus lineaticeps because it exhibits a wing dimorphism that mediates a tradeoff between investment into ovary mass and dispersal (flight capacity) during early adulthood – long‐winged females' investment into flight muscle obligates reduced ovaries, while short‐winged females lack flight but instead heavily invest into ovaries. The availability of food and mates played different roles in the plasticity of life‐history strategies. Song exposure as a proxy for mate density exerted its strongest (negative) effects on somatic tissue and flight capacity. Meanwhile, food availability strongly influenced food intake, which exerted its strongest (positive) effects on reproduction. Raw traits of reproductive and somatic investment, such as ovary and non‐ovary mass gained, respectively, positively covaried; yet, reproduction‐soma relationships disappeared or became negative (i.e. characterizing tradeoffs) when resource (food) acquisition was accounted for. Thus, failure to account for food intake can lead to misdiagnoses of the plasticity of reproduction‐related tradeoffs. Further, the negative effect of flight capacity on ovary mass gain was dependent on male song (acoustic × flight interaction) and food availability (food × flight interaction). These were likely adaptive responses because they allowed flight‐capable females to invest heavily into reproduction when conditions for reproduction were favorable (i.e. abundance of food and mates). In sum, we uncovered multi‐directional effects among dispersal capacity, resource availability, and the plasticity of the tradeoff between investment into reproductive and non‐reproductive tissues.","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":" 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138963471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomoki Ishiguro, Marc T. J. Johnson, Shunsuke Utsumi
Urbanization is a global threat to biodiversity due to its large impact on environmental changes. Recently, urban environmental change has been shown to impact the evolution of many species. However, much remains unknown about how urban environments influence evolutionary processes and outcomes due to the non‐linearity and discontinuity of environmental variables along urban–rural gradients. Here, we focused on the evolution of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production and its components (presence/absence of cyanogenic glycosides and the hydrolytic enzyme linamarase) in the herbaceous plant white clover Trifolium repens, which thrive in both urban and rural areas. To comprehensively elucidate how plants evolve and adapt to heterogenous urban environments, we collected 3299 white clover plants from 122 populations throughout Sapporo, Japan. We examined the spatial variation in environmental factors, such as herbivory, sky openness, impervious surface cover, snow depth, and temperature, and how variation in these factors was related to the production of HCN, cyanogenic glycosides, and linamarase. Environmental factors showed complex spatial variation due to the heterogeneity of the urban landscape. Among these factors, herbivory, sky openness, and impervious surface cover were highly related to the frequency of plants producing HCN in populations. We also found that impervious surface cover was related to the frequency of plants producing cyanogenic glycosides, while herbivory pressure was not. As a result, the cyanogenic glycoside frequency showed a clearer trend along urban–rural gradient rather than HCN frequency, and thus, the predicted spatial distributions of HCN and cyanogenic glycosides were inconsistent. These results suggest that urban landscape heterogeneity and trait multifunctionality determines mosaic‐like spatial distribution of evolutionary traits.
{"title":"Urban spatial heterogeneity shapes the evolution of an antiherbivore defense trait and its genes in white clover","authors":"Tomoki Ishiguro, Marc T. J. Johnson, Shunsuke Utsumi","doi":"10.1111/oik.10210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10210","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization is a global threat to biodiversity due to its large impact on environmental changes. Recently, urban environmental change has been shown to impact the evolution of many species. However, much remains unknown about how urban environments influence evolutionary processes and outcomes due to the non‐linearity and discontinuity of environmental variables along urban–rural gradients. Here, we focused on the evolution of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production and its components (presence/absence of cyanogenic glycosides and the hydrolytic enzyme linamarase) in the herbaceous plant white clover Trifolium repens, which thrive in both urban and rural areas. To comprehensively elucidate how plants evolve and adapt to heterogenous urban environments, we collected 3299 white clover plants from 122 populations throughout Sapporo, Japan. We examined the spatial variation in environmental factors, such as herbivory, sky openness, impervious surface cover, snow depth, and temperature, and how variation in these factors was related to the production of HCN, cyanogenic glycosides, and linamarase. Environmental factors showed complex spatial variation due to the heterogeneity of the urban landscape. Among these factors, herbivory, sky openness, and impervious surface cover were highly related to the frequency of plants producing HCN in populations. We also found that impervious surface cover was related to the frequency of plants producing cyanogenic glycosides, while herbivory pressure was not. As a result, the cyanogenic glycoside frequency showed a clearer trend along urban–rural gradient rather than HCN frequency, and thus, the predicted spatial distributions of HCN and cyanogenic glycosides were inconsistent. These results suggest that urban landscape heterogeneity and trait multifunctionality determines mosaic‐like spatial distribution of evolutionary traits.","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":"101 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Escobedo, Rodrigo S. Ríos, C. Salgado‐Luarte, E. Gianoli
Phenotypic plasticity can increase the extent of the environmental gradient occupied by a species (niche breadth) and modify the portion of niche space shared among co‐occurring species (niche overlap). Thus, phenotypic plasticity may play a role in community assembly processes. Given that plants deal with a multivariate environment, and that functional traits are often correlated, plastic responses to different environmental factors are likely correlated. However, the implications of correlations of plasticities for niche overlap remain unexplored. Here, we present and evaluate a conceptual framework that links correlations of plasticities and niche overlap patterns among co‐occurring plant species. We specifically tested in an arid shrubland whether positive, negative, or null correlations between plasticity to light and water availability would be associated with patterns of high, low, or random niche overlap, respectively. Field data identified light and water availability as key factors shaping herbaceous plant community structure. We estimated species' niche breadth and niche overlap using two‐dimensional kernel–density estimations (NOK) and standardised effect sizes of Pianka's niche overlap index (OSES). We measured phenotypic plasticity to light and water availability in the six most abundant species in a greenhouse experiment. We used the plasticity index (PI) to test 1) the relationship between plasticity to light and water availability, and 2) the association between overall plasticity (average PI across traits) and niche breadth. We found a positive relationship between plasticity to light and water availability. Increased overall plasticity was associated with a broader niche breadth. Both NOK and OSES estimations indicated a significant niche overlap pattern. Results supported one of the predictions of our conceptual framework: that a positive correlation of plasticities would lead to increased niche overlap. The verified conceptual framework broadens our understanding of the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant community coexistence.
{"title":"Correlation of plasticities to drought and shade: implications for environmental niche overlap in drylands","authors":"V. Escobedo, Rodrigo S. Ríos, C. Salgado‐Luarte, E. Gianoli","doi":"10.1111/oik.09766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.09766","url":null,"abstract":"Phenotypic plasticity can increase the extent of the environmental gradient occupied by a species (niche breadth) and modify the portion of niche space shared among co‐occurring species (niche overlap). Thus, phenotypic plasticity may play a role in community assembly processes. Given that plants deal with a multivariate environment, and that functional traits are often correlated, plastic responses to different environmental factors are likely correlated. However, the implications of correlations of plasticities for niche overlap remain unexplored. Here, we present and evaluate a conceptual framework that links correlations of plasticities and niche overlap patterns among co‐occurring plant species. We specifically tested in an arid shrubland whether positive, negative, or null correlations between plasticity to light and water availability would be associated with patterns of high, low, or random niche overlap, respectively. Field data identified light and water availability as key factors shaping herbaceous plant community structure. We estimated species' niche breadth and niche overlap using two‐dimensional kernel–density estimations (NOK) and standardised effect sizes of Pianka's niche overlap index (OSES). We measured phenotypic plasticity to light and water availability in the six most abundant species in a greenhouse experiment. We used the plasticity index (PI) to test 1) the relationship between plasticity to light and water availability, and 2) the association between overall plasticity (average PI across traits) and niche breadth. We found a positive relationship between plasticity to light and water availability. Increased overall plasticity was associated with a broader niche breadth. Both NOK and OSES estimations indicated a significant niche overlap pattern. Results supported one of the predictions of our conceptual framework: that a positive correlation of plasticities would lead to increased niche overlap. The verified conceptual framework broadens our understanding of the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant community coexistence.","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Michalet, Christopher Carcaillet, Florian Delerue, J. Domec, Jonathan Lenoir
Assisted tree migration has been proposed as a conceptual solution to mitigate lags in biotic responses to anthropogenic climate change. The rationale behind this concept is that tree species currently growing under warmer and drier climates will be more resistant and resilient to the new climatic conditions than tree species naturally growing in currently wetter and colder climates. However, we hypothesize that, by being more stress‐tolerant to warmer and drier conditions, translocated species should exhibit different functional attributes, which could induce important ecological and societal costs and overcome the desired benefits of maintaining wood production and other ecosystem services. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze variation in seven traits of 106 tree and tall shrub species from contrasting latitudinal distributions in western North America and Europe to predict the potential functional changes of forest ecosystems due to the translocation of tree species from low to high latitudes. We show that species from both continents differed primarily by their position on the leaf economy spectrum (LES) and their size traits. Even though, in Europe, differences in LES were significantly correlated to species southern latitudinal positions, in both continents differences in size traits were significantly correlated to latitude. These results suggest that assisted migration by translocating more conservative species of shorter stature in currently cooler climates should decrease the buffering capacity of forest canopies, decrease facilitation for understory species, and increase wildfire risks, whose effects have the potential to accelerate climate warming through negative atmospheric feedback processes. As an alternative solution to assisted migration that may accelerate rather than mitigate climate change, we recommend that foresters gradually diversify the vertical structure and layering of the existing forest canopy to maintain a sustainable water cycle and energy balance between the soil, the tree and the atmosphere without increasing the wildfire risk.
{"title":"Assisted migration in a warmer and drier climate: less climate buffering capacity, less facilitation and more fires at temperate latitudes?","authors":"R. Michalet, Christopher Carcaillet, Florian Delerue, J. Domec, Jonathan Lenoir","doi":"10.1111/oik.10248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10248","url":null,"abstract":"Assisted tree migration has been proposed as a conceptual solution to mitigate lags in biotic responses to anthropogenic climate change. The rationale behind this concept is that tree species currently growing under warmer and drier climates will be more resistant and resilient to the new climatic conditions than tree species naturally growing in currently wetter and colder climates. However, we hypothesize that, by being more stress‐tolerant to warmer and drier conditions, translocated species should exhibit different functional attributes, which could induce important ecological and societal costs and overcome the desired benefits of maintaining wood production and other ecosystem services. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze variation in seven traits of 106 tree and tall shrub species from contrasting latitudinal distributions in western North America and Europe to predict the potential functional changes of forest ecosystems due to the translocation of tree species from low to high latitudes. We show that species from both continents differed primarily by their position on the leaf economy spectrum (LES) and their size traits. Even though, in Europe, differences in LES were significantly correlated to species southern latitudinal positions, in both continents differences in size traits were significantly correlated to latitude. These results suggest that assisted migration by translocating more conservative species of shorter stature in currently cooler climates should decrease the buffering capacity of forest canopies, decrease facilitation for understory species, and increase wildfire risks, whose effects have the potential to accelerate climate warming through negative atmospheric feedback processes. As an alternative solution to assisted migration that may accelerate rather than mitigate climate change, we recommend that foresters gradually diversify the vertical structure and layering of the existing forest canopy to maintain a sustainable water cycle and energy balance between the soil, the tree and the atmosphere without increasing the wildfire risk.","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emanuel A. Fronhofer, Lynn Govaert, Mary I. O'Connor, Sebastian J. Schreiber, Florian Altermatt
The logistic growth model is one of the most frequently used formalizations of density dependence affecting population growth, persistence and evolution. Ecological and evolutionary theory, and applications to understand population change over time often include this model. However, the assumptions and limitations of this popular model are often not well appreciated. Here, we briefly review past use of the logistic growth model and highlight limitations by deriving population growth models from underlying consumer–resource dynamics. We show that the logistic equation likely is not applicable to many biological systems. Rather, density-regulation functions are usually non-linear and may exhibit convex or concave curvatures depending on the biology of resources and consumers. In simple cases, the dynamics can be fully described by the Schoener model. More complex consumer dynamics show similarities to a Maynard Smith–Slatkin model. We show how population-level parameters, such as intrinsic rates of increase and equilibrium population densities are not independent, as often assumed. Rather, they are functions of the same underlying parameters. The commonly assumed positive relationship between equilibrium population density and competitive ability is typically invalid. We propose simple relationships between intrinsic rates of increase and equilibrium population densities that capture the essence of different consumer–resource systems. Relating population level models to underlying mechanisms allows us to discuss applications to evolutionary outcomes and how these models depend on environmental conditions, like temperature via metabolic scaling. Finally, we use time-series from microbial food chains to fit population growth models as a test case for our theoretical predictions. Our results show that density-regulation functions need to be chosen carefully as their shapes will depend on the study system's biology. Importantly, we provide a mechanistic understanding of relationships between model parameters, which has implications for theory and for formulating biologically sound and empirically testable predictions.
{"title":"The shape of density dependence and the relationship between population growth, intraspecific competition and equilibrium population density","authors":"Emanuel A. Fronhofer, Lynn Govaert, Mary I. O'Connor, Sebastian J. Schreiber, Florian Altermatt","doi":"10.1111/oik.09824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.09824","url":null,"abstract":"The logistic growth model is one of the most frequently used formalizations of density dependence affecting population growth, persistence and evolution. Ecological and evolutionary theory, and applications to understand population change over time often include this model. However, the assumptions and limitations of this popular model are often not well appreciated. Here, we briefly review past use of the logistic growth model and highlight limitations by deriving population growth models from underlying consumer–resource dynamics. We show that the logistic equation likely is not applicable to many biological systems. Rather, density-regulation functions are usually non-linear and may exhibit convex or concave curvatures depending on the biology of resources and consumers. In simple cases, the dynamics can be fully described by the Schoener model. More complex consumer dynamics show similarities to a Maynard Smith–Slatkin model. We show how population-level parameters, such as intrinsic rates of increase and equilibrium population densities are not independent, as often assumed. Rather, they are functions of the same underlying parameters. The commonly assumed positive relationship between equilibrium population density and competitive ability is typically invalid. We propose simple relationships between intrinsic rates of increase and equilibrium population densities that capture the essence of different consumer–resource systems. Relating population level models to underlying mechanisms allows us to discuss applications to evolutionary outcomes and how these models depend on environmental conditions, like temperature via metabolic scaling. Finally, we use time-series from microbial food chains to fit population growth models as a test case for our theoretical predictions. Our results show that density-regulation functions need to be chosen carefully as their shapes will depend on the study system's biology. Importantly, we provide a mechanistic understanding of relationships between model parameters, which has implications for theory and for formulating biologically sound and empirically testable predictions.","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139056699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Making predictions about when and where a given mechanism of invasion will be weak or strong is crucial for the effective management of non‐native species. Despite the importance of disturbance on invasion, our understanding of how variation in abiotic and/or biotic conditions may modify the disturbance‐invasion relationship is scarce. Here, we aimed to evaluate how abiotic (soil type) and biotic (tree and shrub cover) contexts affect the disturbance–invasion relationship in disturbed and nearby non‐disturbed communities in the semi‐arid open forest of central Argentina (ca 36°S) using field sampling. We found that abiotic context modulated non‐native species success in disturbed communities, whereas both abiotic and biotic context modulated success in nearby non‐disturbed communities. These findings suggest that the plant invasion–disturbance relationship is context‐dependent. Our results hint at the possibility that the significance of disturbance in predicting invasion might diminish as the importance of abiotic filters increases.
{"title":"Abiotic and biotic contexts shape the effect of disturbance on non‐native plant invasion","authors":"M. Chiuffo, J. Hierro","doi":"10.1111/oik.09952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.09952","url":null,"abstract":"Making predictions about when and where a given mechanism of invasion will be weak or strong is crucial for the effective management of non‐native species. Despite the importance of disturbance on invasion, our understanding of how variation in abiotic and/or biotic conditions may modify the disturbance‐invasion relationship is scarce. Here, we aimed to evaluate how abiotic (soil type) and biotic (tree and shrub cover) contexts affect the disturbance–invasion relationship in disturbed and nearby non‐disturbed communities in the semi‐arid open forest of central Argentina (ca 36°S) using field sampling. We found that abiotic context modulated non‐native species success in disturbed communities, whereas both abiotic and biotic context modulated success in nearby non‐disturbed communities. These findings suggest that the plant invasion–disturbance relationship is context‐dependent. Our results hint at the possibility that the significance of disturbance in predicting invasion might diminish as the importance of abiotic filters increases.","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":"5 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simon Reynaert, J. Lembrechts, H. D. De Boeck, Chase P Donnelly, Lin Zi, Lingjuan Li, Ivan Nijs
Climate change is increasing the weather persistence in the mid‐latitudes, prolonging both dry and wet spells compared to historic averages. These newly emerging environmental conditions destabilize plant communities, but the role of species interactions in this process is unknown. Here, we tested how direct and higher‐order interactions (HOIs) between species may change in synthesized grassland communities along an experimental gradient of increasing persistence in precipitation regimes. Our results indicate that species interactions (including HOIs) are an important determinant of plant performance under increasing weather persistence. Out of the 12 most parsimonious models predicting species productivity, 75% contained significant direct interactions and 92% significant HOIs. Inclusion of direct interactions or HOIs respectively tripled or quadrupled the explained variance of target species biomass compared to null models only including the precipitation treatment. Drought was the main driver of plant responses, with longer droughts increasing direct competition but also HOI‐driven facilitation. Despite these counteracting changes, drought intensified net competition. Grasses were generally more involved in competitive interactions whereas legumes were more involved in facilitative interactions. Under longer drought, species affinity for nutrient rich or wet environments resulted in more negative direct interactions or HOIs, respectively. We conclude that HOIs, crucially depending on species identity, only partially stabilize community dynamics under increasing weather persistence.Keywords: drought, facilitation and competition, grasslands, higher‐order interactions, increasing weather persistence, species interactions
{"title":"Direct and higher‐order interactions in plant communities under increasing weather persistence","authors":"Simon Reynaert, J. Lembrechts, H. D. De Boeck, Chase P Donnelly, Lin Zi, Lingjuan Li, Ivan Nijs","doi":"10.1111/oik.10128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10128","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is increasing the weather persistence in the mid‐latitudes, prolonging both dry and wet spells compared to historic averages. These newly emerging environmental conditions destabilize plant communities, but the role of species interactions in this process is unknown. Here, we tested how direct and higher‐order interactions (HOIs) between species may change in synthesized grassland communities along an experimental gradient of increasing persistence in precipitation regimes. Our results indicate that species interactions (including HOIs) are an important determinant of plant performance under increasing weather persistence. Out of the 12 most parsimonious models predicting species productivity, 75% contained significant direct interactions and 92% significant HOIs. Inclusion of direct interactions or HOIs respectively tripled or quadrupled the explained variance of target species biomass compared to null models only including the precipitation treatment. Drought was the main driver of plant responses, with longer droughts increasing direct competition but also HOI‐driven facilitation. Despite these counteracting changes, drought intensified net competition. Grasses were generally more involved in competitive interactions whereas legumes were more involved in facilitative interactions. Under longer drought, species affinity for nutrient rich or wet environments resulted in more negative direct interactions or HOIs, respectively. We conclude that HOIs, crucially depending on species identity, only partially stabilize community dynamics under increasing weather persistence.Keywords: drought, facilitation and competition, grasslands, higher‐order interactions, increasing weather persistence, species interactions","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":" 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Martins, O. Valverde‐Barrantes, Lucia Fuchslueger, L. F. Lugli, A. Grandis, F. Hofhansl, Bruno Takeshi, Gabriela Ushida, Carlos. A. Quesada
In the Amazon basin, approximately 60% of rainforest thrives on geologically old and highly weathered soils, thus decomposition represents an important mechanism for recycling nutrients from organic matter. Although dead logs and branches constitute up to 14% of the carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems, woody debris decomposition and mainly the effect of direct nutrient cycling by plant root interaction is poorly studied and often overlooked in ecosystem carbon and nutrient budgets. Here we monitored the decomposition of five different local woody species covering a range of wood density by conducting a long‐term wood decomposition experiment over two years with factorial root presence and phosphorous (P) addition treatments in a central Amazonian rainforest. We hypothesized that woody debris decomposition is accelerated by colonizing fine roots mining for nutrients, possibly strongly affecting wood debris with lower density and higher nutrient concentration (P). We found that root colonization and P addition separately increased wood decay rates, and although fine root colonization increased when P was added, this did not result in a change in wood decay. Nutrient loss from wood was accelerated by P addition, whereas a root presence effect on nutrient mobilization was only detectable at the end of the experiment. Our results highlight the role of fine roots in priming wood decay, although direct nutrient acquisition by plants seems to only occur in more advanced stages of decomposition. On the other hand, the positive effect of P addition may indicate that microbial nutrient mobilization in woody material is driven mainly by wood stoichiometry rather than priming by root activity.
在亚马逊盆地，约有 60% 的雨林生长在地质古老、风化严重的土壤上，因此分解是有机物养分循环的重要机制。虽然枯死的原木和树枝占陆地生态系统碳储存量的 14%，但对木质碎屑的分解以及主要是植物根系相互作用对直接养分循环的影响研究甚少，在生态系统碳和养分预算中经常被忽视。在这里，我们在亚马逊热带雨林中部进行了一项为期两年的长期木屑分解实验，采用因子根系存在和磷（P）添加处理，监测了当地五种不同木质树种的分解情况，这些树种的木质密度各不相同。我们假设，木质碎屑的分解会因细根的定植和营养物质的汲取而加速，这可能会对密度较低、营养浓度（磷）较高的木质碎屑产生强烈影响。我们发现，根的定殖和 P 的添加分别增加了木材的腐烂率，虽然在添加 P 时细根的定殖增加了，但这并没有导致木材腐烂的变化。添加 P 会加速木材中养分的流失，而只有在实验结束时才能检测到根的存在对养分调动的影响。我们的结果凸显了细根在木材腐烂中的作用，尽管植物直接获取养分似乎只发生在较晚的分解阶段。另一方面，添加磷的积极作用可能表明，木质材料中微生物养分的调动主要是由木材的化学计量驱动的，而不是由根系活动启动的。
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Tara Joy Massad, André Rangel Nascimento, Diego Fernando Campos Moreno, W. Simbaña, Humberto Garcia Lopez, Lidia Sulca, C. Lepesqueur, Lora A. Richards, M. Forister, J. O. Stireman, E. Tepe, Kathryn A. Uckele, Laura Braga, Thomas R. Walla, Angela M. Smilanich, Ari J. Grele, L. Dyer
Insect herbivory can be an important selective pressure and contribute substantially to local plant richness. As herbivory is the result of numerous ecological and evolutionary processes, such as complex insect population dynamics and evolution of plant antiherbivore defenses, it has been difficult to predict variation in herbivory across meaningful spatial scales. In the present work, we characterize patterns of herbivory on plants in a species‐rich and abundant tropical genus (Piper) across forests spanning 44° of latitude in the Neotropics. We modeled the effects of geography, climate, resource availability, and Piper species richness on the median, dispersion, and skew of generalist and specialist herbivory. By examining these multiple components of the distribution of herbivory, we were able to determine factors that increase biologically meaningful herbivory at the upper ends of the distribution (indicated by skew and dispersion). We observed a roughly twofold increase in median herbivory in humid relative to seasonal forests, which aligns with the hypothesis that precipitation seasonality plays a critical role in shaping interaction diversity within tropical ecosystems. Site level variables such as latitude, seasonality, and maximum Piper richness explained the positive skew in herbivory at the local scale (plot level) better for assemblages of Piper congeners than for a single species. Predictors that varied between local communities, such as resource availability and diversity, best explained the distribution of herbivory within sites, dampening broad patterns across latitude and climate and demonstrating why generalizations about gradients in herbivory have been elusive. The estimated population means, dispersion, and skew of herbivory responded differently to abiotic and biotic factors, illustrating the need for careful studies to explore distributions of herbivory and their effects on forest diversity.
{"title":"Variation in the strength of local and regional determinants of herbivory across the Neotropics","authors":"Tara Joy Massad, André Rangel Nascimento, Diego Fernando Campos Moreno, W. Simbaña, Humberto Garcia Lopez, Lidia Sulca, C. Lepesqueur, Lora A. Richards, M. Forister, J. O. Stireman, E. Tepe, Kathryn A. Uckele, Laura Braga, Thomas R. Walla, Angela M. Smilanich, Ari J. Grele, L. Dyer","doi":"10.1111/oik.10218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10218","url":null,"abstract":"Insect herbivory can be an important selective pressure and contribute substantially to local plant richness. As herbivory is the result of numerous ecological and evolutionary processes, such as complex insect population dynamics and evolution of plant antiherbivore defenses, it has been difficult to predict variation in herbivory across meaningful spatial scales. In the present work, we characterize patterns of herbivory on plants in a species‐rich and abundant tropical genus (Piper) across forests spanning 44° of latitude in the Neotropics. We modeled the effects of geography, climate, resource availability, and Piper species richness on the median, dispersion, and skew of generalist and specialist herbivory. By examining these multiple components of the distribution of herbivory, we were able to determine factors that increase biologically meaningful herbivory at the upper ends of the distribution (indicated by skew and dispersion). We observed a roughly twofold increase in median herbivory in humid relative to seasonal forests, which aligns with the hypothesis that precipitation seasonality plays a critical role in shaping interaction diversity within tropical ecosystems. Site level variables such as latitude, seasonality, and maximum Piper richness explained the positive skew in herbivory at the local scale (plot level) better for assemblages of Piper congeners than for a single species. Predictors that varied between local communities, such as resource availability and diversity, best explained the distribution of herbivory within sites, dampening broad patterns across latitude and climate and demonstrating why generalizations about gradients in herbivory have been elusive. The estimated population means, dispersion, and skew of herbivory responded differently to abiotic and biotic factors, illustrating the need for careful studies to explore distributions of herbivory and their effects on forest diversity.","PeriodicalId":19496,"journal":{"name":"Oikos","volume":" 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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