Periodontology 2000最新文献

Radiographic examination has been an essential part of the diagnostic workflow in periodontology and implant dentistry. However, radiographic examination unavoidably involves ionizing radiation and its associated risks. Clinicians and researchers have invested considerable efforts in assessing the feasibility and capability of utilizing nonionizing imaging modalities to replace traditional radiographic imaging. Two such modalities have been extensively evaluated in clinical settings, namely, ultrasonography (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Another modality, optical coherence tomography (OCT), has been under investigation more recently. This review aims to provide an overview of the literature and summarize the usage of USG, MRI, and OCT in evaluating health and pathology of periodontal and peri-implant tissues. Clinical studies have shown that USG could accurately measure gingival height and crestal bone level, and classify furcation involvement. Due to physical constraints, USG may be more applicable to the buccal surfaces of the dentition even with an intra-oral probe. Clinical studies have also shown that MRI could visualize the degree of soft-tissue inflammation and osseous edema, the extent of bone loss at furcation involvement sites, and periodontal bone level. However, there was a lack of clinical studies on the evaluation of peri-implant tissues by MRI. Moreover, an MRI machine is very expensive, occupies much space, and requires more time than cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or intraoral radiographs to complete a scan. The feasibility of OCT to evaluate periodontal and peri-implant tissues remains to be elucidated, as there are only preclinical studies at the moment. A major shortcoming of OCT is that it may not reach the bottom of the periodontal pocket, particularly for inflammatory conditions, due to the absorption of near-infrared light by hemoglobin. Until future technological breakthroughs finally overcome the limitations of USG, MRI and OCT, the practical imaging modalities for routine diagnostics of periodontal and peri-implant tissues remain to be plain radiographs and CBCTs.

While peri-implant mucositis relies solely on clinical parameters, radiological assessment becomes indispensable for diagnosing peri-implantitis. Intraoral radiography, with its simplicity of application, low radiation exposure, and adequate representation of peri-implant structures, stands out as the standard of care for both immediate and follow-up assessments. Standardization by custom-made radiologic splints allows for excellent comparability with previous images and allows for the determination of even small changes in contour and density of the peri-implant bone. Furthermore, other radiographic modalities like panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) may provide useful features for specific patients and clinical cases while also showing innate limitations. Beyond the assessment of the marginal peri-implant bone level as the crucial parameter of clinical relevance, radiologic assessment may reveal various other findings related to the prosthetic restoration itself, the precision of its fit to the implant, and the peri-implant soft and hard tissues. Since such findings can be crucial for the assessment of peri-implant health and the implants' prognosis, a systematic diagnostic evaluation pathway for a thorough assessment is recommended to extract all relevant information from radiologic imaging. This article also provides an overview of the clinical and chronological indications for different imaging modalities in peri-implant issues.

Following a comprehensive patient examination, including the assessment of periodontal and peri-implant diseases as well as considering the patient's needs, a pretherapeutic prognosis for each tooth and implant is given. Teeth and implants with a secure pretherapeutic prognosis require simple procedures and may be regarded as secure abutments for function and with a doubtful pretherapeutic prognosis usually need a comprehensive therapy. Such teeth and implants must be brought into the category with a secure prognosis by means of additional therapy such as endodontic, restorative, and surgical procedures. Teeth and implants with a hopeless pretherapeutic prognosis should be extracted/explanted during the initial phase of cause-related therapy (i.e., infection control). For example, teeth with vertical root fracture or unrestorable caries and implants with mobility or unrestorable malposition fall into the category of hopeless units. The primary goal of periodontal and peri-implant therapy should be to arrest disease progression. The latest consensus statement highlights that periodontitis can be successfully controlled and treated teeth can be retained for life. Nevertheless, for patients with uncontrolled contributing factors, the endpoints might not always be achievable, and low disease activity may be an acceptable therapeutic goal. Similarly, the management of peri-implantitis frequently requires surgical intervention following nonsurgical therapy due to incomplete treatment outcomes. Different surgical modalities can be effective and lead to significant improvement; however, achieving complete resolution of peri-implantitis is challenging, not always predictable, and can depend on multiple baseline factors. Therefore, this review aims at summarising available evidence on the rationale for incorporating systemic, lifestyle-related, clinical, and radiographic prognostic factors into treatment planning of patients diagnosed with periodontal and peri-implant diseases.

This narrative review addresses conventional diagnostic criteria used in clinical practice to discriminate between periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Visual examination of the color and texture of the periodontal tissues, assessment of plaque deposits, periodontal probing assessments, and diagnostic imaging enable the collation of information to make a periodontal diagnosis, followed by an appropriate treatment plan. The periodontal probe is an essential diagnostic tool to assess probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and the degree of furcation involvement at multirooted teeth. When clinical signs and symptoms of periodontitis are identified, diagnostic imaging enables evaluation of the level and extent of bone destruction and bone defect morphology. The diagnostic process requires clinicians who are trained to evaluate, record, and interpret these measures. This narrative review focuses on conventional clinical diagnostic parameters which, despite their limitations, are considered the current standard of care.

Recent advances in human genomics and the advent of molecular medicine have catapulted our ability to characterize human and health and disease. Scientists and healthcare practitioners can now leverage information on genetic variation and gene expression at the tissue or even individual cell level, and an enormous potential exists to refine diagnostic categories, assess risk in unaffected individuals, and optimize disease management among those affected. This review investigates the progress made in the domains of molecular medicine and genomics as they relate to periodontology. The review summarizes the current evidence of association between genomics and periodontal diseases, including the current state of knowledge that approximately a third of the population variance of periodontitis may be attributable to genetic variation and the management of several monogenic forms of the disease can be augmented by knowledge of the underlying genetic cause. Finally, the paper discusses the potential utility of polygenic risk scores and genetic testing for periodontitis diagnosis now and in the future, in light of applications that currently exist in other areas of medicine and healthcare.

Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent chronic diseases, and severe periodontitis creates functional and esthetic problems and decreases self-esteem for a large percentage of the older population worldwide. In many cases of periodontitis, there is no distinct tell-tale pain that motivates a patient to seek treatment, rather the signs become clinically detectable late, and typically when the disease has progressed to a problematic level for the life of the dentition. Early periodontal screening and diagnostics tools will provide early recognition of periodontal diseases and facilitate timely management of the disease to reduce tooth loss. To this goal, gingival crevicular fluid is easily sampled, can be repeatedly and non-invasively collected, and can be tested for potential biomarkers. Moreover, the site specificity of periodontal diseases enhances the usefulness of gingival crevicular fluid sampled from specific sites as a biofluid for diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of periodontal diseases. The present review aimed to provide up-to-date information on potential diagnostic biomarkers with utility that can be assayed from gingival crevicular fluid samples, focusing on what is new and useful and providing only general historic background textually and in a tabulated format.

Accurate diagnosis of periodontal and peri-implant diseases relies significantly on radiographic examination, especially for assessing alveolar bone levels, bone defect morphology, and bone quality. This narrative review aimed to comprehensively outline the current state-of-the-art in radiographic diagnosis of alveolar bone diseases, covering both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) modalities. Additionally, this review explores recent technological advances in periodontal imaging diagnosis, focusing on their potential integration into clinical practice. Clinical probing and intraoral radiography, while crucial, encounter limitations in effectively assessing complex periodontal bone defects. Recognizing these challenges, 3D imaging modalities, such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), have been explored for a more comprehensive understanding of periodontal structures. The significance of the radiographic assessment approach is evidenced by its ability to offer an objective and standardized means of evaluating hard tissues, reducing variability associated with manual clinical measurements and contributing to a more precise diagnosis of periodontal health. However, clinicians should be aware of challenges related to CBCT imaging assessment, including beam-hardening artifacts generated by the high-density materials present in the field of view, which might affect image quality. Integration of digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence-based tools in intraoral radiography software, the enhances the diagnostic process. The overarching recommendation is a judicious combination of CBCT and digital intraoral radiography for enhanced periodontal bone assessment. Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians to weigh the benefits against the risks associated with higher radiation exposure on a case-by-case basis, prioritizing patient safety and treatment outcomes.

Chronic inflammatory periodontal disease and its related condition, peri-implant disease, are highly prevalent globally and require accurate and speedy diagnosis. The focus of this volume dedicated to diagnostics is to cover modern enhancements in accuracy, simplicity and speed. An international assortment of experts has been tasked with reviewing defined areas of current best practice as well innovation in the field of periodontitis and peri-implantitis diagnostics. Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are irreversible, chronic, cumulative conditions propagated by bacteria and host factors, which involve soft and hard tissue changes, and these changes are measured in the diagnostic process. Clinically relevant modifications to the healthy state are detected using clinical, radiological and laboratory or point of care testing, and these testing approaches are critically reviewed at length in this state-of-the-art resume of periodontal diagnostics.

The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence with regard to behavioral and psychosocial assessment of the periodontitis patient, the candidate for implant therapy, and the peri-implantitis patient. Periodontitis has an adverse effect on quality of life and its treatment can lead to significant improvements experienced by the patient. The latter is true for rehabilitation with dental implants, although patients harbor diverse expectations and perceptions of implant therapy, which can often interfere with satisfaction and/or influence long-term success. A thorough behavioral assessment of the candidate for implant therapy is essential, which should include, perceptions, expectations, as well as risk for behavioral disorders. Remedial action is essential to correct misperceptions and any identified risks. Finally, patients have limited awareness of limited ability to identify signs of peri-implantitis. The diagnosis of peri-implantitis can be a cause of significant distress, resentment, and loss of trust to the treatment and the caregivers. Despite documented value in clinical research, currently available instruments assessing patient-reported outcomes have little application in day-to-day clinical practice. Face-to-face patient to doctor open-ended communication remains the most effective way to comprehensively establish the long-term "therapeutic alliance" essential for the long journey for the periodontitis patient.

This review discusses the role of diagnostic measures in the lifelong management of periodontal disease and peri-implant complications. After active treatment, these conditions require regular monitoring of the supporting structures of teeth and dental implants to assess bone and soft tissue health over time. Several clinical measures have been developed for the routine assessment of periodontal and peri-implant tissues, including periodontal and peri-implant probing, bleeding on probing, intraoral radiography, biomarker analysis, and microbiological testing. This review highlights the evolution of diagnostic practices, integrating traditional methods with emerging technologies such as resonance frequency analysis and ultrasound imaging to provide a holistic view of peri-implant health assessment. In addition to objective measurements, patient risk factors are considered. The goals of periodontal and peri-implant maintenance are to control disease activity and stabilize tissues through supportive care, which includes diagnostic measures at follow-up visits. This enables clinicians to monitor treatment outcomes, assess health status, and detect recurrence or progression early through routine evaluation, allowing additional interventions, including adjustment of supportive therapy intervals, to further improve and maintain periodontal and peri-implant stability over time.