Hsuan-Hao Lu, Marco Liscidini, Alexander L. Gaeta, Andrew M. Weiner, and Joseph M. Lukens
Discrete frequency modes, or bins, present a blend of opportunities and challenges for photonic quantum information processing. Frequency-bin-encoded photons are readily generated by integrated quantum light sources, naturally high-dimensional, stable in optical fiber, and massively parallelizable in a single spatial mode. Yet quantum operations on frequency-bin states require coherent and controllable multifrequency interference, making them significantly more challenging to manipulate than more traditional spatial degrees of freedom. In this mini-review, we describe recent developments that have transformed these challenges and propelled frequency bins forward. Focusing on sources, manipulation schemes, and detection approaches, we introduce the basics of frequency-bin encoding, summarize the state of the art, and speculate on the field’s next phases. Given the combined progress in integrated photonics, high-fidelity quantum gates, and proof-of-principle demonstrations, frequency-bin quantum information is poised to emerge from the lab and leave its mark on practical quantum information processing—particularly in networking where frequency bins offer unique tools for multiplexing, interconnects, and high-dimensional communications.
{"title":"Frequency-bin photonic quantum information","authors":"Hsuan-Hao Lu, Marco Liscidini, Alexander L. Gaeta, Andrew M. Weiner, and Joseph M. Lukens","doi":"10.1364/optica.506096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.506096","url":null,"abstract":"Discrete frequency modes, or bins, present a blend of opportunities and challenges for photonic quantum information processing. Frequency-bin-encoded photons are readily generated by integrated quantum light sources, naturally high-dimensional, stable in optical fiber, and massively parallelizable in a single spatial mode. Yet quantum operations on frequency-bin states require coherent and controllable multifrequency interference, making them significantly more challenging to manipulate than more traditional spatial degrees of freedom. In this mini-review, we describe recent developments that have transformed these challenges and propelled frequency bins forward. Focusing on sources, manipulation schemes, and detection approaches, we introduce the basics of frequency-bin encoding, summarize the state of the art, and speculate on the field’s next phases. Given the combined progress in integrated photonics, high-fidelity quantum gates, and proof-of-principle demonstrations, frequency-bin quantum information is poised to emerge from the lab and leave its mark on practical quantum information processing—particularly in networking where frequency bins offer unique tools for multiplexing, interconnects, and high-dimensional communications.","PeriodicalId":19515,"journal":{"name":"Optica","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138634903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gregor G. Taylor, Alexander B. Walter, Boris Korzh, Bruce Bumble, Sahil R. Patel, Jason P. Allmaras, Andrew D. Beyer, Roger O’Brient, Matthew D. Shaw, and Emma E. Wollman
We report on the extension of the spectral sensitivity of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to a wavelength of 29 µm. To our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of a single-photon counting detector at these long infrared wavelengths. We achieve saturated internal detection efficiency from 10 to 29 µm, while maintaining dark count rates below 0.1 counts per second. Extension of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to this spectral range provides low-noise and high-timing-resolution photon counting detection, effectively providing a new class of single-photon sensitive detectors for these wavelengths. These detectors are important for applications such as exoplanet spectroscopy, infrared astrophysics, physical chemistry, remote sensing, and direct dark-matter detection.
{"title":"Low-noise single-photon counting superconducting nanowire detectors at infrared wavelengths up to 29 µm","authors":"Gregor G. Taylor, Alexander B. Walter, Boris Korzh, Bruce Bumble, Sahil R. Patel, Jason P. Allmaras, Andrew D. Beyer, Roger O’Brient, Matthew D. Shaw, and Emma E. Wollman","doi":"10.1364/optica.509337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.509337","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the extension of the spectral sensitivity of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to a wavelength of 29 µm. To our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of a single-photon counting detector at these long infrared wavelengths. We achieve saturated internal detection efficiency from 10 to 29 µm, while maintaining dark count rates below 0.1 counts per second. Extension of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to this spectral range provides low-noise and high-timing-resolution photon counting detection, effectively providing a new class of single-photon sensitive detectors for these wavelengths. These detectors are important for applications such as exoplanet spectroscopy, infrared astrophysics, physical chemistry, remote sensing, and direct dark-matter detection.","PeriodicalId":19515,"journal":{"name":"Optica","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138714079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Laser-cavity locking at the 10^{-7} instability scale utilizing beam ellipticity","authors":"O. Hosten, Fritz Diorico, A. Zhutov","doi":"10.1364/optica.507451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.507451","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19515,"journal":{"name":"Optica","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138632977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Far-field speckle correlations over object position for microscopically distinguishing objects hidden in a randomly scattering medium","authors":"Ryan Hastings, David Alexander, Kevin Webb","doi":"10.1364/optica.502231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.502231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19515,"journal":{"name":"Optica","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139214645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Kedar, Zhibin Yao, Ivan Ryger, John L. Hall, Jun Ye
The Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) cavity-locking scheme has found prevalent uses in precision optical interferometry and laser frequency stabilization. A form of frequency modulation spectroscopy, PDH enjoys superior signal-to-noise recovery, large acquisition dynamic range, wide servo bandwidth, and robust rejection of spurious effects. However, residual amplitude modulation at the signal frequency, while significantly suppressed, still presents an important concern for further advancing the state-of-the-art performances. Here we present a simplified and improved scheme for PDH using an acousto-optic modulator to generate digital phase reference sidebands instead of the traditionally used electro-optic modulator approach. We demonstrate four key advantages: (1) the carrier and two modulation tones are individually synthesized and easily reconfigured, (2) robust and orthogonal control of the modulated optical field is applied directly to the amplitude and phase quadratures, (3) modulation synthesis, demodulation, and feedback are implemented in a self-contained and easily reproducible electronic unit, and (4) superior active and passive control of residual amplitude modulation is achieved, especially when the carrier power is vanishingly low. These distinct merits stimulate new ideas on how we optimally enact PDH for a wide range of applications.
{"title":"Synthetic FM triplet for AM-free precision laser stabilization and spectroscopy","authors":"D. Kedar, Zhibin Yao, Ivan Ryger, John L. Hall, Jun Ye","doi":"10.1364/optica.507655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.507655","url":null,"abstract":"The Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) cavity-locking scheme has found prevalent uses in precision optical interferometry and laser frequency stabilization. A form of frequency modulation spectroscopy, PDH enjoys superior signal-to-noise recovery, large acquisition dynamic range, wide servo bandwidth, and robust rejection of spurious effects. However, residual amplitude modulation at the signal frequency, while significantly suppressed, still presents an important concern for further advancing the state-of-the-art performances. Here we present a simplified and improved scheme for PDH using an acousto-optic modulator to generate digital phase reference sidebands instead of the traditionally used electro-optic modulator approach. We demonstrate four key advantages: (1) the carrier and two modulation tones are individually synthesized and easily reconfigured, (2) robust and orthogonal control of the modulated optical field is applied directly to the amplitude and phase quadratures, (3) modulation synthesis, demodulation, and feedback are implemented in a self-contained and easily reproducible electronic unit, and (4) superior active and passive control of residual amplitude modulation is achieved, especially when the carrier power is vanishingly low. These distinct merits stimulate new ideas on how we optimally enact PDH for a wide range of applications.","PeriodicalId":19515,"journal":{"name":"Optica","volume":"11 46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139238473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guiyuan Zhu, Binjie Gao, Linhua Ye, Junxiang Zhang, Li-Gang Wang
Imbert-Fedorov (IF) shift, which refers to a tiny transverse splitting induced by spin-orbit interaction at a reflection/refraction interface, is sensitive to the refractive index of a medium and momentum state of incident light. Most of studies have focused on the shift for an incident light beam with a spin angular momentum (SAM) i.e., circular polarization. Compared to SAM, orbital angular momentum (OAM) has infinite dimensions in theory as a new degree of freedom of light and plays an important role in light-matter coupling. We demonstrate experimentally that the relative IF shifts of vortex beams with large opposite OAMs are highly enhanced in resonant structures when light refracts through a double-prism structure (DPS), in which the thickness and temperature of the air gap are precisely sensed via the observed relative IF shifts. The thickness and temperature sensitivities increase as the absolute value of opposite OAMs increases. Our results offer a technological and practical platform for applications in sensing of thickness and temperature, ingredients of environment gas, spatial displacement, chemical substances and deformation structure.
{"title":"Enhanced opposite Imbert–Fedorov shifts of vortex beams for precise sensing of temperature and thickness","authors":"Guiyuan Zhu, Binjie Gao, Linhua Ye, Junxiang Zhang, Li-Gang Wang","doi":"10.1364/optica.501428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.501428","url":null,"abstract":"Imbert-Fedorov (IF) shift, which refers to a tiny transverse splitting induced by spin-orbit interaction at a reflection/refraction interface, is sensitive to the refractive index of a medium and momentum state of incident light. Most of studies have focused on the shift for an incident light beam with a spin angular momentum (SAM) i.e., circular polarization. Compared to SAM, orbital angular momentum (OAM) has infinite dimensions in theory as a new degree of freedom of light and plays an important role in light-matter coupling. We demonstrate experimentally that the relative IF shifts of vortex beams with large opposite OAMs are highly enhanced in resonant structures when light refracts through a double-prism structure (DPS), in which the thickness and temperature of the air gap are precisely sensed via the observed relative IF shifts. The thickness and temperature sensitivities increase as the absolute value of opposite OAMs increases. Our results offer a technological and practical platform for applications in sensing of thickness and temperature, ingredients of environment gas, spatial displacement, chemical substances and deformation structure.","PeriodicalId":19515,"journal":{"name":"Optica","volume":"98 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139268418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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