Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199596652.001.0001
R. Allen
Why are some countries rich and others poor? In 1500, the income differences were small, but they have grown dramatically since Columbus reached America. Since then, the interplay between geography, globalization, technological change, and economic policy has determined the wealth and poverty of nations. The industrial revolution was Britain's path breaking response to the challenge of globalization. Western Europe and North America joined Britain to form a club of rich nations by pursuing four polices-creating a national market by abolishing internal tariffs and investing in transportation, erecting an external tariff to protect their fledgling industries from British competition, banks to stabilize the currency and mobilize domestic savings for investment, and mass education to prepare people for industrial work. Together these countries pioneered new technologies that have made them ever richer. Before the Industrial Revolution, most of the world's manufacturing was done in Asia, but industries from Casablanca to Canton were destroyed by western competition in the nineteenth century, and Asia was transformed into 'underdeveloped countries' specializing in agriculture. The spread of economic development has been slow since modern technology was invented to fit the needs of rich countries and is ill adapted to the economic and geographical conditions of poor countries. A few countries - Japan, Soviet Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, and perhaps China - have, nonetheless, caught up with the West through creative responses to the technological challenge and with Big Push industrialization that has achieved rapid growth through investment coordination. Whether other countries can emulate the success of East Asia is a challenge for the future. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
{"title":"Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"R. Allen","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199596652.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199596652.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Why are some countries rich and others poor? In 1500, the income differences were small, but they have grown dramatically since Columbus reached America. Since then, the interplay between geography, globalization, technological change, and economic policy has determined the wealth and poverty of nations. The industrial revolution was Britain's path breaking response to the challenge of globalization. Western Europe and North America joined Britain to form a club of rich nations by pursuing four polices-creating a national market by abolishing internal tariffs and investing in transportation, erecting an external tariff to protect their fledgling industries from British competition, banks to stabilize the currency and mobilize domestic savings for investment, and mass education to prepare people for industrial work. Together these countries pioneered new technologies that have made them ever richer. Before the Industrial Revolution, most of the world's manufacturing was done in Asia, but industries from Casablanca to Canton were destroyed by western competition in the nineteenth century, and Asia was transformed into 'underdeveloped countries' specializing in agriculture. The spread of economic development has been slow since modern technology was invented to fit the needs of rich countries and is ill adapted to the economic and geographical conditions of poor countries. A few countries - Japan, Soviet Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, and perhaps China - have, nonetheless, caught up with the West through creative responses to the technological challenge and with Big Push industrialization that has achieved rapid growth through investment coordination. Whether other countries can emulate the success of East Asia is a challenge for the future. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.","PeriodicalId":19574,"journal":{"name":"OUP Catalogue","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82194458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-13DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780198069652.001.0001
E. Sridharan
Bringing together scholarship from several South Asian countries, this volume understands conflict resolution and cooperation building in the region. The essays cover three inter-related issues-security; political economy-domestic politics; and the construction of identities and normative frameworks. They employ broader social-science theorizing, particularly in relation to political economy, to go beyond conceptualizations based on international relations theory. The volume takes a fresh look at the inter-relationships between issues and their analyses and eschews stand-alone topics such as Kashmir, nuclear policies, or regional cooperation. Combining theory with fieldwork, it provides diverse perspectives and arguments for a more nuanced picture of international relations in South Asia. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198070801/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Mohammed Ayoob is University Distinguished Professor of International Relations, James Madison College, Michigan State University; Rajesh M. Basrur is Associate Professor, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Shibashis Chatterjee is Senior Lecturer, Department of International Relations, Jadavpur University, Kolkata; Sanjay Chaturvedi is Professor of Political Science, and Honorary Director, Centre for the Study of Mid-West and Central Asia, Panjab University, Chandigarh; Siddharth Mallavarapu is Assistant Professor, Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament, Jawaharlal Nehru University; Asad Sayeed is Director, the Collective of Social Science Research, Karachi; K.P. Vijayalakshmi is Associate Professor, Centre for American and West European Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University; Mohammad Waseem is Professor of Political Science, School of Law, Humanities and Social Sciences, Lahore University of Management Sciences; S. Akbar Zaidi is a Karachi-based political economist.
汇集了来自几个南亚国家的奖学金，这本书了解了该地区的冲突解决和合作建设。这些文章涵盖了三个相互关联的问题:安全;政治经济学-国内政治;以及身份和规范框架的构建。他们运用更广泛的社会科学理论，特别是在政治经济学方面，超越了基于国际关系理论的概念化。该卷需要在问题和他们的分析和回避独立的主题，如克什米尔，核政策，或区域合作之间的相互关系的新眼光。本书将理论与实地考察相结合，为更加细致入微的南亚国际关系图景提供了不同的视角和论据。可从OSO获得:http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198070801/toc.html本卷的贡献者-穆罕默德·阿尤布是密歇根州立大学詹姆斯·麦迪逊学院国际关系大学杰出教授;Rajesh M. Basrur，新加坡南洋理工大学拉贾拉特南国际关系学院副教授;Shibashis Chatterjee，加尔各答Jadavpur大学国际关系系高级讲师;桑杰·查图维迪，昌迪加尔旁遮普大学中西部和中亚研究中心政治学教授兼名誉主任;Siddharth Mallavarapu，贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁大学国际政治、组织与裁军中心助理教授;Asad Sayeed，卡拉奇社会科学研究协会主任;K.P. Vijayalakshmi，贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁大学国际关系学院美国和西欧研究中心副教授;Mohammad Waseem，拉合尔管理科学大学法律、人文与社会科学学院政治学教授;阿克巴尔·扎伊迪是一位驻卡拉奇的政治经济学家。
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Pub Date : 2008-04-25DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780195328318.001.0001
Andrew Caplin, A. Schotter
The Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics: A Handbook is the first book in a new series by Andrew Caplin and Andrew Schotter. There is currently no guide available on the rapidly changing methodological frontiers of the field of economics. This fact has left economists ill at ease, and has created a backlash against new methods. The series will debate these critical issues, allowing proponents of a particular research method to present proposals in a safe yet critical context, with alternatives being clarified. This first volume, written by some of the most prominent researchers in the discipline, reflects the challenges that are opened by new research opportunities. The goal of the current volume and the series it presages, is to formally open a dialog on methodology. The editors' conviction is that such a debate will rebound to the benefit of social science in general, and economics in particular. The issues under discussion strike to the very heart of the social scientific enterprise. This work is of tremendous importance to all who are interested in the contributions that academic research can make not only to our scientific understanding, but also to matters of policy. In particular, economists have been introducing new theories and new sources of data at a remarkable rate in recent years, and there are widely divergent views both on how productive these expansions have been in the past, and how best to make progress in the future. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780195328318/toc.html
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Jagdish Bhagwati, an internationally renowned economist known for his insightful analyses and elegant writing, here shines a critical light on Preferential Trade Agreements, revealing how the rapid spread of PTAs endangers the world trading system. Preferential Trade Agreements, many taking the form of Free Trade Agreements, now number over 300 and are rapidly increasing. Bhagwati reveals how these agreements have recreated the unhappy situation of the protectionist 1930s, when world trade was undermined by discriminatory practices (today, ironically, as a result of a misdirected pursuit of free trade). The world trading system is definitely at risk again, the author argues, and the danger is palpable. Indeed, PTAs have created a chaotic system of preferences that has destroyed the principle of non-discrimination in trade. The trading system today is characterized by a blizzard of discriminatory barriers, each designed to favor some specific trading partner, so that we have what Bhagwati has called the "spaghetti bowl" problem. And while the big firms in the big countries can cope with the chaos, though at a cost, the author shows that small countries and small exporters are seriously handicapped. He also examines how FTAs are typically tied to extraneous issues such as openness to capital flows and inappropriate labor standards, so that the weaker nations, negotiating one-on-one with stronger nations, are forced to accept harmful demands unrelated to trade. Finally, the book warns that getting to multilateral free trade from the morass of PTAs will be almost an impossible task--like building a mansion from different-sized bricks. Preferential trade agreements, Bhagwati concludes, are not building blocks but stumbling blocks on the road of free trade. In Termites in the Trading System, he illuminates this growing threat to the world trading system. Acclaim for In Defense of Globalization: "If Mr. Bhagwati doesn't get a much deserved Nobel Prize for economics, he should get one for literature. His writing sparkles with anecdotes and delightful verbal pictures." --New York Sun "One of the world's leading international trade theorists.... Accessible and clearly argued. There is, one might say, a wealth of material on every page." --The Wall Street Journal "An outstandingly effective book.... Until further notice In Defense of Globalization becomes the standard general-interest reference, the intelligent layman's handbook, on global economic integration." --The Economist Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780195331653/toc.html
{"title":"Termites in the trading system : how preferential agreements undermine free trade","authors":"J. Bhagwati","doi":"10.5860/choice.46-2189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.46-2189","url":null,"abstract":"Jagdish Bhagwati, an internationally renowned economist known for his insightful analyses and elegant writing, here shines a critical light on Preferential Trade Agreements, revealing how the rapid spread of PTAs endangers the world trading system. Preferential Trade Agreements, many taking the form of Free Trade Agreements, now number over 300 and are rapidly increasing. Bhagwati reveals how these agreements have recreated the unhappy situation of the protectionist 1930s, when world trade was undermined by discriminatory practices (today, ironically, as a result of a misdirected pursuit of free trade). The world trading system is definitely at risk again, the author argues, and the danger is palpable. Indeed, PTAs have created a chaotic system of preferences that has destroyed the principle of non-discrimination in trade. The trading system today is characterized by a blizzard of discriminatory barriers, each designed to favor some specific trading partner, so that we have what Bhagwati has called the \"spaghetti bowl\" problem. And while the big firms in the big countries can cope with the chaos, though at a cost, the author shows that small countries and small exporters are seriously handicapped. He also examines how FTAs are typically tied to extraneous issues such as openness to capital flows and inappropriate labor standards, so that the weaker nations, negotiating one-on-one with stronger nations, are forced to accept harmful demands unrelated to trade. Finally, the book warns that getting to multilateral free trade from the morass of PTAs will be almost an impossible task--like building a mansion from different-sized bricks. Preferential trade agreements, Bhagwati concludes, are not building blocks but stumbling blocks on the road of free trade. In Termites in the Trading System, he illuminates this growing threat to the world trading system. Acclaim for In Defense of Globalization: \"If Mr. Bhagwati doesn't get a much deserved Nobel Prize for economics, he should get one for literature. His writing sparkles with anecdotes and delightful verbal pictures.\" --New York Sun \"One of the world's leading international trade theorists.... Accessible and clearly argued. There is, one might say, a wealth of material on every page.\" --The Wall Street Journal \"An outstandingly effective book.... Until further notice In Defense of Globalization becomes the standard general-interest reference, the intelligent layman's handbook, on global economic integration.\" --The Economist Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780195331653/toc.html","PeriodicalId":19574,"journal":{"name":"OUP Catalogue","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75015603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How should companies be organized? To whom should boards of directors be responsible - shareholders, or a wider group of stakeholders? In this fiercely competitive world we cannot judge our own system of corporate governance in isolation; it must bear comparison with the best. The second edition of this acclaimed and well-established book aims to do just that. Since publication of the first edition interest in corporate governance has greatly increased, codes have proliferated, and principles laid down nationally and internationally. In Keeping Better Company, the author describes developments in the system of corporate governance - both the business environment and the particular structures of company organization - in five major industrial countries: Germany, Japan, France, the USA, and the UK. This second edition is fully revised, updated and expanded, and includes a new conclusion looking at a number of ongoing issues in corporate governance, and an appendix discussing the role of international organizations.
{"title":"Keeping Better Company: Corporate Governance Ten Years On","authors":"J. Charkham","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-1614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1614","url":null,"abstract":"How should companies be organized? To whom should boards of directors be responsible - shareholders, or a wider group of stakeholders? In this fiercely competitive world we cannot judge our own system of corporate governance in isolation; it must bear comparison with the best. The second edition of this acclaimed and well-established book aims to do just that. Since publication of the first edition interest in corporate governance has greatly increased, codes have proliferated, and principles laid down nationally and internationally. In Keeping Better Company, the author describes developments in the system of corporate governance - both the business environment and the particular structures of company organization - in five major industrial countries: Germany, Japan, France, the USA, and the UK. This second edition is fully revised, updated and expanded, and includes a new conclusion looking at a number of ongoing issues in corporate governance, and an appendix discussing the role of international organizations.","PeriodicalId":19574,"journal":{"name":"OUP Catalogue","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80857694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the next half century, the human population, divided by culture and economics and armed with weapons of mass destruction, will expand to nearly 9 billion people. Abrupt climate change may throw the global system into chaos; China will emerge as a superpower; and Islamic terrorism and insurgency will threaten vital American interests. How can we understand these and other global challenges? Harm de Blij has a simple answer: by improving our understanding of the world's geography. De Blij demonstrates how geography's perspectives yield unique and penetrating insights into the interconnections that mark our shrinking world. Centuries ago a surge of climate change halted China's maritime plans; more recently, environmental calamity altered the course of geopolitical events in East Asia; today, terrorists look for failed and malfunctioning states to base their operations--and some of these are in our own hemisphere. Preparing for climate change, averting a cold war with China, defeating terrorism: all of this requires geographic knowledge. In Why Geography Matters, de Blij makes an urgent call to restore geography to America's educational curriculum. He shows how and why the U.S. has become the world's most geographically illiterate society of consequence--and demonstrates that this geographic illiteracy is a direct risk to America's national security. In this personal and engaging book, de Blij provides a geographer's perspective on the challenges of this new century. As he states, "We are crossing the threshold to a century that will witness massive environmental change, major population shifts, persistent civilizational conflicts [and] while geographic knowledge by itself cannot solve these problems, they will not be effectively approached without it."
在接下来的半个世纪里，按文化和经济划分并拥有大规模杀伤性武器的人口将扩大到近90亿人。突然的气候变化可能使全球系统陷入混乱;中国将崛起为超级大国;伊斯兰恐怖主义和叛乱将威胁到美国的重要利益。我们如何理解这些和其他全球性挑战?Harm de Blij给出了一个简单的答案:通过提高我们对世界地理的理解。De Blij展示了地理学的视角如何产生独特而深刻的见解，以了解标志着我们日益缩小的世界的相互联系。几个世纪前，气候变化的激增使中国的海洋计划暂停;最近，环境灾难改变了东亚地缘政治事件的进程;今天，恐怖分子寻找失败和失灵的国家作为他们行动的基地——其中一些就在我们自己的半球。为气候变化做准备，避免与中国的冷战，战胜恐怖主义:所有这些都需要地理知识。在《地理为何重要》一书中，德·布莱伊迫切呼吁将地理重新纳入美国的教育课程。他展示了美国是如何以及为什么会成为世界上最不懂地理的国家，并指出这种地理不懂是对美国国家安全的直接威胁。在这本个人的、引人入胜的书中，de Blij以一个地理学家的视角来看待这个新世纪的挑战。正如他所说，“我们正在跨入一个世纪的门槛，这个世纪将见证巨大的环境变化、重大的人口变化、持续的文明冲突，虽然地理知识本身无法解决这些问题，但如果没有地理知识，这些问题将无法得到有效解决。”
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Pub Date : 2007-11-17DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233489.001.0001
Mark R. Freedland Fba, Paul Craig Qc Fba, C. Jacqueson, N. Kountouris
How can the EU's community of welfare states adapt their public policies to economic globalization? What happens when the economic and social aims of the EU come into conflict? This book examines the developing legal regimes and regulation of public services in the UK and other European countries. Public services are examined though a case-study of the complex area of public employment services. These are job-placement and vocational training services which aim to maximize employment and minimize unemployment within EU member States' Active Labour Market policies. Employment services are at the centre of a complex web of rules in both hard and soft forms of law deriving from the EU, national public law and from private, and at times contractual, agreements. They also lie at the crossroads of a series of trends in regulation, and priorities have been inspired by an array of conflicting policy rationales. These policy rationales include the establishment of an open and competitive European internal market, the establishment of an efficient welfare state, the scaling down of state administrative machinery, the fulfilment of core public service responsibilities, and the creation of public-private partnerships. Public employment services provide a highly informative and novel case study of the interaction and conflict between the economic and social aims of the EU and between regulation at national and supranational levels, and the changing forms which this regulation has taken.
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Pub Date : 2007-04-26DOI: 10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199217908.001.0001
Mashood a. Baderin, R. Mccorquodale
On 16 December 1966 the United Nations adopted the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This was the first global treaty that established legal obligations on states to protect a range of important economic, social, and cultural rights. Forty years later the vast majority of States have ratified this treaty. Despite this history, there remains considerable debate, both within the literature and within the international community generally, about the concept and application of economic, social, and cultural rights. This collection gives a coherent analysis of many of the key issues, both in concept and in application, relevant to economic, social, and cultural rights. The authors of the chapters, many of whom are leading scholars in their fields with significant experience in practice, examine how the obligations to protect these rights have been applied today, including their application to the Security Council and to non-state actors, as well as in the context of development and dispossession. They provide important universal and regional comparative perspectives on the development and implementation of these rights, and consider some of the contemporary issues relating to these rights, such as trade, health, and social security. Contributors to this volume - Rosalyn Higgins Mashood Baderin Robert McCorquodale Michael O'Flaherty Patrick Twomey Matthew Craven Nigel White Manisuli Ssenyonjo Veronica Gomez Robin Churchill Urfan Khaliq Colin Warbrick Ed Bates Paul Hunt Gillian MacNaughton Jennifer Tooze Richard Burchill Sarah Joseph Jane Ansah Dominic McGoldrick
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Pub Date : 2007-03-22DOI: 10.5871/BACAD/9780197263945.001.0001
M. P.J.
Volume 139 of the Proceedings of the British Academy contains 13 Lectures delivered at the British Academy in 2005. Topics range from archaeological perspectives on the essence of being human to discussions of the UK's Monetary Policy Committee and the role of judges. Contributors to this volume - Stephen Nickell Alan C Dessen Jane Stabler Lord Bingham of Cornhill Philippe Descola Carlo Ginzburg Keith Wrightson Marilyn Strathern Lothar von Falkenhausen John Stachel Joseph Koerner Colin Renfrew
{"title":"Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 139, 2005 Lectures","authors":"M. P.J.","doi":"10.5871/BACAD/9780197263945.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/BACAD/9780197263945.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Volume 139 of the Proceedings of the British Academy contains 13 Lectures delivered at the British Academy in 2005. Topics range from archaeological perspectives on the essence of being human to discussions of the UK's Monetary Policy Committee and the role of judges. Contributors to this volume - Stephen Nickell Alan C Dessen Jane Stabler Lord Bingham of Cornhill Philippe Descola Carlo Ginzburg Keith Wrightson Marilyn Strathern Lothar von Falkenhausen John Stachel Joseph Koerner Colin Renfrew","PeriodicalId":19574,"journal":{"name":"OUP Catalogue","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81146838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.1093/LAW:IIC/9780199227969.BOOK.1
P. Muchlinski
Multinational Enterprises and the Law presents the only comprehensive contemporary and interdisciplinary account of the various techniques used to regulate multinational enterprises (MNEs) at the national, regional and multilateral levels. In addition it considers the effects of corporate self-regulation upon the development of the legal order in this area. Split into four parts the book firstly deals with the conceptual basis for MNE regulation, explaining the growth of MNEs, their business and legal forms and the relationship between them and the effects of a globalising economy and society upon the evolution of regulatory agendas in the field. Part II covers the main areas of economic regulation including the limits of national and regional jurisdiction over MNE activities, controls, and liberalization of entry and establishment, tax, company, and competition law. Part III introduces the social dimension of MNE regulation covering labour rights, human rights, and environmental issues, and Part IV deals with the contribution of international law and organizations to MNE regulation and to the control of investment risks, covering the main provisions found in international investment agreements and their recent interpretation by international tribunals.
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