Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-020
D. Rushkoff
The Occupy movement constitutes an upgrade of political activism from campaign to prototype. This shift from the traditional narrative, goal-oriented movement to activism as ‘infinite game’ is consistent with the changing media environment informing this activity. As we move from a culture defined by the book and broadcast media to one expressed more through the net and peer-to-peer media, our approaches to politics and our expectations for its results change. We are transitioning from a spectator democracy, in which citizens project their hopes and dreams onto charismatic leaders, to a participatory democracy, in which citizens enact change through their real-time interactions. This shift reflects more than a change in communications technologies; it marks a change in the mode and dimensional level of activism.
{"title":"17. Permanent revolution: Occupying democracy","authors":"D. Rushkoff","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-020","url":null,"abstract":"The Occupy movement constitutes an upgrade of political activism from campaign to prototype. This shift from the traditional narrative, goal-oriented movement to activism as ‘infinite game’ is consistent with the changing media environment informing this activity. As we move from a culture defined by the book and broadcast media to one expressed more through the net and peer-to-peer media, our approaches to politics and our expectations for its results change. We are transitioning from a spectator democracy, in which citizens project their hopes and dreams onto charismatic leaders, to a participatory democracy, in which citizens enact change through their real-time interactions. This shift reflects more than a change in communications technologies; it marks a change in the mode and dimensional level of activism.","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134391326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-013
R. Glas, S. Lammes
In their chapter, Glas and Lammes critically investigate the limitations of citizen science game design when it comes to having amateurs playfully participate in the production of scientific knowledge. Moving away from the traditional distance between the scientist as expert and the citizen as layperson, and between science as serious and play as trivial, they argue for a recognition of play as fundamental to the scientific endeavor and see rule breaking and bending as an essential part of this process. From this perspective, they consider an approach to citizen science game design that includes playing with the rules as a more critical way of having citizens think about and participate in science.
{"title":"11. Ludo-epistemology: Playing with the rules in citizen science games","authors":"R. Glas, S. Lammes","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-013","url":null,"abstract":"In their chapter, Glas and Lammes critically investigate the limitations of citizen science game design when it comes to having amateurs playfully participate in the production of scientific knowledge. Moving away from the traditional distance between the scientist as expert and the citizen as layperson, and between science as serious and play as trivial, they argue for a recognition of play as fundamental to the scientific endeavor and see rule breaking and bending as an essential part of this process. From this perspective, they consider an approach to citizen science game design that includes playing with the rules as a more critical way of having citizens think about and participate in science.","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126127462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-007
Anne-Marie Schleiner
The focus of this chapter is on ‘activist simulation games,’ which are motivated by an activist or political intention on the part of the gamemaker, and which attempt to harness simulation and procedurality in the game to convey the maker’s political critique or message to the playing public. Schleiner argues that that the ‘toyness’ of the world of such games, the miniature abstraction of the model that announces itself as game, not life, contributes to a nullif ication of the game’s critical impact. To break away from this situation, she argues, requires a ‘broken toy tactic’ of interruption or sabotage that breaks the spell of games’ procedural,
{"title":"6. The broken toy tactic: Clockwork worlds and activist games","authors":"Anne-Marie Schleiner","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-007","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this chapter is on ‘activist simulation games,’ which are motivated by an activist or political intention on the part of the gamemaker, and which attempt to harness simulation and procedurality in the game to convey the maker’s political critique or message to the playing public. Schleiner argues that that the ‘toyness’ of the world of such games, the miniature abstraction of the model that announces itself as game, not life, contributes to a nullif ication of the game’s critical impact. To break away from this situation, she argues, requires a ‘broken toy tactic’ of interruption or sabotage that breaks the spell of games’ procedural,","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122525321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-019
Eric Gordon, Stephen D. Walter
The promise of smart cities is that Big Data and the Internet of Things will transform them into efficient, productive machines. But the smart city is a rather rational proposition where technological efficiency is the primary indicator of success. This chapter advocates a counterpoint to this emphasis on efficiency. Borrowing from game design, where players are provided with goals, and confronted with unnecessary obstacles that make their striving for that goal meaningful, the chapter suggest that ’meaningful inefficiencies’ are necessary for making cities smart. When there is room for play in the systems with which we interact, there is opportunity for people to form relationships, build trust, care for one another, and make shared meaning, all of which comprise the foundation for resilient communities.
{"title":"16. Meaningful inefficiencies : Resisting the logic of technological efficiency in the design of civic systems","authors":"Eric Gordon, Stephen D. Walter","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-019","url":null,"abstract":"The promise of smart cities is that Big Data and the Internet of Things will transform them into efficient, productive machines. But the smart city is a rather rational proposition where technological efficiency is the primary indicator of success. This chapter advocates a counterpoint to this emphasis on efficiency. Borrowing from game design, where players are provided with goals, and confronted with unnecessary obstacles that make their striving for that goal meaningful, the chapter suggest that ’meaningful inefficiencies’ are necessary for making cities smart. When there is room for play in the systems with which we interact, there is opportunity for people to form relationships, build trust, care for one another, and make shared meaning, all of which comprise the foundation for resilient communities.","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122102074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-005
W. Uricchio
This chapter ref lects on how people actively engage with interactive documentaries and how this constitutes a shift in audience participation. As a playful format, interactive documentaries invite viewers to also become creative participants. The author makes a convincing case for the civic potential of allowing viewers to play with the documentary f ilm format, foregrounding the interactive documentary as a potent challenger to its traditional, linear, and author-driven counterpart. He speaks in this context of a ‘producerly’ audience that has an active input in the documentary textual interactive system. Uricchio speaks of interactive documentaries as a new media format, that does not so much replace existing, more hieratically structured media formats, but rather can exist alongside them as a participatory alternative.
{"title":"4. Re-thinking the social documentary","authors":"W. Uricchio","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter ref lects on how people actively engage with interactive documentaries and how this constitutes a shift in audience participation. As a playful format, interactive documentaries invite viewers to also become creative participants. The author makes a convincing case for the civic potential of allowing viewers to play with the documentary f ilm format, foregrounding the interactive documentary as a potent challenger to its traditional, linear, and author-driven counterpart. He speaks in this context of a ‘producerly’ audience that has an active input in the documentary textual interactive system. Uricchio speaks of interactive documentaries as a new media format, that does not so much replace existing, more hieratically structured media formats, but rather can exist alongside them as a participatory alternative.","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127647123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-010
Jessica Breen, S. Dosemagen, Don Blair, Liz Barry
This chapter explores the potential of play in relation to community-based civic science research using DIY scientif ic tools made possible by the Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science (Public Lab). It discusses projects and approaches that the Public Lab has developed since its launch in 2010 to facilitate meaningful civic science collaboration. This includes a focus on narrative forms to connect participants to science research, relying on a spontaneous, playful emergence of collaborative activity rather than pre-developed forms of gamification to allow the incentives for participation to be intrinsic to the nature of the activity. This transforms the practice of scientif ic research and civic engagement into something that is both effective and ultimately enjoyable and productive, for all of
{"title":"8. Public laboratory: Play and civic engagement","authors":"Jessica Breen, S. Dosemagen, Don Blair, Liz Barry","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the potential of play in relation to community-based civic science research using DIY scientif ic tools made possible by the Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science (Public Lab). It discusses projects and approaches that the Public Lab has developed since its launch in 2010 to facilitate meaningful civic science collaboration. This includes a focus on narrative forms to connect participants to science research, relying on a spontaneous, playful emergence of collaborative activity rather than pre-developed forms of gamification to allow the incentives for participation to be intrinsic to the nature of the activity. This transforms the practice of scientif ic research and civic engagement into something that is both effective and ultimately enjoyable and productive, for all of","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"01 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127165442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-022
M. Deuze, L. Ems
{"title":"19. Dissent at a distance","authors":"M. Deuze, L. Ems","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"36 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120909207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-004
S. Werning
This chapter aims to show how designing and modifying games is becoming a “cultural technique” (Kramer and McChesney 2003) similar to reading or writing, and an important requirement for active citizen engagement in an increasingly ludif ied society (Raessens 2006). For that purpose, “constructionist gaming” (Kafai and Burke 2015), i.e. game co-creation, is situated among other critical playing practices like theorycrafting. Numerous examples, from early Flash games created as commentary on the 2003 invasion of Iraq to game jams such as the 2013 GeziJam, demonstrate how grassroots game development can establish ephemeral public spheres for playful citizen intervention. Finally, the chapter outlines analytical game design as a conceptual framework for incorporating these principles into media studies research and educational practice.
本章旨在展示设计和修改游戏如何成为一种“文化技术”(Kramer and McChesney, 2003)，类似于阅读或写作，以及在日益数字化的社会中公民积极参与的重要要求(raessen, 2006)。出于这个目的，“建构主义游戏”(Kafai和Burke 2015)，即游戏共同创造，位于其他关键的游戏实践中，如理论制作。从2003年入侵伊拉克的早期Flash游戏到2013年的GeziJam等游戏jam，许多例子都证明了草根游戏开发可以为好玩的公民干预建立短暂的公共领域。最后，本章概述了分析性游戏设计作为将这些原则整合到媒体研究和教育实践中的概念框架。
{"title":"3. Analytical game design : Game-making as a cultural technique in a gamified society","authors":"S. Werning","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to show how designing and modifying games is becoming a “cultural technique” (Kramer and McChesney 2003) similar to reading or writing, and an important requirement for active citizen engagement in an increasingly ludif ied society (Raessens 2006). For that purpose, “constructionist gaming” (Kafai and Burke 2015), i.e. game co-creation, is situated among other critical playing practices like theorycrafting. Numerous examples, from early Flash games created as commentary on the 2003 invasion of Iraq to game jams such as the 2013 GeziJam, demonstrate how grassroots game development can establish ephemeral public spheres for playful citizen intervention. Finally, the chapter outlines analytical game design as a conceptual framework for incorporating these principles into media studies research and educational practice.","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131559277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-023
A. Gekker
The chapter examines the entanglement of play and politics through digital media. By analyzing the Obama 2008 and Trump 2016 presidential campaigns, it proposes a new term for examining political engagement, namely ‘casual politicking.’ Building on mediatization theories, the chapter takes the affordances of causal video games as a template to analyze the actions performed by citizens, politicians, and organizations attempting to alter behaviors. The resulting characteristics of the political process are presented through four key aspects: the role of ICT platforms with intuitive interfaces, the prevalence of issue-centered rather than ideological action, a perpetual political engagement undeterred by failure, and socially focused networks orientated towards fun. When applied to the two campaigns, surprising similarities can be seen, despite the different messages and personalities of the candidates.
{"title":"20. Playing with power : Casual politicking as a new frame for political analysis","authors":"A. Gekker","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-023","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter examines the entanglement of play and politics through digital media. By analyzing the Obama 2008 and Trump 2016 presidential campaigns, it proposes a new term for examining political engagement, namely ‘casual politicking.’ Building on mediatization theories, the chapter takes the affordances of causal video games as a template to analyze the actions performed by citizens, politicians, and organizations attempting to alter behaviors. The resulting characteristics of the political process are presented through four key aspects: the role of ICT platforms with intuitive interfaces, the prevalence of issue-centered rather than ideological action, a perpetual political engagement undeterred by failure, and socially focused networks orientated towards fun. When applied to the two campaigns, surprising similarities can be seen, despite the different messages and personalities of the candidates.","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123926461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9789048535200-017
Mercedes Bunz
In this chapter, the revolutionary impact of digital technology on society is unpacked and critically assessed. Bunz asks how digital media can facilitate the increased participation of citizens, but can at the same time be used as a means for diffusion that is far less radical in its political outcomes. The idea of playfully ‘hacking politics’ may help to turn political problems into challenges that can be resolved through public participation, but advocating participation can just as easily change into the contracting out of state responsibilities onto citizens. As is argued in this chapter, citizens’ participation does not necessarily allow for radical transformation and often does not offer enough tension and discussion to kickstart societal changes.
{"title":"14. On participatory politics as a game changer and the politics of participation","authors":"Mercedes Bunz","doi":"10.1515/9789048535200-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535200-017","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the revolutionary impact of digital technology on society is unpacked and critically assessed. Bunz asks how digital media can facilitate the increased participation of citizens, but can at the same time be used as a means for diffusion that is far less radical in its political outcomes. The idea of playfully ‘hacking politics’ may help to turn political problems into challenges that can be resolved through public participation, but advocating participation can just as easily change into the contracting out of state responsibilities onto citizens. As is argued in this chapter, citizens’ participation does not necessarily allow for radical transformation and often does not offer enough tension and discussion to kickstart societal changes.","PeriodicalId":197781,"journal":{"name":"The Playful Citizen","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122565688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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