Pub Date : 2022-07-30DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac033
John P. Carpenter, Alexander J. Worm, T. Boves, A. Wood, J. Poston, D. P. Toews
ABSTRACT We used whole-genome resequencing to estimate genetic distinctiveness in the Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens)—including S. v. waynei—a putative subspecies that occupies a narrow disjunct breeding range along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Despite detecting low-global differentiation (FST = 0.027) across the entire species, the principal components analysis of genome-wide differences shows the main axis of variation separates S. v. waynei from all other S. v. virens samples. We also estimated a low-migration rate for S. v. waynei, but found them to be most similar to another disjunct population from the Piedmont of North Carolina, and detected evidence of a historical north-to-south geographic dispersal among the entire species. New World wood warblers (family: Parulidae) can exhibit strong phenotypic differences among species, particularly, in song and plumage; however, within-species variation in these warblers—often designated as subspecies—is much more subtle. The existence of several isolated Black-throated Green Warbler populations across its eastern North American breeding range offers an excellent opportunity to further understand the origin, maintenance, and conservation status of subspecific populations. Our results, combined with previously documented ecological and morphological distinctiveness, support that S. v. waynei be considered a distinct and recognized subspecies worthy of targeted conservation efforts. LAY SUMMARY We used whole-genome resequencing to quantify genetic structure in Black-throated Green Warblers (Setophaga virens) throughout their North American breeding range. We detected low differentiation across all samples but found discrete genetic clustering of S. v. waynei populations that breed along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. We provide evidence of a geographic north-to-south dispersal among the entire species, and found S. v. waynei to be of relatively recent origin within the southern clade. We estimated reduced gene flow in the region separating S. v. waynei from other S. virens populations, but found they were most closely related to a disjunct population from the Piedmont of central North Carolina. We identified two specific regions of the genome that showed elevated differentiation, one on a sex chromosome (Z) and the other on chromosome 6. Our findings provide clarity to the subspecific status of S. virens and bolster conservation efforts for S. v. waynei populations and their habitats. RESUMEN Usamos re-secuenciación del genoma completo para estimar la especificidad genética en Setophaga virens, incluida S. v. waynei, una subespecie putativa que ocupa un estrecho rango de reproducción disyunto a lo largo de la Planicie Costera del Atlántico. A pesar de detectar una diferenciación global baja (FST = 0,027) a lo largo de toda la especie, el análisis de componentes principales de las diferencias en el genoma completo muestra que el eje principal de variación separa a S. v. waynei de todas las
我们使用全基因组重测序来估计黑喉绿莺(Setophaga virens)的遗传独特性，包括S. v. waynei，这是一个假定的亚种，在大西洋沿岸平原上占据狭窄的不分隔繁殖范围。尽管在整个物种中检测到低全局分化(FST = 0.027)，但全基因组差异的主成分分析显示，变异的主轴将s.v. waynei与所有其他s.v. virens样本分开。我们还估计了s.v. waynei的低迁移率，但发现它们与北卡罗莱纳州皮埃蒙特的另一个不相交的种群最相似，并发现了整个物种从北向南的历史地理分散的证据。新大陆林莺(科:林莺科)在种间表现出强烈的表型差异，特别是在鸣叫和羽毛方面;然而，这些莺的种内变异——通常被称为亚种——要微妙得多。在其北美东部的繁殖范围内，存在着几个孤立的黑喉绿莺种群，这为进一步了解亚特定种群的起源、维持和保护状况提供了极好的机会。我们的研究结果，结合先前记录的生态和形态独特性，支持s.v. waynei被认为是一个独特的和公认的亚种，值得有针对性的保护工作。摘要:我们使用全基因组重测序技术来量化黑喉绿林莺(Setophaga virens)在整个北美繁殖范围内的遗传结构。我们在所有样本中检测到低分化，但在大西洋沿岸平原繁殖的s.v. waynei种群中发现了离散的遗传聚类。我们提供了整个物种从北向南分布的地理证据，并发现s.v. waynei在南方分支中相对较近的起源。我们估计，在将s.v . waynei与其他s.v . virens种群分开的地区，基因流减少了，但发现它们与北卡罗来纳州中部皮埃蒙特的一个分离种群关系最密切。我们在基因组中发现了两个特异区域，一个在性染色体(Z)上，另一个在6号染色体上。我们的研究结果清晰地揭示了维氏沙蚊的亚特异性状态，并加强了对维氏沙蚊种群及其栖息地的保护工作。resume Usamos re-secuenciación对特定基因组的完整估计，包括s.v . waynei在内的Setophaga virens，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定，一种特定的推定。一个pesar de detector una diferenciación global baja (FST = 0,027)和一个大型的de toda，特别是，análisis de components principales de las差异在完整的基因组中，de de components principales de variación separa和S. v. waynei de todas demás de S. v. virens。tamamicen估计，在墨西哥北部卡罗莱纳州的Piedemonte州，在墨西哥北部卡罗莱纳州的Piedemonte州，在墨西哥北部的Piedemonte州，在墨西哥北部的Piedemonte州，在墨西哥北部的Piedemonte州，在墨西哥北部的Piedemonte州，在墨西哥北部的Piedemonte州，在墨西哥北部的Piedemonte州，在墨西哥北部的Piedemonte州的证据，特别是在今天。Las reinitas del Nuevo Mundo (familia: Parulidae)展示了不同的燃料fenotípicas不同的物种，特别是不同种类的植物和植物;在禁运期间，“variación intra específica en estas reinitas”(一种用于指定所有子物种的菜单)非常más sutil。“各种问题的存在”和“美国问题的存在”和“美国问题的存在”都有一个很大的差别，例如área“美国问题的存在”和“美国问题的存在”和“美国问题的存在”和“美国问题的存在”和“美国问题的存在”。新结果，合并结果carácter ecológico和morfológico específico文件预见性，关于s.v . waynei的报告，认为这是一个特别独特的问题，因为我们的报告是关于conservación específicos的。
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Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac031
H. Rößler, Maureen A. Lynch, S. T. Ortiz, O. Larsen, M. Beaulieu
ABSTRACT When suitable nesting habitat is rare, birds may have to share it with heterospecific individuals with similar nesting requirements. The resulting species mosaic may in turn affect how breeding birds communicate vocally with each other. For instance, they may modify their vocalizations if the ambient noise produced by heterospecifics interferes with their own vocalizations. The colonies of Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthi) are interesting to examine whether such a vocal variation occurs in colonial seabirds, as these birds frequently breed in the same colony as Adélie (P. adeliae) or Chinstrap (P. antarcticus) penguins. We investigated whether the presence of congeneric penguins breeding in the same colony as Gentoo Penguins affected the acoustic characteristics of their most common vocalization, the ecstatic display call. Based on vocalizations recorded in 23 breeding colonies along the Antarctic Peninsula during 3 field seasons, we found that the frequency of ecstatic display calls of Gentoo Penguins was consistently lower (average exhale phrase ∼460 Hz lower, average inhale phrase ∼370 Hz lower) as well as decreased in energy distribution when they bred in mixed colonies with Adélie Penguins than when they bred only in proximity to conspecifics. In contrast, the frequency of both inhale and exhale phrases was unaffected by the presence of Chinstrap Penguins, potentially due to the already greater frequency difference between these 2 species. The apparent vocal plasticity, in mixed colonies with Adélie Penguins, likely allows Gentoo Penguins to adjust the quality of their vocalizations depending on the acoustic space available in their colonies, and hence possibly enhance signal transmission between conspecifics. However, whether this acoustic adjustment is sufficient to increase the detectability of vocalizations and localization of individuals has yet to be determined. LAY SUMMARY We examined whether Gentoo Penguin calls differ between breeding colonies that included multiple species of penguins and those where only Gentoo Penguins bred. We compared call parameters including frequency, structure, and duration between individual Gentoo Penguins breeding in colonies with and without the presence of Adélie or Chinstrap penguins along the Antarctic Peninsula during three austral summers. We found that the calls of Gentoo Penguins showed a lower frequency and narrower energy distribution when they bred in proximity to Adélie Penguins but did not change when they bred in proximity to Chinstrap Penguins with higher main frequency vocalizations.. This suggests that penguins can adjust the quality of their vocalizations according to the social (and presumably acoustic) environment of their colonies. RESUMEN Cuando el hábitat de anidación adecuado es raro, las aves pueden tener que compartirlo con individuos heteroespecíficos con requisitos de anidación similares. El mosaico de especies resultante puede, a su vez, afectar la forma
当适合筑巢的栖息地非常稀少时，鸟类可能不得不与具有相似筑巢需求的异种个体共享栖息地。由此产生的物种马赛克可能反过来影响繁殖鸟类彼此之间的声音交流。例如，如果环境噪音干扰了它们自己的发声，它们可能会改变自己的发声方式。巴布亚企鹅(Pygoscelis papua ellsworthi)的种群很有趣，研究这种声音变化是否发生在殖民地海鸟中，因为这些鸟经常与ad (P. adeliae)或Chinstrap (P. antarcticus)企鹅在同一个种群中繁殖。我们调查了与巴布亚企鹅在同一种群中繁殖的同类企鹅是否影响了它们最常见的叫声——狂喜显示叫声的声学特征。根据南极半岛23个繁殖群体在3个野外季节的发声记录，我们发现巴布亚企鹅在与阿德萨里企鹅混合繁殖时，狂喜的展示叫声频率持续降低(平均呼气频率低~ 460 Hz，平均吸气频率低~ 370 Hz)，能量分布也比只在异种企鹅附近繁殖时减少。相比之下，吸气和呼气的频率不受帽带企鹅的影响，这可能是由于这两个物种之间的频率差异已经很大。巴布亚企鹅的混合种群中明显的声音可塑性，可能使巴布亚企鹅能够根据种群中可用的声音空间来调整其发声的质量，从而可能增强同种企鹅之间的信号传输。然而，这种声学调整是否足以增加发声的可探测性和个体的定位还有待确定。我们研究了巴布亚企鹅的叫声在包括多种企鹅的繁殖地和只有巴布亚企鹅的繁殖地之间是否存在差异。我们比较了三个夏季南极半岛上巴布亚企鹅在有和没有ad和帽带企鹅存在的种群中繁殖的个体呼叫参数，包括频率、结构和持续时间。研究发现，巴布亚企鹅在靠近ad利亚企鹅繁殖时，其叫声频率较低，能量分布较窄，而在靠近主频较高的帽带企鹅繁殖时，其叫声没有变化。这表明企鹅可以根据它们所在群体的社会环境(也可能是声学环境)来调整它们发声的质量。RESUMEN Cuando el栖息地de anidacion adecuado西文“猫,拉斯维加斯鸟类乙醇有什么compartirlo con individuos heteroespecificos con requisitos de anidacion相似。El mosaico de espectresult puede, a suvez, a fecectla la forma que, as a reproductive centre, as a communications vocal centre sí。贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，heteroespecíficos与贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人，贫穷的人。Las colonias de Pygoscelis papua ellsworthi son interesantes para examinar si tal variación声音发生在Las aves marinas colonales, ya que estas aves freentemente se reproducen en la misma colonia que p.a deleliae或南极p.a rticus。调查结果显示:1 .调查结果显示:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:1 .调查结果表明:反对基地在拉斯维加斯vocalizaciones registradas en 23 colonias de reproduccion lo庄严的de la半岛南极洲杜兰特非常temporadas德坎encontramos公式despliegue frecuencia de las llamadas extatico·德·p·p·ellsworthi fue consistentemente mas巴哈(frase de exhalacion promedio∼460 Hz mas巴哈,从 promedio - 370赫兹más baja)到disminuyó，从distribución到energía，从大肠混合繁殖到adeliae，从近端复制到单独繁殖。与此相反，“a frerecencia de las frases de inhalación y exhalación no se vio afectada por a preencia de p.a antarcticus”，可能是由于“a frerecencia de frerecencia de ferencia de ferencia de ferencia de ferencia de ferencia de ferencia”。La plasticidad vocal aparente, en colonias mixtas con P. adeliae，可能是le perente a P. ellsworthi ajjustar La calidad de sus vocalizaciones según el espacio acústico disableableen sus colonias，穷穷的tanto，可能是mejorar La transmisión de señales entre consamneres。在禁运期间，aún没有看到决心是可以调整的acústico有足够的证据表明，可以通过localización个人调查来查明这些问题。
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Pub Date : 2022-07-20DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac029
L. Maynard, J. Therrien, Jérôme Lemaître, Travis L. Booms, T. Miller, T. Katzner, S. Somershoe, J. Cooper, R. Sargent, N. Lecomte
Interannual consistency (an indicator of the strength of adjustments) in migration phenology of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in North America is most strongly associated with breeding region, the season, and with late season temperature on breeding and wintering grounds. Consistency was greatest in boreal spring migration and the breeding regions of eastern Canada. Using multi-year GPS tracks of 83 adults breeding in 3 spatially distant regions (Alaska, northeast Canada, and southeast Canada), we quantified the interannual consistency of migration phenology and wintering latitude within and among individuals tracked across multiple years and the repeatability (r) by breeding regions and seasons. By comparing regions and seasons, we found that consistency was highest (r > 0.85) for boreal spring migration in eastern Canada while Alaska had the lowest value (r <0.15). Because seasonal consistency of migration phenology was only detected in eastern Canada, we conclude that seasonal features are not a primary constraint. While regional differences in consistency were not related to differences in migratory distances, they could be the result of genetic or habitat differences. We also found that temperatures warmer than the decadal average at the region of departure delayed the start of boreal spring migration by ~10 days and advanced boreal autumn migration by ~20 days. These results suggest that warmer temperatures would reduce residence time on breeding grounds, contrary to expectations and trends found in other studies. Wide variations in migratory strategies across a species distribution can add to the lists of challenges for conservation but may give migrants the capacity to acclimate to environmental changes.
{"title":"Interannual consistency of migration phenology is season- and breeding region-specific in North American Golden Eagles","authors":"L. Maynard, J. Therrien, Jérôme Lemaître, Travis L. Booms, T. Miller, T. Katzner, S. Somershoe, J. Cooper, R. Sargent, N. Lecomte","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Interannual consistency (an indicator of the strength of adjustments) in migration phenology of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in North America is most strongly associated with breeding region, the season, and with late season temperature on breeding and wintering grounds. Consistency was greatest in boreal spring migration and the breeding regions of eastern Canada. Using multi-year GPS tracks of 83 adults breeding in 3 spatially distant regions (Alaska, northeast Canada, and southeast Canada), we quantified the interannual consistency of migration phenology and wintering latitude within and among individuals tracked across multiple years and the repeatability (r) by breeding regions and seasons. By comparing regions and seasons, we found that consistency was highest (r > 0.85) for boreal spring migration in eastern Canada while Alaska had the lowest value (r <0.15). Because seasonal consistency of migration phenology was only detected in eastern Canada, we conclude that seasonal features are not a primary constraint. While regional differences in consistency were not related to differences in migratory distances, they could be the result of genetic or habitat differences. We also found that temperatures warmer than the decadal average at the region of departure delayed the start of boreal spring migration by ~10 days and advanced boreal autumn migration by ~20 days. These results suggest that warmer temperatures would reduce residence time on breeding grounds, contrary to expectations and trends found in other studies. Wide variations in migratory strategies across a species distribution can add to the lists of challenges for conservation but may give migrants the capacity to acclimate to environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83071426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-08DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac030
B. Graham, D. Heath, P. Pulgarin, R. Walter, Melissa M. Mark, D. Mennill
ABSTRACT Among tropical organisms, heightened habitat specialization, limited natal dispersal, and strong philopatry suggest that many species may experience reduced rates of gene flow. Diverse forms of barriers, including geographic, ecological, and behavioral barriers, further promote genetic divergence among tropical bird populations. Here, we extend our comprehension of gene flow in tropical birds by examining population genetic structure in a widespread insectivorous songbird of the Neotropics, the Rufous-and-white Wren (Thryophilus rufalbus). We explore the effects of geographic distance and habitat connectivity on genetic structure using 10 microsatellite loci, and nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. We report high levels of genetic divergence and population structure with reduced contemporary gene flow between populations over a 500-km transect in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear sequence data indicate that 2 distinct mtDNA genetic groups came into contact in northwestern Costa Rica; molecular dating suggests that the genetic patterns arose as a result of Pleistocene glaciations. Geographic distance and habitat connectivity predicted genetic structure but explained a relatively low proportion of the observed contemporary genetic variation. Patterns were similar for both males and females. Our research demonstrates the deep genetic divergence in tropical birds, and that genetic differentiation can occur over a relatively short distance. For tropical birds, strong limits to gene flow likely arise as a result of limited dispersal from natal populations. LAY SUMMARY Among tropical organisms, heightened habitat specialization and strong philopatry suggest that many species may experience reduced rates of gene flow. We explored the effects of geographic distance and habitat connectivity on genetic structure for Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryophilus rufalbus) using 10 microsatellite loci and nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. We observed high levels of population genetic structure and low levels of contemporary gene flow among five populations in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. We found two distinct genetic clades present in this region, and divergence times suggest that these clades diverged during the last Pleistocene glaciation. Our research demonstrates the deep genetic divergence in tropical organisms, and that genetic differentiation can occur over a relatively short distance; strong limits to gene flow likely arise as a result of strong philopatry. RESUMEN Entre los organismos tropicales, la elevada especialización de hábitat, la limitada dispersión natal y la fuerte filopatría sugieren que muchas especies pueden experimentar tasas reducidas de flujo génico. Diversas formas de barreras, incluidas las barreras geográficas, ecológicas y de comportamiento, promueven aún más la divergencia genética entre las poblaciones de aves tropicales. En este estudio, ampliamos nuestra comprensión del flujo génico en las aves tr
在热带生物中，高度的栖息地专门化、有限的出生传播和强烈的亲缘关系表明，许多物种可能经历了基因流动速率的降低。包括地理、生态和行为障碍在内的多种形式的障碍进一步促进了热带鸟类种群间的遗传分化。在这里，我们通过研究新热带广泛分布的食虫鸣鸟——红白鹪鹩(Thryophilus rufalbus)的种群遗传结构，扩展了我们对热带鸟类基因流动的理解。利用10个微卫星位点、核和线粒体序列数据，研究地理距离和生境连通性对遗传结构的影响。我们报告了尼加拉瓜和哥斯达黎加500公里样带种群之间当代基因流动减少的高水平遗传分化和种群结构。线粒体DNA和核序列数据表明，两个不同的mtDNA遗传群在哥斯达黎加西北部接触过;分子测年表明，遗传模式是更新世冰川作用的结果。地理距离和生境连通性预测了遗传结构，但对观察到的当代遗传变异的解释比例相对较低。男性和女性的模式相似。我们的研究表明，热带鸟类具有较深的遗传分化，并且遗传分化可以在相对较短的距离内发生。对于热带鸟类来说，基因流动的严格限制可能是由于出生种群的传播有限造成的。在热带生物中，高度的栖息地专门化和强烈的亲缘关系表明，许多物种可能经历了基因流动速率的降低。利用10个微卫星位点和核、线粒体序列数据，探讨了地理距离和生境连通性对红白鹪鹩遗传结构的影响。我们在尼加拉瓜和哥斯达黎加的5个种群中观察到高水平的种群遗传结构和低水平的当代基因流动。我们在这一地区发现了两种不同的遗传分支，分化时间表明这些分支在最后更新世冰川时期分化。我们的研究表明，热带生物具有较深的遗传分化，遗传分化可以在相对较短的距离内发生;对基因流动的严格限制可能源于强烈的哲学思想。RESUMEN热带生物中心，海拔especialización de hábitat，有限的dispersión出生的la fuerte filopatría提供了许多物种的实验数据，例如减少了flujo gsamicnico。巴雷亚斯形式的多样性，包括巴雷亚斯geográficas、ecológicas巴雷亚斯组合、promueven aún más巴雷亚斯形式的多样性、巴雷亚斯形式的多样性、巴雷亚斯形式的多样性和巴雷亚斯形式的多样性。新热带地区的分布性变大线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫线虫Exploramos洛对de la distancia geografica y la conectividad栖息地en la estructura遗传我们使用10位点de microsatelites y de secuencias拿督核y mitocondriales。报告:从结构角度分析遗传变异与遗传变异的关系:遗传变异与遗传变异与遗传变异的关系:contemporáneo遗传变异与遗传变异与遗传变异的关系:尼加拉瓜和哥斯达黎加境内长500公里的横断面。在哥斯达黎加北部的接触者和接触者中，非洲经委会线粒体(ADNmt)收集的数据显示了核指数的连续性和差异性;la datación分子生物学的研究:遗传变异的遗传变异的外科手术。距离geográfica通过连接和hábitat预测和预测genacacia的结构，perexplicaron unproporción相对于variación genacacia contemporánea观察。洛斯的赞助人也有类似的意向，比如男人们和女人们。Nuestra investigación demuestra la deep divergengentica en las tropical ales y que la diferenciación genacimtica puede发生在一个遥远的相对的corta。Para as ave tropicales，可能是外科医生的燃料límites al flujo gassnico como resultado de la dispersión limited de las bolacaciones natales。
{"title":"Habitat connectivity, gene flow, and population genetic structure in a Neotropical understory insectivore, the Rufous-and-white Wren","authors":"B. Graham, D. Heath, P. Pulgarin, R. Walter, Melissa M. Mark, D. Mennill","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac030","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Among tropical organisms, heightened habitat specialization, limited natal dispersal, and strong philopatry suggest that many species may experience reduced rates of gene flow. Diverse forms of barriers, including geographic, ecological, and behavioral barriers, further promote genetic divergence among tropical bird populations. Here, we extend our comprehension of gene flow in tropical birds by examining population genetic structure in a widespread insectivorous songbird of the Neotropics, the Rufous-and-white Wren (Thryophilus rufalbus). We explore the effects of geographic distance and habitat connectivity on genetic structure using 10 microsatellite loci, and nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. We report high levels of genetic divergence and population structure with reduced contemporary gene flow between populations over a 500-km transect in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear sequence data indicate that 2 distinct mtDNA genetic groups came into contact in northwestern Costa Rica; molecular dating suggests that the genetic patterns arose as a result of Pleistocene glaciations. Geographic distance and habitat connectivity predicted genetic structure but explained a relatively low proportion of the observed contemporary genetic variation. Patterns were similar for both males and females. Our research demonstrates the deep genetic divergence in tropical birds, and that genetic differentiation can occur over a relatively short distance. For tropical birds, strong limits to gene flow likely arise as a result of limited dispersal from natal populations. LAY SUMMARY Among tropical organisms, heightened habitat specialization and strong philopatry suggest that many species may experience reduced rates of gene flow. We explored the effects of geographic distance and habitat connectivity on genetic structure for Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryophilus rufalbus) using 10 microsatellite loci and nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. We observed high levels of population genetic structure and low levels of contemporary gene flow among five populations in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. We found two distinct genetic clades present in this region, and divergence times suggest that these clades diverged during the last Pleistocene glaciation. Our research demonstrates the deep genetic divergence in tropical organisms, and that genetic differentiation can occur over a relatively short distance; strong limits to gene flow likely arise as a result of strong philopatry. RESUMEN Entre los organismos tropicales, la elevada especialización de hábitat, la limitada dispersión natal y la fuerte filopatría sugieren que muchas especies pueden experimentar tasas reducidas de flujo génico. Diversas formas de barreras, incluidas las barreras geográficas, ecológicas y de comportamiento, promueven aún más la divergencia genética entre las poblaciones de aves tropicales. En este estudio, ampliamos nuestra comprensión del flujo génico en las aves tr","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79915432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-22DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac028
J. Biggins, R. Montgomerie, Jamie E. Thompson, T. Birkhead
ABSTRACT Nearly 70 years ago, Preston published a pioneering study in which he provided formulae for the shapes of birds' eggs. One of these formulae is universal in that it provides an almost perfect representation for all eggs, even pyriform ones, and is better than all other formulae published since. This essentially perfect representation of egg shape is obtained by estimating the parameters in Preston's universal formula by least squares, using hundreds of measurements of the egg's radii along its entire length. Preston's universal formula can also be used to obtain an equation for avian egg shape that uses just 5 measurements (the length and 4 appropriately spaced diameters). The equation based solely on these 5 measurements provides an egg shape that is virtually indistinguishable from one based on hundreds of measurements. We demonstrate the usefulness of Preston's formulations using digital photographs of eggs. Our perspective is that, despite a number of subsequent approaches, Preston's original one has not been bettered and should be the standard for studying avian egg shape. LAY SUMMARY The shapes of birds' eggs vary considerably, from the archetypal ovoid shape of the hen's egg, through those that are almost spherical, to eggs that are pointed at one or both ends. In the 1950s, the engineer and amateur ornithologist Frank W. Preston published methods for measuring and quantifying avian egg shape. Unfortunately, his equations proved rather inaccessible to ornithologists and have largely been ignored. As a result, there has been a succession of papers claiming to have solved the problem of quantifying avian egg shape, including some with titles that imply that their approach is better than anything previously published, but without testing the validity of their claims. Here, we show that all of these papers were trying to solve a problem that Preston had resolved long ago. All methods of estimating egg shape published since the 1950s are all, to varying extents, less accurate than Preston's original formulation. Preston provides the most perfect formula for “the most perfect thing,” a bird's egg. RESUMEN Hace casi setenta años, Preston publicó un estudio pionero en el que proporcionaba fórmulas para las formas de los huevos de las aves. Una de estas fórmulas es universal porque proporciona una representación casi perfecta de todos los huevos, incluso los piriformes, y es mejor que todas las demás fórmulas publicadas desde entonces. Esta representación esencialmente perfecta de la forma del huevo se obtiene estimando los parámetros en la fórmula universal de Preston mediante mínimos cuadrados, usando cientos de medidas de los radios del huevo a lo largo de toda su longitud. La fórmula universal de Preston también puede ser usada para obtener una ecuación para la forma del huevo aviar que utiliza solo cinco medidas (la longitud y cuatro diámetros espaciados adecuadamente). La ecuación basada únicamente en estas 5 medidas proporciona una
近70年前，普雷斯顿发表了一项开创性的研究，他在研究中提供了鸟蛋形状的公式。其中一个公式是通用的，因为它几乎完美地代表了所有的鸡蛋，甚至梨形的鸡蛋，并且比此后发表的所有其他公式都要好。鸡蛋形状的这种本质上完美的表现是通过对普雷斯顿通用公式中的参数进行最小二乘估计而得到的，该公式使用了数百次鸡蛋沿其整个长度的半径测量。普雷斯顿的通用公式也可以用来得到一个公式，禽蛋的形状，只使用5个测量值(长度和4个适当间隔的直径)。仅基于这5个测量值的方程提供了一个鸡蛋形状，与基于数百个测量值的鸡蛋形状几乎没有区别。我们用鸡蛋的数码照片证明了普雷斯顿公式的实用性。我们的观点是，尽管后来有许多方法，但普雷斯顿的原始方法并没有更好，应该成为研究鸟蛋形状的标准。鸟蛋的形状变化很大，从原始的卵形鸡蛋到几乎球形的鸡蛋，再到一端或两端都是尖的鸡蛋。20世纪50年代，工程师兼业余鸟类学家弗兰克·w·普雷斯顿(Frank W. Preston)发表了测量和量化鸟蛋形状的方法。不幸的是，事实证明，鸟类学家很难理解他的方程式，基本上被忽略了。因此，有一系列的论文声称已经解决了量化鸟蛋形状的问题，其中一些论文的标题暗示他们的方法比以前发表的任何方法都要好，但没有测试他们声称的有效性。在这里，我们展示了所有这些论文都试图解决普雷斯顿很久以前就解决了的问题。自20世纪50年代以来发表的所有估算鸡蛋形状的方法，在不同程度上都不如普雷斯顿最初的公式准确。普雷斯顿为“最完美的东西”提供了最完美的公式，那就是鸟蛋。简历Hace casi setenta años, Preston publicó unestudio pionero en el que proporcionaba fórmulas para as formas de los huevos de las aves。Una de estas fórmulas es universal porque proporcition Una representación casi perfecta de todos los huevos，包括los piriformes，通过主要que todas las demás fórmulas publicadas desde entonces。Esta representación esencialmente perfecta de la la forma del huevo se obtiene estimando los parámetros en la fórmula universal de Preston mediante mínimos cuadrados, usando cientos de medidas de los无线电del huevo a lo largo de toda sulongitude。拉公式普遍·德·普雷斯顿也ser美国对位obtener una ecuacion对位拉福马del蛋黄aviar,它独自cinco medidas (La longitud y四弦吉他diametros espaciados adecuadamente)。La ecuación basada únicamente en estas 5 medias proporciciona una forma de huevo que es prácticamente uninguible de basada en cientos de medias。公共事业的发展与发展:公共事业的发展与发展fotografías数字经济的发展。新视角是独一无二的，这是一种独特的风格，一种独特的风格，一种独特的风格，一种独特的风格，一种独特的风格，一种独特的风格，一种独特的风格，一种独特的风格，一种独特的风格。
{"title":"Preston's universal formula for avian egg shape","authors":"J. Biggins, R. Montgomerie, Jamie E. Thompson, T. Birkhead","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac028","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nearly 70 years ago, Preston published a pioneering study in which he provided formulae for the shapes of birds' eggs. One of these formulae is universal in that it provides an almost perfect representation for all eggs, even pyriform ones, and is better than all other formulae published since. This essentially perfect representation of egg shape is obtained by estimating the parameters in Preston's universal formula by least squares, using hundreds of measurements of the egg's radii along its entire length. Preston's universal formula can also be used to obtain an equation for avian egg shape that uses just 5 measurements (the length and 4 appropriately spaced diameters). The equation based solely on these 5 measurements provides an egg shape that is virtually indistinguishable from one based on hundreds of measurements. We demonstrate the usefulness of Preston's formulations using digital photographs of eggs. Our perspective is that, despite a number of subsequent approaches, Preston's original one has not been bettered and should be the standard for studying avian egg shape. LAY SUMMARY The shapes of birds' eggs vary considerably, from the archetypal ovoid shape of the hen's egg, through those that are almost spherical, to eggs that are pointed at one or both ends. In the 1950s, the engineer and amateur ornithologist Frank W. Preston published methods for measuring and quantifying avian egg shape. Unfortunately, his equations proved rather inaccessible to ornithologists and have largely been ignored. As a result, there has been a succession of papers claiming to have solved the problem of quantifying avian egg shape, including some with titles that imply that their approach is better than anything previously published, but without testing the validity of their claims. Here, we show that all of these papers were trying to solve a problem that Preston had resolved long ago. All methods of estimating egg shape published since the 1950s are all, to varying extents, less accurate than Preston's original formulation. Preston provides the most perfect formula for “the most perfect thing,” a bird's egg. RESUMEN Hace casi setenta años, Preston publicó un estudio pionero en el que proporcionaba fórmulas para las formas de los huevos de las aves. Una de estas fórmulas es universal porque proporciona una representación casi perfecta de todos los huevos, incluso los piriformes, y es mejor que todas las demás fórmulas publicadas desde entonces. Esta representación esencialmente perfecta de la forma del huevo se obtiene estimando los parámetros en la fórmula universal de Preston mediante mínimos cuadrados, usando cientos de medidas de los radios del huevo a lo largo de toda su longitud. La fórmula universal de Preston también puede ser usada para obtener una ecuación para la forma del huevo aviar que utiliza solo cinco medidas (la longitud y cuatro diámetros espaciados adecuadamente). La ecuación basada únicamente en estas 5 medidas proporciona una ","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80523347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-18DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac023
Christopher M Lituma
{"title":"The Second Atlas of Breeding Birds in West Virginia","authors":"Christopher M Lituma","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83167992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-17DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac027
Devin R. de Zwaan, Andrew Huang, Q. McCallum, Kiirsti Owen, Myles Lamont, W. Easton
ABSTRACT During migration, birds must stopover at refueling sites to replenish energy stores, with the rate of refueling linked to stopover length, migration speed, and the timing of critical life stages, such as breeding. Under optimal migration theory, birds are expected to maximize fuel intake and minimize stopover length (the time minimization hypothesis). Within a multi-species framework, we demonstrate that time minimization behavior is context-dependent, as refueling rate, stopover length, and departure decisions vary between seasons, among species with different ecological traits (e.g., diet and migration distance), and in response to density-dependent factors and prevailing environmental conditions. Using long-term banding data (10 years) from southwestern British Columbia, Canada, we investigated the ecological processes shaping stopover dynamics among 5 warbler (Parulidae) and 5 sparrow species (Passerellidae). Specifically, we assessed variation in fuel deposition rates (FDRs) as well as the associations between mass gain, stopover length, and departure probability. FDR was greater in insectivorous warblers during spring migration and in species migrating long distances. FDR responded positively to temperature and habitat productivity, but negatively to precipitation events, particularly for insectivorous, long-distance migrants during spring migration. Similarly, density-dependent refueling rate was only observed in insectivores and long-distance migrants during spring migration, where higher densities of foliage-gleaning insectivores were associated with a lower FDR. Stopover duration was more closely associated with body condition upon arrival and subsequent mass gain than direct environmental effects, especially during northward spring migration, providing support for time minimization and a mass threshold influencing departure decisions. These results highlight that refueling rates and stopover quality vary among species depending on their life-history strategies, with particular implications for long-distance, migratory insectivores, which may be most susceptible to climate shifts. LAY SUMMARY Linking differences in stopover behavior among migratory songbirds to ecological traits helps us understand habitat use patterns and identify conservation priorities beyond the breeding site. Over a 10-year volunteer-led study in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, mass gain was the highest in insectivorous warblers, during spring migration, and for long-distance migrants. Temperature, precipitation, habitat productivity, and density-dependent factors strongly influenced mass gain, particularly for insectivores during spring migration. Stopover duration and departure probability during spring were more closely linked to arrival body condition and mass gain than weather, providing support for a fat accumulation threshold and selection for short stopovers. We highlight how the use and importance of stopover sites vary among species depend
{"title":"Mass gain and stopover dynamics among migrating songbirds are linked to seasonal, environmental, and life-history effects","authors":"Devin R. de Zwaan, Andrew Huang, Q. McCallum, Kiirsti Owen, Myles Lamont, W. Easton","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac027","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During migration, birds must stopover at refueling sites to replenish energy stores, with the rate of refueling linked to stopover length, migration speed, and the timing of critical life stages, such as breeding. Under optimal migration theory, birds are expected to maximize fuel intake and minimize stopover length (the time minimization hypothesis). Within a multi-species framework, we demonstrate that time minimization behavior is context-dependent, as refueling rate, stopover length, and departure decisions vary between seasons, among species with different ecological traits (e.g., diet and migration distance), and in response to density-dependent factors and prevailing environmental conditions. Using long-term banding data (10 years) from southwestern British Columbia, Canada, we investigated the ecological processes shaping stopover dynamics among 5 warbler (Parulidae) and 5 sparrow species (Passerellidae). Specifically, we assessed variation in fuel deposition rates (FDRs) as well as the associations between mass gain, stopover length, and departure probability. FDR was greater in insectivorous warblers during spring migration and in species migrating long distances. FDR responded positively to temperature and habitat productivity, but negatively to precipitation events, particularly for insectivorous, long-distance migrants during spring migration. Similarly, density-dependent refueling rate was only observed in insectivores and long-distance migrants during spring migration, where higher densities of foliage-gleaning insectivores were associated with a lower FDR. Stopover duration was more closely associated with body condition upon arrival and subsequent mass gain than direct environmental effects, especially during northward spring migration, providing support for time minimization and a mass threshold influencing departure decisions. These results highlight that refueling rates and stopover quality vary among species depending on their life-history strategies, with particular implications for long-distance, migratory insectivores, which may be most susceptible to climate shifts. LAY SUMMARY Linking differences in stopover behavior among migratory songbirds to ecological traits helps us understand habitat use patterns and identify conservation priorities beyond the breeding site. Over a 10-year volunteer-led study in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, mass gain was the highest in insectivorous warblers, during spring migration, and for long-distance migrants. Temperature, precipitation, habitat productivity, and density-dependent factors strongly influenced mass gain, particularly for insectivores during spring migration. Stopover duration and departure probability during spring were more closely linked to arrival body condition and mass gain than weather, providing support for a fat accumulation threshold and selection for short stopovers. We highlight how the use and importance of stopover sites vary among species depend","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"123 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85655091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac015
J. Paruk
In the past two decades, our understanding of the navigational and physiological feats that enable birds to cross immense oceans, fly above the highest mountains, or remain in unbroken flight for months at a stretch has exploded. What we’ve learned of these key migrations—how billions of birds circumnavigate the globe, flying tens of thousands of miles between hemispheres on an annual basis—is nothing short of extraordinary.Bird migration entails almost unfathomable endurance, like a sparrow-sized sandpiper that will fly nonstop
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Pub Date : 2022-06-03DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac024
Ava-Rose F Beech, M. C. Santos, Emily B. Smith, Ben W Berejka, Yujie Liu, T. Tsunekage, Iris I. Levin
ABSTRACT Ecological and life-history variation and both interspecific and intraspecific brood parasitism contribute to diversity in egg phenotype within the same species. In this study, Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) laid eggs with high intraclutch repeatability in egg size, shape, and maculation. Despite this high intraclutch repeatability, last-laid eggs had consistently less of the eggshell covered in spots and fewer spots than earlier-laid eggs in the clutch. We examined sources of interclutch and intraclutch variation using both direct measurements and custom software (SpotEgg, NaturePatternMatch) that provide detailed information on egg characteristics, especially maculation measures. In addition to our main findings, maculation on different sides of the egg was highly repeatable; however, only shape, proportion of the eggshell maculated, and average spot size were repeatable between first and replacement clutches. Low intraclutch variation in maculation could allow females to recognize their clutch and this may be adaptive for colonial nesting species, such as the Barn Swallow. Characterizing intraspecific variation in egg size, shape, and maculation is the first step in understanding whether intraclutch variation is low enough—and interclutch variation high enough—such that eggs could serve as identity signals. LAY SUMMARY Characterizing variation in avian egg size, shape, and speckling can help us understand the mechanistic basis of and functional outcomes for the patterns we see. Photographs of Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) eggs showed low within-nest and high between-nest variation in size, shape, and speckling. The most repeatable measure of egg appearance was egg shape, while the least repeatable was average spot size. First and replacement clutch eggs resembled each other only in shape, proportion of the eggshell speckled, and average spot size. The lay order of the eggs explained some of the within-nest variation in egg appearance; last-laid eggs were less spotted than earlier-laid eggs. RESUMEN La variación ecológica y de la historia de vida, y el parasitismo de nidada tanto inter-específico como intra-específico, contribuyen a la diversidad en el fenotipo de los huevos dentro de la misma especie. En este estudio, individuos de Hirundo rustica erythrogaster pusieron huevos con alta repetibilidad dentro de la nidada en cuanto al tamaño, la forma y el maculado del huevo. A pesar de esta alta repetibilidad dentro de la nidada, los huevos del final de la puesta tuvieron consistentemente menos partes de la cáscara cubiertas de manchas y menos manchas que los huevos puestos al inicio de la puesta. Examinamos las fuentes de variación dentro de la nidada y entre nidadas utilizando mediciones directas y software personalizado (SpotEgg, NaturePatternMatch), que brindan información detallada sobre las características del huevo, especialmente las medidas de maculado. Además de nuestros hallazgos principales, el m
生态和生活史变异以及种间和种内幼虫寄生对同一物种内卵表型的多样性有重要影响。在本研究中，家燕(Hirundo rustica erythrogaster)产蛋在卵的大小、形状和斑纹上具有很高的卵内重复性。尽管这一孵蛋的可重复性很高，但最后孵出的蛋的蛋壳上的斑点和斑点始终少于早孵出的蛋。我们使用直接测量和定制软件(SpotEgg, NaturePatternMatch)来检查离间和离间变化的来源，这些软件提供了关于卵子特征的详细信息，特别是累积测量。除了我们的主要发现之外，鸡蛋不同侧面的斑纹是高度可重复的;然而，只有形状、蛋壳斑纹比例和平均斑点大小在第一次和更换的卵窝之间是重复的。斑纹的低窝卵变化可以让雌性识别自己的窝卵，这可能适合于殖民地筑巢的物种，如小燕子。描述卵的大小、形状和斑纹的种内变异是了解卵内变异是否足够低和卵间变异是否足够高的第一步，这样卵就可以作为身份信号。描述鸟蛋的大小、形状和斑点的变化可以帮助我们理解我们所看到的模式的机制基础和功能结果。小燕子(Hirundo rustica erythrogaster)卵的照片显示巢内卵的大小、形状和斑点变化小，巢间卵的大小、形状和斑点变化大。鸡蛋外观的可重复性最高的是鸡蛋形状，而可重复性最低的是平均斑点大小。第一窝蛋和替代窝蛋只是在形状、蛋壳斑点的比例和平均斑点大小上相似。蛋的产序解释了巢内蛋外观的一些变化;最后下的蛋比早下的蛋斑点少。RESUMEN La variación ecológica y de La historia de vida, y el parasitismo de nidada tanto inter-específico como intra-específico, contribuyen a La diversidad and el fenotipo de los huevos dentro de La misma especie。工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室，工作室一个pesar de de aldubilidad dentro de la neidada, los huevos de de la neidada, los huevos de de la neidada, los huevos de de la neidada，一致性的menmenes parties de la cáscara cubieras de manchas, menmenos manchas, los huevos puestos, inicio de la neidada。通过软件personizizado (SpotEgg, NaturePatternMatch)，直接通过inteladas mediciones (inteladas mediciones)和inteladas (inteladas)，特别是inteladas medidas de maculado，检查inteladas fuentes de variación dentro de la nidada，利用inteladas mediciones，直接使用inteladas personizizado (SpotEgg, NaturePatternMatch)，查询intelandinformación detallada sobre las características del huevo，特别是las medidas de maculado。Además新的hallazgos原则，el maculado和不同的costados del huevo futes altamente repetible;新禁令，单独的形式，proporción de la cáscara de de de de de de de de de de de de de de de la tamaño在la mancha fueron重复进入la premimeridada和las de de replazo。La baja variación dentro de La nidada en el maculado podría permitir que las hembras reconozcan su nidada y puede ser . adaptación para las especies que anidan en colonias, como h.r. erythrogaster。La caracterización de La variación intra-específica en el tamaño, La forma y maculado de de los huevas es el primer paso o para comder der La variación dentro de La nidada es o sufficientemente baja-y La variación entre nidada es es sufficientemente aldo - como para que los huevos puedand servir como señales de identidad。
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