Pub Date : 2015-07-01DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780198744924.001.0001
Myles A. Wickstead
There are many books about aid and development, but most of them either assume a good deal of prior knowledge about the subject, or are written to make the case for or against aid. The first part of this volume is intended to put aid and development into their historical and political context, beginning with the post-World War Two settlement, showing how they have been shaped by that context and in particular by the Cold War and the decolonisation process. It shows how the end of the Cold War led to new development priorities and a new aid compact with a much stronger emphasis on issues like governance, rights and democratisation, beginning with the countries of eastern and central Europe and then more generally. It traces the path by which the reduction of poverty has taken centre-stage as the key objective of aid and development over the past quarter of a century, and looks at priorities for a new set of Sustainable Development Goals that will provide the framework for aid and development efforts for the next 15 years. It looks at the shifting balance of global power, and suggests ways in which international institutions need to adjust to reflect that balance. The second part is a Compendium of key words and concepts mentioned in Part One, and further background on some of the major international organisations and institutions with a role in aid and development.
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Pub Date : 2015-07-01DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199734023.001.0001
T. Börgers, Daniel Krähmer, Roland Strausz
What is the best way of auctioning an asset? How should a group of people organize themselves to ensure the best provision of public goods? How should exchanges be organized? In An Introduction to the Theory of Mechanism Design, Tilman Borgers addresses these questions and more through an exploration of the economic theory of mechanism design, also known as reverse game theory. Game theory takes the rules of the game as a given and makes predictions about the behavior of strategic players, but the theory of mechanism design goes a step further to select the optimal rules of the game. A relatively new economic theory, mechanism design studies the instrument itself rather than the results of the instrument. An Introduction to the Theory of Mechanism Design provides rigorous but accessible explanations of classic results in the theory of mechanism design, such as Myerson's theorem on expected revenue maximizing auctions, Myerson and Satterthwaite's theorem on the impossibility of ex post efficient bilateral trade with asymmetric information, and Gibbard and Satterthwaite's theorem on the non-existence of dominant strategy voting mechanisms. Borgers also provides an examination of the frontiers of current research in the area with an original and unified perspective that will appeal to advanced students of economics. Available in OSO:
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Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199856978.001.0001
W. Semmler
The first World Climate Conference, which was sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization in Geneve in 1979, triggered an international dialogue on global warming. From the 1997 United Nations-sponsored conference-during which the Kyoto Protocol was signed-through meetings in Copenhagen, Cancun, Durban, and most recently Doha (2012) and Warsaw (2013), worldwide attention to the issue of global warming and its impact on the world's economy has rapidly increased in intensity. The consensus of these debates and discussions, however, is less than clear. Optimistically, many geoscience researchers and members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have supported CO2 emission reduction pledges while maintaining that a 2DGC limit in increased temperature by the year 2100 is achievable through international coordination. Other observers postulate that established CO2 reduction commitments such as those agreed to at the Copenhagen United Nations Climate Change Conference (2009) are insufficient and cannot hold the global warming increase below 2DGC. As experts theorize on precisely what impact global warming will have, developing nations have become particularly alarmed. The developed world will use energy to mitigate global warming effects, but developing countries are more exposed by geography and poverty to the most dangerous consequences of a global temperature rise and lack the economic means to adapt. The complex dynamics that result from this confluence of science and geopolitics gives rise to even more complicated issues for economists, financial planners, business leaders, and policy-makers. The Oxford Handbook of the Macroeconomics of Global Warming analyzes the economic impact of issues related to and resulting from global warming, specifically the implications of possible preventative measures, various policy changes, and adaptation efforts as well as the different consequences climate change will have on both developing and developed nations. This multi-disciplinary approach, which touches on issues of growth, employment, and development, elucidates for readers state-of-the-art research on the complex and far-reaching problem of global warming. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_economics/9780199856978/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Frank Ackerman Askar Akaev Angelo Antoci Frederic Babonneau Lopamudra Banerjee Lucas Bernard Simone Borghesi Thierry Brechet William Brock Francisco Cabo Carmen Camacho Raphaele Chappe Graciela Chichilnisky Ottmar Edenhofer Neil Edwards Gustav Engstrom Jacob Engwerda Christian Flachsland Alfred Greiner Wolfgang Karl Hardle James E. Hansen Alain Haurie Phil Holden Michael Jakob Amit Kanudia Mika Kato Klaus Keller Maryse Labriet Ulrike Lehr Kai Lessmann Brenda Lopez Cabrera Christian Lutz Zhong Maochu Guiomar Martin-Herran Maria Pilar Martinez-Garcia Helmut Maurer Kozo Mayumi Stefan Mittnik Robert Nicholas Barbara Pizzileo John M. Polimeni David Po
1979年，由世界气象组织在日内瓦主办的第一届世界气候大会引发了关于全球变暖的国际对话。从1997年联合国主办的会议——在此期间签署了《京都议定书》——到哥本哈根、坎昆、德班以及最近的多哈(2012年)和华沙(2013年)会议，全世界对全球变暖问题及其对世界经济影响的关注迅速加剧。然而，这些辩论和讨论的共识并不明确。乐观地说，许多地球科学研究人员和政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的成员支持减少二氧化碳排放的承诺，同时坚持认为，通过国际协调，到2100年将气温上升限制在2DGC以内是可以实现的。其他观察人士认为，在哥本哈根联合国气候变化会议(2009年)上达成的既定二氧化碳减排承诺是不够的，无法将全球变暖增幅控制在2千兆克以下。随着专家们对全球变暖将产生何种影响进行理论分析，发展中国家变得尤为警惕。发达国家将利用能源来缓解全球变暖的影响，但由于地理和贫困的原因，发展中国家更容易受到全球气温上升的最危险后果的影响，而且缺乏适应的经济手段。科学和地缘政治的融合所产生的复杂动态给经济学家、财务规划师、商业领袖和政策制定者带来了更为复杂的问题。《牛津全球变暖宏观经济学手册》分析了与全球变暖相关的问题和由此产生的问题的经济影响，特别是可能的预防措施、各种政策变化和适应努力的含义，以及气候变化将对发展中国家和发达国家产生的不同后果。这种涉及增长、就业和发展问题的多学科方法，为读者阐明了全球变暖这一复杂而深远的问题的最新研究。可在OSO:http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_economics/9780199856978/toc.html本卷的贡献者- Frank Ackerman Askar Akaev Angelo Antoci Frederic Babonneau Lopamudra Banerjee Lucas Bernard Simone Borghesi Thierry Brechet William Brock Francisco Cabo Carmen Camacho raphael Chappe Graciela Chichilnisky Ottmar Edenhofer Neil Edwards Gustav Engstrom Jacob Engwerda Christian Flachsland Alfred Greiner Wolfgang Karl Hardle James E. Hansen Alain Haurie Phil Holden Michael JakobAmit Kanudia Mika Kato Klaus Keller Maryse Labriet Ulrike Lehr Kai Lessmann Brenda Lopez Cabrera Christian Lutz Zhong Maochu Guiomar Martin-Herran Maria Pilar Martinez-Garcia Helmut Maurer Kozo Mayumi Stefan Mittnik Robert Nicholas Barbara Pizzileo John M. Polimeni David Popp John Jakob Preuss Matthias Ritter Jeffrey D. Sachs Daniel Samaan Willi Semmler Mauro Sodini Elizabeth S. J. Tol Vladimir M. Veliov Marc Vielle Florian Wagener Franz Wirl Anastasios Xepapadeas Shi Yadong尤里Yegorov
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The two great financial crises of the past century are the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Great Recession, which began in 2008. Both occurred against the backdrop of sharp credit booms, dubious banking practices, and a fragile and unstable global financial system. When markets went into cardiac arrest in 2008, policymakers invoked the lessons of the Great Depression in attempting to avert the worst. While their response prevented a financial collapse and catastrophic depression like that of the 1930s, unemployment in the U.S. and Europe still rose to excruciating high levels. Pain and suffering were widespread. The question, given this, is why didn't policymakers do better? Hall of Mirrors, Barry Eichengreen's monumental twinned history of the two crises, provides the farthest-reaching answer to this question to date. Alternating back and forth between the two crises and between North America and Europe, Eichengreen shows how fear of another Depression following the collapse of Lehman Brothers shaped policy responses on both continents, with both positive and negative results. Since bank failures were a prominent feature of the Great Depression, policymakers moved quickly to strengthen troubled banks. But because derivatives markets were not important in the 1930s, they missed problems in the so-called shadow banking system. Having done too little to support spending in the 1930s, governments also ramped up public spending this time around. But the response was indiscriminate and quickly came back to haunt overly indebted governments, particularly in Southern Europe. Moreover, because politicians overpromised, and because their measures failed to stave off a major recession, a backlash quickly developed against activist governments and central banks. Policymakers then prematurely succumbed to the temptation to return to normal policies before normal conditions had returned. The result has been a grindingly slow recovery in the United States and endless recession in Europe. Hall of Mirrors is both a major work of economic history and an essential exploration of how we avoided making only some of the same mistakes twice. It shows not just how the "lessons" of Great Depression history continue to shape society's response to contemporary economic problems, but also how the experience of the Great Recession will permanently change how we think about the Great Depression.
上个世纪的两次重大金融危机是上世纪30年代的大萧条和始于2008年的大衰退。这两次危机都发生在信贷急剧膨胀、可疑的银行业务以及脆弱而不稳定的全球金融体系的背景下。2008年，当市场陷入“心脏骤停”时，政策制定者援引大萧条(Great Depression)的教训，试图避免最坏的情况发生。尽管他们的应对措施阻止了像20世纪30年代那样的金融崩溃和灾难性的萧条，但美国和欧洲的失业率仍然上升到了令人痛苦的高水平。痛苦和折磨无处不在。鉴于此，问题是，为什么政策制定者没有做得更好?巴里·艾肯格林(Barry Eichengreen)的不朽著作《镜厅》(Hall of Mirrors)讲述了两次危机的历史，为这个问题提供了迄今为止最深远的答案。艾肯格林在两场危机之间、在北美和欧洲之间来回穿梭，展示了雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)倒闭后，对另一场大萧条的恐惧如何影响了两大洲的政策反应，其结果既有积极的，也有消极的。由于银行倒闭是大萧条的一个显著特征，政策制定者迅速采取行动，强化陷入困境的银行。但由于衍生品市场在上世纪30年代并不重要，他们忽视了所谓影子银行体系中的问题。上世纪30年代，政府在支持支出方面做得太少，这次也加大了公共支出。但这种反应是不分青红皂白的，并很快困扰着负债累累的政府，尤其是南欧国家。此外，由于政治家们过度承诺，而且他们的措施未能避免严重衰退，对激进政府和央行的强烈反对很快就出现了。于是，政策制定者们过早地屈服于诱惑，在形势恢复正常之前就回归正常政策。其结果是美国缓慢的复苏和欧洲无休止的衰退。《镜厅》既是一部重要的经济史著作，也是对我们如何避免重蹈覆辙的重要探索。它不仅展示了大萧条历史的“教训”如何继续塑造社会对当代经济问题的反应，还展示了大衰退的经历将如何永久地改变我们对大萧条的看法。
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Pub Date : 2014-11-17DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199454136.001.0001
K. Sivaramakrishnan
This is an elaborate study comparing the five large metropolitan regions of India - Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, and Hyderabad. It traces the evolution of urban and metropolitan governance in India and examines the key aspects related to urban dynamics such as urban and regional planning, economic competitiveness, infrastructure and land management, environmental sustainability as well as the challenges in resource mobilization and metropolitan governance. The study is based on an extensive compilation of data on aspects such as demographics, economy, infrastructure, society, environment, political character, and institutions for governance. It provides an introduction to megacities in the Indian context and explains how urbanization was never promoted in the Indian Planning regime. While contributing greatly to the economic growth of the respective states and the country, the physical and demographic growth of these megacities has been accompanied by an ever increasing demand for infrastructure and essential services as well as social and environmental pressures. The governance and management of megacities has thus emerged as a formidable challenge to policymakers, administrators, and urban professionals. This book elucidates how urbanization was inevitable and was finally recognized as an economic and social reality by the Tenth five year plan. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780199454136/toc.html
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Pub Date : 2014-07-28DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199378982.001.0001
J. Wallace
Cities bring together masses of people, allow them to communicate and hide, and to transform private grievances into political causes, often erupting in urban protests that can destroy regimes. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has shaped urbanization via migration restrictions and redistributive policy since 1949 in ways that help account for the regime's endurance, China's surprising comparative lack of slums, and its curious moves away from urban bias over the past decade. Cities and Stability details the threats that cities pose for authoritarian regimes, regime responses to those threats, and how those responses can backfire by exacerbating the growth of slums and cities. Cross-national analyses of nondemocratic regime survival link larger cities to shorter regimes. To compensate for the threat urban threat, many regimes, including the CCP, favor cities in their policy-making. Cities and Stability shows this urban bias to be a Faustian Bargain, stabilizing large cities today but encouraging their growth and concentration over time. While attempting to industrialize, the Chinese regime created a household registration (hukou) system to restrict internal movement, separating urban and rural areas. China's hukou system served as a loophole, allowing urbanites to be favored but keeping farmers in the countryside. As these barriers eroded with economic reforms, the regime began to replace repression-based restrictions with economic incentives to avoid slums by improving economic opportunities in the interior and the countryside. Yet during the global Great Recession of 2008-09, the political value of the hukou system emerged as migrant workers, by the tens of millions, left coastal cities and dispersed across China's interior villages, counties, and cities. The government's stimulus policies, a combination of urban loans for immediate relief and long-term infrastructure aimed at the interior, reduced discontent to manageable levels and locales. Available in OSO:
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Pub Date : 2014-04-15DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199988488.001.0001
Marion G. Crain, Michael Sherraden
Chapter 1 Christina D. Romer Response by Marion G. Crain Response by Steven M. Fazzari Response by William R. Emmons Response by Michael Sherraden Chapter 2 Barry Z. Cynamon and Steven M. Fazzari Chapter 3 Melissa B. Jacoby and Mirya R. Holman Chapter 4 Timothy D. McBride Chapter 5 Sharon K. Long, Karen Stockley, Heather Dahlen, and Ariel Fogel Chapter 6 Marion G. Crain and Ken Matheny Chapter 7 Susan J. Lambert Chapter 8 Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl Chapter 9 Joe Soss and Lawrence R. Jacobs Chapter 10 Gillian Lester Chapter 11 Jared Bernstein Chapter 12 Michael Lind
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Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199857944.001.0001
J. Racine, Liangjun Su, A. Ullah
This volume, edited by Jeffrey Racine, Liangjun Su, and Aman Ullah, contains the latest research on nonparametric and semiparametric econometrics and statistics. These data-driven models seek to replace the "classical " parametric models of the past, which were rigid and often linear. Chapters by leading international econometricians and statisticians highlight the interface between econometrics and statistical methods for nonparametric and semiparametric procedures. They provide a balanced view of new developments in the analysis and modeling of applied sciences with cross-section, time series, panel, and spatial data sets. The major topics of the volume include: the methodology of semiparametric models and special regressor methods; inverse, ill-posed, and well-posed problems; different methodologies related to additive models; sieve regression estimators, nonparametric and semiparametric regression models, and the true error of competing approximate models; support vector machines and their modeling of default probability; series estimation of stochastic processes and some of their applications in Econometrics; identification, estimation, and specification problems in a class of semilinear time series models; nonparametric and semiparametric techniques applied to nonstationary or near nonstationary variables; the estimation of a set of regression equations; and a new approach to the analysis of nonparametric models with exogenous treatment assignment. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_economics/9780199857944/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Herman J. Bierens Marine Carrasco Jean-Pierre Florens Jiti Gao Christian Hafner Bruce E. Hansen Wolfgang Karl Hardle Daniel J. Henderson Joel L. Horowitz Arthur Lewbel Qi Li Zhipeng Liao Shujie Ma Esfandiar Maasoumi Enno Mammen Byeong U. Park Christopher F. Parmeter Peter C. B. Phillips Dedy Dwi Prastyo Jeffrey S. Racine Eric Renault Melanie Schienle Liangjun Su Yiguo Sun Aman Ullah Yun Wang Lijian Yang Yonghui Zhang Victoria Zinde-Walsh
本书由Jeffrey Racine, Liangjun Su和Aman Ullah编辑，包含了非参数和半参数计量经济学和统计学的最新研究。这些数据驱动的模型试图取代过去的“经典”参数模型，这些模型是刚性的，通常是线性的。章节由领先的国际计量经济学家和统计学家强调计量经济学和非参数和半参数程序的统计方法之间的接口。他们提供了一个平衡的观点，在应用科学的分析和建模的新发展与横截面，时间序列，面板和空间数据集。该卷的主要主题包括:半参数模型和特殊回归方法的方法论;逆、不适定和适定问题;与加性模型相关的不同方法;筛回归估计，非参数和半参数回归模型，以及竞争近似模型的真误差;支持向量机及其违约概率建模随机过程的序列估计及其在计量经济学中的应用一类半线性时间序列模型的识别、估计和规范问题应用于非平稳或接近非平稳变量的非参数和半参数技术一组回归方程的估计;提出了一种分析外源处理分配的非参数模型的新方法。可在OSO:http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_economics/9780199857944/toc.html本卷的贡献者- Herman J. Bierens Marine Carrasco Jean-Pierre Florens Jiti Gao Christian Hafner Bruce E. Hansen Wolfgang Karl Hardle Daniel J. Henderson Joel L. Horowitz Arthur Lewbel Qi李志鹏廖树杰Ma Esfandiar Maasoumi Enno Mammen Byeong u Park Christopher F. Parmeter Peter C. B. Phillips Dedy Dwi Prastyo Jeffrey S. Racine Eric Renault Melanie Schienle Liangjun苏一国孙Aman乌拉云，王立坚，杨永辉，张维多利亚·辛德-沃尔什
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Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1093/acref/9780199229741.001.0001
M. Books
This best-selling Dictionary of Finance and Banking includes over 5,200 entries. The fifth edition has been fully revised and updated, and adds more than 150 new entries. These focus particularly upon recent terminology, institutions, and safety measures coined or introduced since the economic crash of 2008-9, including reactions to the crisis such as the Asset Protection Scheme and the Financial Stability Oversight Council. The dictionary defines terms from all aspects of personal and international finance, including money markets, private investments and borrowing, central banking, foreign exchanges, monetary policy, and public and government finance. Now with expanded coverage of capital structure and corporate restructuring. Recommended up-to-date web links for many entries, accessed via the Dictionary of Finance and Banking website, provide valuable extra information. With clear and accessible definitions, this jargon-free dictionary is a companion volume to the other financial titles in this best-selling series, A Dictionary of Business and Management, A Dictionary of Accounting, and A Dictionary of Economics, and provides accurate and valuable information for students, practitioners, private investors, and readers of the financial pages alike.
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Pub Date : 2013-12-05DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199334766.001.0001
J. Kornai
In Dynamism, Rivalry, and the Surplus Economy, Janos Kornai examines capitalism as an economic system and in comparison to socialism. Kornai explains his view of capitalism as an economy of surplus--a chronic excess of supply of goods and labor. This environment breeds rivalry among producers, which in turn encourages innovation. Socialism, on the other hand, is defined by a shortage of goods and labor and excess of demand. Whereas socialism is slothful and imitative, capitalism is dynamic and progressive. The two essays of this book will explore these differing ideologies on macro and micro levels, ending with definitive explanations of how the systems work and how they develop. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780199334766/toc.html
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