Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-51-ps23-5
Amanda Smith, S. Bag, Adam Rabinowitz, R. Kemerait, R. Srinivasan, Mark Abney, William Branch, Albert Culbreath
Field experiments were conducted at Tifton, Georgia from 2019 to 2020 to compare the effects of new peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar ‘Georgia-16HO’ with the former industry standard cultivar ‘Florunner’, and in-furrow applications of phorate or imidacloprid insecticides on severity of tomato spotted wilt (TSW) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), resultant yield, and crop value. Incidence of TSW was much lower for Georgia-16HO than for Florunner in both years, with differences more obvious in 2019 when the virus pressure was higher. Yield was greater for Georgia-16HO than Florunner in both years with greater differences when disease pressure was higher. Across all treatments, adjusted crop value for Georgia-16HO was ~$1450 /ha greater than for Florunner in 2019 and ~$839 /ha greater in 2020.
{"title":"Comparison of Field Performance of Georgia-16HO and Florunner Cultivars in the Presence of Tomato Spotted Wilt","authors":"Amanda Smith, S. Bag, Adam Rabinowitz, R. Kemerait, R. Srinivasan, Mark Abney, William Branch, Albert Culbreath","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-51-ps23-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-51-ps23-5","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments were conducted at Tifton, Georgia from 2019 to 2020 to compare the effects of new peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar ‘Georgia-16HO’ with the former industry standard cultivar ‘Florunner’, and in-furrow applications of phorate or imidacloprid insecticides on severity of tomato spotted wilt (TSW) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), resultant yield, and crop value. Incidence of TSW was much lower for Georgia-16HO than for Florunner in both years, with differences more obvious in 2019 when the virus pressure was higher. Yield was greater for Georgia-16HO than Florunner in both years with greater differences when disease pressure was higher. Across all treatments, adjusted crop value for Georgia-16HO was ~$1450 /ha greater than for Florunner in 2019 and ~$839 /ha greater in 2020.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140242121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-15
C.L. Butts, M.C. Lamb, K. Zimmer, R. Santos, D. Hoisington, J. Adams, D. Cowart, B. Tillman, R.C. kemerait, J. Marshall, M. Jackson, J. Davis, S. Sterling, J. Elder
The 2019 peanut crop was the worst year in recent history for aflatoxin contamination in finished lots of shelled runner peanuts. This was largely due to excessive heat and late season drought in the southeastern US. The industry estimated that approximately 30% of finished lots failed to meet the USDA aflatoxin specifications for edible peanuts causing increased costs due to re-milling, material loss, and diversion to low value markets such as crushing for oil. As a result, the peanut industry formed the Aflatoxin Working Group at the 2020 American Peanut Council’s Winter Conference to (1) evaluate the state of the art in production, transportation, handling, storage, and processing, (2) identify the gaps in knowledge, and (3) prioritize the importance of the knowledge gaps in relation to risk of aflatoxin contamination. As a means toward meeting these objectives, the Aflatoxin Task Force organized a Peanut Quality Symposium held in Tifton, Georgia on November 29-30, 2021. This symposium was open to all interested stakeholders. This article is a synopsis of the symposium.
{"title":"U.S. Peanut Quality: Industry Priorities to Mitigate Aflatoxin Risk from Farm to Consumer","authors":"C.L. Butts, M.C. Lamb, K. Zimmer, R. Santos, D. Hoisington, J. Adams, D. Cowart, B. Tillman, R.C. kemerait, J. Marshall, M. Jackson, J. Davis, S. Sterling, J. Elder","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-15","url":null,"abstract":"The 2019 peanut crop was the worst year in recent history for aflatoxin contamination in finished lots of shelled runner peanuts. This was largely due to excessive heat and late season drought in the southeastern US. The industry estimated that approximately 30% of finished lots failed to meet the USDA aflatoxin specifications for edible peanuts causing increased costs due to re-milling, material loss, and diversion to low value markets such as crushing for oil. As a result, the peanut industry formed the Aflatoxin Working Group at the 2020 American Peanut Council’s Winter Conference to (1) evaluate the state of the art in production, transportation, handling, storage, and processing, (2) identify the gaps in knowledge, and (3) prioritize the importance of the knowledge gaps in relation to risk of aflatoxin contamination. As a means toward meeting these objectives, the Aflatoxin Task Force organized a Peanut Quality Symposium held in Tifton, Georgia on November 29-30, 2021. This symposium was open to all interested stakeholders. This article is a synopsis of the symposium.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps23-2
Jerry Nboyine, R. Oteng‐Frimpong, Stephen Arthur, Issah Sugri, D. Puozaa, G. Mahama, Philp Agrengsore, Moses Mochiah, Mumuni Audulai, Israel Dzomeku, Richard Akromah, J. Asibuo, W. Appaw, Mohammed Abdul-Razak, Greg Buol, David Jordan, Rick Brandenburg, Greg MacDonald, D. Hoisington, J. Rhoads
Peanut cultivation in Ghana is influenced by abiotic (e.g., drought, fertilization, etc.) and biotic (e.g., pests, diseases, etc.) factors that must be managed effectively to maximize yields. These factors differ across agro-ecologies and pose significant risks to yields and aflatoxin contamination and can limit financial returns to farmers. Knowledge of interactions among key production practices such as pest management, crop rotation sequence, varietal selection, tillage systems, and chemical inputs is required to mitigate these risks and to provide quality advice to peanut farmers by Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) and/or similar advisory groups. This paper describes the development of a comprehensive, Microsoft (MS) Excel based risk management tool to help farmers and their advisors implement practices that minimize the risk of yield loss and aflatoxin contamination while providing production cost estimates. This tool is based on a similar one developed for peanut production in North Carolina (USA). Three risk tools were developed; one for the interior savannah zone of northern Ghana which has a unimodal rainfall pattern, and two for the forest and transition zones of southern Ghana which are characterized by a bimodal rainfall pattern. These tools will aid AEAs and farmers to make informed decisions on the best combinations of production practices that will minimize risk and increase yields in Ghana. The development process considered the differences in selection of varieties, plant density, fertilization, and pest management between savannah and the forest-transition regions as well as the impact of their interactions on peanut yield and aflatoxin contamination. Overall, this risk management tool benefits extension service providers (government and private), breeding, agronomy, and plant protection programs as well as teaching in higher education institutions.
{"title":"Managing Risk: a Decision Tool to Enhance Yield and Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Ghana","authors":"Jerry Nboyine, R. Oteng‐Frimpong, Stephen Arthur, Issah Sugri, D. Puozaa, G. Mahama, Philp Agrengsore, Moses Mochiah, Mumuni Audulai, Israel Dzomeku, Richard Akromah, J. Asibuo, W. Appaw, Mohammed Abdul-Razak, Greg Buol, David Jordan, Rick Brandenburg, Greg MacDonald, D. Hoisington, J. Rhoads","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps23-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps23-2","url":null,"abstract":"Peanut cultivation in Ghana is influenced by abiotic (e.g., drought, fertilization, etc.) and biotic (e.g., pests, diseases, etc.) factors that must be managed effectively to maximize yields. These factors differ across agro-ecologies and pose significant risks to yields and aflatoxin contamination and can limit financial returns to farmers. Knowledge of interactions among key production practices such as pest management, crop rotation sequence, varietal selection, tillage systems, and chemical inputs is required to mitigate these risks and to provide quality advice to peanut farmers by Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) and/or similar advisory groups. This paper describes the development of a comprehensive, Microsoft (MS) Excel based risk management tool to help farmers and their advisors implement practices that minimize the risk of yield loss and aflatoxin contamination while providing production cost estimates. This tool is based on a similar one developed for peanut production in North Carolina (USA). Three risk tools were developed; one for the interior savannah zone of northern Ghana which has a unimodal rainfall pattern, and two for the forest and transition zones of southern Ghana which are characterized by a bimodal rainfall pattern. These tools will aid AEAs and farmers to make informed decisions on the best combinations of production practices that will minimize risk and increase yields in Ghana. The development process considered the differences in selection of varieties, plant density, fertilization, and pest management between savannah and the forest-transition regions as well as the impact of their interactions on peanut yield and aflatoxin contamination. Overall, this risk management tool benefits extension service providers (government and private), breeding, agronomy, and plant protection programs as well as teaching in higher education institutions.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-16
D.J. Anco, J. B. Hiers, Albert Cul
Management decisions mitigating thrips injury and tomato spotted wilt infection are primarily limited to being enacted at the beginning of the growing season. Previous work explored corresponding potential management contribution of concurrent insecticide application with a superabsorbent polymer in-furrow but reported effects to be marginal or variable across experiments. To more thoroughly probe this potential, data from a collection of 40 experiments conducted from 2009 through 2022 was analyzed to examine the efficacy of insecticides (aldicarb, imidacloprid, imidacloprid plus fluopyram, and phorate, in addition to a nontreated check) applied in-furrow at planting for peanut production. In addition to treatments applied individually, experiments included imidacloprid (n = 11) or phorate (n = 18) applied in the presence of 2.2 kg/ha superabsorbent polymer. Results indicated that neither imidacloprid nor phorate alone significantly varied with regard to stand count (P > 0.35), thrips injury (P > 0.27), tomato spotted wilt incidence (P > 0.08), or yield (P > 0.37) when compared to their co-application with the polymer. These results were consistent across variety susceptibility levels to tomato spotted wilt. The fitted models were determined to be robust to the treatment composition of screened studies (P > 0.089). Where there were differences in projected returns above the nontreated check, phorate or aldicarb were the most consistently profitable treatments.
{"title":"Performance of Imidacloprid or Phorate Co-Applied In-Furrow with Superabsorbent Polymer and Evaluation of Aldicarb","authors":"D.J. Anco, J. B. Hiers, Albert Cul","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-16","url":null,"abstract":"Management decisions mitigating thrips injury and tomato spotted wilt infection are primarily limited to being enacted at the beginning of the growing season. Previous work explored corresponding potential management contribution of concurrent insecticide application with a superabsorbent polymer in-furrow but reported effects to be marginal or variable across experiments. To more thoroughly probe this potential, data from a collection of 40 experiments conducted from 2009 through 2022 was analyzed to examine the efficacy of insecticides (aldicarb, imidacloprid, imidacloprid plus fluopyram, and phorate, in addition to a nontreated check) applied in-furrow at planting for peanut production. In addition to treatments applied individually, experiments included imidacloprid (n = 11) or phorate (n = 18) applied in the presence of 2.2 kg/ha superabsorbent polymer. Results indicated that neither imidacloprid nor phorate alone significantly varied with regard to stand count (P > 0.35), thrips injury (P > 0.27), tomato spotted wilt incidence (P > 0.08), or yield (P > 0.37) when compared to their co-application with the polymer. These results were consistent across variety susceptibility levels to tomato spotted wilt. The fitted models were determined to be robust to the treatment composition of screened studies (P > 0.089). Where there were differences in projected returns above the nontreated check, phorate or aldicarb were the most consistently profitable treatments.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-12
A.B. Gau, Darrin Dodds, Brendan Zurweller, D. Spencer, L. J. Krutz, J. C. Ferguson
Excessive vegetative growth in peanut can lead to decreased harvest efficiency. Peanut vegetative growth is often managed with the plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium. Although application of prohexadione calcium is recommended at 50% and 100% canopy closure (CC) as defined by lateral vines touching, research on the optimal application timing and rate has been minimal. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of prohexadione calcium application timing and rate based on percent canopy closure. Experiments were conducted at 6 different sites in Mississippi over 2 years. Treatments in 2020 included prohexadione calcium applied at 50% CC + one application at 100% CC (recommended by product label), two applications in one week at 100% CC, and three applications in one week at 100% CC. In 2020, all prohexadione calcium applications were made at 140 g a.i./ha. Treatments in 2021 included application timings at 50% and 100% CC and multiple application rates at each timing including 70 g a.i./ha, 140 g a.i./ha, and 280 g a.i./ha. Peanut response was evaluated based on pod weight after digging, pod count after digging, dry plant weight, pod loss, and peanut yield. Dry plant weight, pod loss, and pod weight were unaffected by prohexadione calcium application. Peanut yield ranged from 6200 kg/ha to 7300 kg/ha across years, locations, and prohexadione calcium treatments. Yields following all prohexadione calcium application timings and rates were similar to those following applications at the recommended timings and rate. With the exception of two applications in one week at 100% CC, yield response following prohexadione application was similar to that of the untreated check. Therefore, prohexadione calcium application timings and rates are likely more flexible than the labelled recommendation with respect to vegetation management; however, yield enhancement following application was inconsistent.
{"title":"Effect of Prohexadione Calcium Application Timing and Rate on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Growth and Yield in Mississippi","authors":"A.B. Gau, Darrin Dodds, Brendan Zurweller, D. Spencer, L. J. Krutz, J. C. Ferguson","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-12","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive vegetative growth in peanut can lead to decreased harvest efficiency. Peanut vegetative growth is often managed with the plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium. Although application of prohexadione calcium is recommended at 50% and 100% canopy closure (CC) as defined by lateral vines touching, research on the optimal application timing and rate has been minimal. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of prohexadione calcium application timing and rate based on percent canopy closure. Experiments were conducted at 6 different sites in Mississippi over 2 years. Treatments in 2020 included prohexadione calcium applied at 50% CC + one application at 100% CC (recommended by product label), two applications in one week at 100% CC, and three applications in one week at 100% CC. In 2020, all prohexadione calcium applications were made at 140 g a.i./ha. Treatments in 2021 included application timings at 50% and 100% CC and multiple application rates at each timing including 70 g a.i./ha, 140 g a.i./ha, and 280 g a.i./ha. Peanut response was evaluated based on pod weight after digging, pod count after digging, dry plant weight, pod loss, and peanut yield. Dry plant weight, pod loss, and pod weight were unaffected by prohexadione calcium application. Peanut yield ranged from 6200 kg/ha to 7300 kg/ha across years, locations, and prohexadione calcium treatments. Yields following all prohexadione calcium application timings and rates were similar to those following applications at the recommended timings and rate. With the exception of two applications in one week at 100% CC, yield response following prohexadione application was similar to that of the untreated check. Therefore, prohexadione calcium application timings and rates are likely more flexible than the labelled recommendation with respect to vegetation management; however, yield enhancement following application was inconsistent.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-13
J.S. McIntyre, H.J. Cook
Harvested peanuts must be dried before being stored to prevent spoilage. Peanuts are dried using forced heated air dryers that produce a great deal of noise while operating. In an effort to abate dryer noise, a cylindrical muffler was designed, fabricated from sheet metal, and tested. The muffler was 1.17 m in diameter, 0.61 m in length and was lined with 0.55 m of R 30 fiberglass batting. Five configurations of the muffler were tested and the most effective was the two inline mufflers attached to the air intake of the dryer. The two inline mufflers were found to reduce noise 4.5m in front of the dryer air intake to the OSHA permissible level of 90 dBA for an eight-hour time period. The inline lined mufflers reduced noise levels at 4.5 m from the side of the dryer to just less than 85 dBA the level above which OSHA recommends employers initiate hearing conservation programs. Sound levels at 23 m in front of the dryer air intake were reduced to 69 dBA which is equivalent to classroom chatter. Though the muffler designed in the study reduced dyer noise to acceptable levels, study results and new technologies suggest that further noise reduction is possible by redesigning the muffler using natural harmonics of the dryer/muffler structure, new tuned noise damping materials, and designing for sound resonance effects.
{"title":"Peanut Dryer Noise Levels with and without Muffler","authors":"J.S. McIntyre, H.J. Cook","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-13","url":null,"abstract":"Harvested peanuts must be dried before being stored to prevent spoilage. Peanuts are dried using forced heated air dryers that produce a great deal of noise while operating. In an effort to abate dryer noise, a cylindrical muffler was designed, fabricated from sheet metal, and tested. The muffler was 1.17 m in diameter, 0.61 m in length and was lined with 0.55 m of R 30 fiberglass batting. Five configurations of the muffler were tested and the most effective was the two inline mufflers attached to the air intake of the dryer. The two inline mufflers were found to reduce noise 4.5m in front of the dryer air intake to the OSHA permissible level of 90 dBA for an eight-hour time period. The inline lined mufflers reduced noise levels at 4.5 m from the side of the dryer to just less than 85 dBA the level above which OSHA recommends employers initiate hearing conservation programs. Sound levels at 23 m in front of the dryer air intake were reduced to 69 dBA which is equivalent to classroom chatter. Though the muffler designed in the study reduced dyer noise to acceptable levels, study results and new technologies suggest that further noise reduction is possible by redesigning the muffler using natural harmonics of the dryer/muffler structure, new tuned noise damping materials, and designing for sound resonance effects.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-10
Brendan Zurweller, Jeffrey Gore, Scott Graham, Whitney Crow, T. Towles, Don Cook
Tobacco thrips are one of the most prevalent early season insect pests in peanut production systems. Experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Stoneville Mississippi to evaluate integrated pest management approaches to mitigate negative effects of thrips. Experimental treatments included a normal and late planting date, varieties Georgia-06G and QR-14, and in-furrow insecticide treatments consisting of a non-treated control, phorate, and imidacloprid. Measurements included early and final plant stands, immature and adults thrips counts, and pod yield. In-furrow insecticide had a strong effect on number of thrips per plant with treatment thrips ranking of: phorate < imidacloprid < non-treated control. However, in-furrow insecticide had no interaction with variety or plating date. Although phorate provided greater thrips control than imidacloprid, pod yield for the two treatments was similar, and both in-furrow treatments had greater yield than the non-treated control. The variety QR-14 had greater pod yield than Georgia-06G when planted late. Overall, these results confirm that in-furrow insecticide applications of either imidacloprid or phorate are adequate in protecting against yield loss from thrips within a midsouthern peanut production environment.
{"title":"Impact of Variety and At-Planting Insecticides on Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Management in Peanut","authors":"Brendan Zurweller, Jeffrey Gore, Scott Graham, Whitney Crow, T. Towles, Don Cook","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-10","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco thrips are one of the most prevalent early season insect pests in peanut production systems. Experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Stoneville Mississippi to evaluate integrated pest management approaches to mitigate negative effects of thrips. Experimental treatments included a normal and late planting date, varieties Georgia-06G and QR-14, and in-furrow insecticide treatments consisting of a non-treated control, phorate, and imidacloprid. Measurements included early and final plant stands, immature and adults thrips counts, and pod yield. In-furrow insecticide had a strong effect on number of thrips per plant with treatment thrips ranking of: phorate < imidacloprid < non-treated control. However, in-furrow insecticide had no interaction with variety or plating date. Although phorate provided greater thrips control than imidacloprid, pod yield for the two treatments was similar, and both in-furrow treatments had greater yield than the non-treated control. The variety QR-14 had greater pod yield than Georgia-06G when planted late. Overall, these results confirm that in-furrow insecticide applications of either imidacloprid or phorate are adequate in protecting against yield loss from thrips within a midsouthern peanut production environment.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peanut butter is a desirable product made from roasted peanuts that is susceptible to lipid oxidation during its shelf life. The process of lipid oxidation produces rancid aromas and flavors in peanut butter that have previously been found to be undesirable to consumers. Peanut skins, the paper-like coatings that surround peanut kernels, are a waste product of peanut processing that have been shown to contain phenolic compounds that could act as antioxidants which are able to inhibit lipid oxidation. Addition of peanut skin extracts to fresh peanut paste was evaluated for their effectiveness to retard oxidation of the lipids present. Extraction of the phenolic compounds and encapsulation with maltodextrin produced a free-flowing powder that was blended into freshly ground peanuts. The paste was packed into glass jars and incubated at 30 C and 26 % relative humidity. Control samples of peanut paste without the addition of the peanut skins extract ingredient were prepared using both blanched and unblanched peanuts from the same batch where the skins were removed after roasting. Samples were evaluated biweekly over a 24-week period for free fatty acids, peroxide value, hexanal production and with descriptive sensory analysis to determine the progression of lipid oxidation. Free fatty acids were elevated by the addition of the extracts, but the peroxide values decreased over the test period. Hexanal production was not affected. Descriptive sensory analysis showed a decrease in roast peanut flavor over time regardless of the addition. The addition of the peanut skin extracts also resulted in distinct flavors that were not considered positive attributes for peanut butter. In this study, peanut skin extracts did not function as effective antioxidant ingredients for unstabilized peanut butter.
{"title":"Effect of Peanut Skin Extracts on the Shelf Life of Unstabilized Peanut Butter","authors":"D.A. Mohebpour, L.L. Dean, R.O. Harding, K.W. Hendrix","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps22-8","url":null,"abstract":"Peanut butter is a desirable product made from roasted peanuts that is susceptible to lipid oxidation during its shelf life. The process of lipid oxidation produces rancid aromas and flavors in peanut butter that have previously been found to be undesirable to consumers. Peanut skins, the paper-like coatings that surround peanut kernels, are a waste product of peanut processing that have been shown to contain phenolic compounds that could act as antioxidants which are able to inhibit lipid oxidation. Addition of peanut skin extracts to fresh peanut paste was evaluated for their effectiveness to retard oxidation of the lipids present. Extraction of the phenolic compounds and encapsulation with maltodextrin produced a free-flowing powder that was blended into freshly ground peanuts. The paste was packed into glass jars and incubated at 30 C and 26 % relative humidity. Control samples of peanut paste without the addition of the peanut skins extract ingredient were prepared using both blanched and unblanched peanuts from the same batch where the skins were removed after roasting. Samples were evaluated biweekly over a 24-week period for free fatty acids, peroxide value, hexanal production and with descriptive sensory analysis to determine the progression of lipid oxidation. Free fatty acids were elevated by the addition of the extracts, but the peroxide values decreased over the test period. Hexanal production was not affected. Descriptive sensory analysis showed a decrease in roast peanut flavor over time regardless of the addition. The addition of the peanut skin extracts also resulted in distinct flavors that were not considered positive attributes for peanut butter. In this study, peanut skin extracts did not function as effective antioxidant ingredients for unstabilized peanut butter.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps23-3
W.D. Bran, N. Brown, T.B. Brenneman
White mold (WM), stem rot, and southern blight are common names for the same soilborne peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) disease caused by Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbr. = Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Tomato spotted wilt is a systemic foliar peanut disease caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The objective of this study was to screen several currently available peanut genotypes (cultivars and breeding lines) for combined general field resistance to both of these diseases. Results from these field tests showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among the peanut genotypes evaluated for combined resistance to both WM and TSWV. The overall three-year (2018-20) average found that ‘Georgia-12Y’ had among the lowest percent incidence of mid-season TSWV, mid-late season TSWV+WM, late-season WM+TSWV, WM after digging, and the highest pod yield compared to other runner-type peanut cultivars. FloRun ‘331’ was found to have comparable WM resistance as Georgia-12Y, however it was also found to be susceptible to TSWV. ‘Georgia-14N’ was found to have moderate TSWV and WM resistance similar to ‘Georgia-07W’, and it also has a high-level of root-knot nematode (RKN) resistance.
白霉病(WM)、茎腐病和南方枯萎病是同一种土传花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)疾病的通用名称，这种疾病是由阿特利亚罗夫斯基(Curzi) C. C. Tu &;Kimbr。= Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc。番茄斑点枯萎病是由番茄斑点枯萎病毒(TSWV)引起的一种系统性花生叶面病害。本研究的目的是筛选几种目前可用的花生基因型(栽培品种和育种品系)，用于对这两种疾病的综合田间抗性。田间试验结果显示，花生对WM和TSWV的联合抗性在不同基因型间差异显著(P≤0.05)。总体三年(2018-20)平均值发现，与其他速生型花生品种相比，“乔治亚- 12y”的季中TSWV、季中晚TSWV+WM、季末WM+TSWV、挖掘后WM的发病率最低，豆荚产量最高。发现FloRun ' 331 '具有与Georgia-12Y相当的WM抗性，但也发现它对TSWV敏感。‘Georgia-14N’具有与‘Georgia-07W’相似的中度TSWV和WM抗性，也具有较高的根结线虫(RKN)抗性。
{"title":"Field Screening for Tomato Spotted Wilt and White Mold (Stem Rot) Resistance among Peanut Genotypes","authors":"W.D. Bran, N. Brown, T.B. Brenneman","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps23-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-501-ps23-3","url":null,"abstract":"White mold (WM), stem rot, and southern blight are common names for the same soilborne peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) disease caused by Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbr. = Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Tomato spotted wilt is a systemic foliar peanut disease caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The objective of this study was to screen several currently available peanut genotypes (cultivars and breeding lines) for combined general field resistance to both of these diseases. Results from these field tests showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among the peanut genotypes evaluated for combined resistance to both WM and TSWV. The overall three-year (2018-20) average found that ‘Georgia-12Y’ had among the lowest percent incidence of mid-season TSWV, mid-late season TSWV+WM, late-season WM+TSWV, WM after digging, and the highest pod yield compared to other runner-type peanut cultivars. FloRun ‘331’ was found to have comparable WM resistance as Georgia-12Y, however it was also found to be susceptible to TSWV. ‘Georgia-14N’ was found to have moderate TSWV and WM resistance similar to ‘Georgia-07W’, and it also has a high-level of root-knot nematode (RKN) resistance.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps21-18
Ye Chu, Larissa Marasigan, Corley Holbrook, Ran Hovav, Peggy Ozias-Akins
A wide range of time-to-maturity exists among peanut accessions and cultivars, and it is a complex trait likely controlled by many genes and influenced by the environment. Underground formation of fruit coupled with indeterminate growth habit makes peanut a difficult crop species to explore genetic controls of this trait. Dividing the total phenotype of time-to-maturity into component traits can facilitate the dissection of genetic pathways controlling maturity in peanut. In this study, component traits contributing to time-to-maturity included flowering on the main stem, flowering rate, flower-to-peg conversion ratio, internode length, distribution of reproductive and vegetative nodes, branch numbers, percentage of harvestable pods, and harvest index, which were quantified for six genetically diverse peanut genotypes. Statistically significant differences were detected for all measured traits among the tested genotypes. These genotypes are parental lines of four established recombinant inbred populations. Populations with contrasting parental phenotypic values could be utilized for further QTL mapping of the relevant traits.
{"title":"Phenotypic Variation of Component Traits Affecting Maturity in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)","authors":"Ye Chu, Larissa Marasigan, Corley Holbrook, Ran Hovav, Peggy Ozias-Akins","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps21-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps21-18","url":null,"abstract":"A wide range of time-to-maturity exists among peanut accessions and cultivars, and it is a complex trait likely controlled by many genes and influenced by the environment. Underground formation of fruit coupled with indeterminate growth habit makes peanut a difficult crop species to explore genetic controls of this trait. Dividing the total phenotype of time-to-maturity into component traits can facilitate the dissection of genetic pathways controlling maturity in peanut. In this study, component traits contributing to time-to-maturity included flowering on the main stem, flowering rate, flower-to-peg conversion ratio, internode length, distribution of reproductive and vegetative nodes, branch numbers, percentage of harvestable pods, and harvest index, which were quantified for six genetically diverse peanut genotypes. Statistically significant differences were detected for all measured traits among the tested genotypes. These genotypes are parental lines of four established recombinant inbred populations. Populations with contrasting parental phenotypic values could be utilized for further QTL mapping of the relevant traits.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136035250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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