Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-19
W. D. Branch, N. Brown, A. Culbreath, T. Brenneman
During 2016 through 2020, field tests were conducted to determine general Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance among seven spanish and seven valencia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. These tests were planted early in April each year to enhance tomato spotted wilt (TSW) disease pressure at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. TSW disease incidence was first assessed at about midseason (60 DAP), and total disease (TD) incidence which was primarily TSW was again assessed prior to digging. The five-year average results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among the spanish-type cultivars. The lowest TSW and TD incidence was found with the TSWV-resistant spanish cultivar, ‘Georgia-17SP’. This cultivar also produced the highest pod yield, total sound mature kernel (TSMK) grade, and gross dollar value returns per hectare. The five-year average results among the valencia-type cultivars also showed significant differences. The lowest TSW and TD incidence was found with the moderately TSWV-resistant valencia cultivar ‘Georgia-Val/HO’. This cultivar also produced the highest pod yield, TSMK grade, and dollar value return. These new Georgia cultivars are not the traditional spanish and valencia-types; however, pod and seed traits meet or exceed the criteria for each market type, respectively.
{"title":"General Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Field Resistance among Spanish and Valencia Market Type Peanut Cultivars.","authors":"W. D. Branch, N. Brown, A. Culbreath, T. Brenneman","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-19","url":null,"abstract":"During 2016 through 2020, field tests were conducted to determine general Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance among seven spanish and seven valencia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. These tests were planted early in April each year to enhance tomato spotted wilt (TSW) disease pressure at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. TSW disease incidence was first assessed at about midseason (60 DAP), and total disease (TD) incidence which was primarily TSW was again assessed prior to digging. The five-year average results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among the spanish-type cultivars. The lowest TSW and TD incidence was found with the TSWV-resistant spanish cultivar, ‘Georgia-17SP’. This cultivar also produced the highest pod yield, total sound mature kernel (TSMK) grade, and gross dollar value returns per hectare. The five-year average results among the valencia-type cultivars also showed significant differences. The lowest TSW and TD incidence was found with the moderately TSWV-resistant valencia cultivar ‘Georgia-Val/HO’. This cultivar also produced the highest pod yield, TSMK grade, and dollar value return. These new Georgia cultivars are not the traditional spanish and valencia-types; however, pod and seed traits meet or exceed the criteria for each market type, respectively.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91375502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-10
K. Chamberlin, J. Baldessari, R. Bennett, J. Clevenger, C. Holbrook, S. Tallury, Y. Chu, P. Ozias‐Akins, M. B. Conde, M. Payton
Peanut smut, caused by Thecaphora frezzii, is an emerging threat to global peanut production. Found in 100% of Argentinian peanut growing regions, smut infestation can result in substantial yield reductions. Although peanut smut has not been reported outside of South America, immediate proactive measures must be taken so that global peanut production will not be threatened. The first step in preventative breeding for resistance to peanut smut is to identify sources of resistance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify germplasm resistant to T. frezzii that can be used to incorporate smut resistance into cultivars optimized for U.S. peanut production areas. In this study, peanut genotypes, including accessions from the USDA germplasm collection that were purified by single-seed descent, peanut breeding lines, and U.S. cultivars, were screened for resistance. Trials were planted in test plots highly infested with T. frezzii in Córdoba Province, Argentina. For screening purposes, entries were retained for future testing if they scored 10% or less disease incidence. Among the entries tested in the 2017-2020 growing seasons, potential new sources of peanut smut resistance were noted. Eight USDA peanut mini-core accessions were identified as immune, demonstrating 0% incidence for three years. These accessions are being used to incorporate smut resistance into cultivars suitable for production in all growing regions of the U.S.
{"title":"Identification of Germplasm Resistant to Peanut Smut","authors":"K. Chamberlin, J. Baldessari, R. Bennett, J. Clevenger, C. Holbrook, S. Tallury, Y. Chu, P. Ozias‐Akins, M. B. Conde, M. Payton","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-10","url":null,"abstract":"Peanut smut, caused by Thecaphora frezzii, is an emerging threat to global peanut production. Found in 100% of Argentinian peanut growing regions, smut infestation can result in substantial yield reductions. Although peanut smut has not been reported outside of South America, immediate proactive measures must be taken so that global peanut production will not be threatened. The first step in preventative breeding for resistance to peanut smut is to identify sources of resistance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify germplasm resistant to T. frezzii that can be used to incorporate smut resistance into cultivars optimized for U.S. peanut production areas. In this study, peanut genotypes, including accessions from the USDA germplasm collection that were purified by single-seed descent, peanut breeding lines, and U.S. cultivars, were screened for resistance. Trials were planted in test plots highly infested with T. frezzii in Córdoba Province, Argentina. For screening purposes, entries were retained for future testing if they scored 10% or less disease incidence. Among the entries tested in the 2017-2020 growing seasons, potential new sources of peanut smut resistance were noted. Eight USDA peanut mini-core accessions were identified as immune, demonstrating 0% incidence for three years. These accessions are being used to incorporate smut resistance into cultivars suitable for production in all growing regions of the U.S.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85693793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-12
J. Kakati, Z. Z. Zoong Lwe, Shrikanth S. Narayanan
Short episodes of heat stress often occur in the early flowering period of peanut in the U.S. peanut belt. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether heat stress that occurs during an early flowering period will have long-lasting effects on seed fatty acid composition. Four peanut genotypes with varying degrees of heat tolerance were exposed to heat stress for a short period (2.5 weeks) at the beginning of the flowering stage under field conditions in 2018 and 2019. We found that a short duration of heat stress at the beginning of the flowering stage did not affect the contents of the major seed fatty acids that affect oil quality (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids) regardless of the heat-tolerance level of genotypes. If stress is removed at the time of seed filling, seed fatty acid composition seems to be unaffected. However, stress during flowering can decrease pod and seed numbers, which will affect yield.
{"title":"Heat stress During the Early Flowering Stage Did Not Affect Seed Fatty acid Contents in Conventional Oleic Peanut Varieties","authors":"J. Kakati, Z. Z. Zoong Lwe, Shrikanth S. Narayanan","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-12","url":null,"abstract":"Short episodes of heat stress often occur in the early flowering period of peanut in the U.S. peanut belt. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether heat stress that occurs during an early flowering period will have long-lasting effects on seed fatty acid composition. Four peanut genotypes with varying degrees of heat tolerance were exposed to heat stress for a short period (2.5 weeks) at the beginning of the flowering stage under field conditions in 2018 and 2019. We found that a short duration of heat stress at the beginning of the flowering stage did not affect the contents of the major seed fatty acids that affect oil quality (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids) regardless of the heat-tolerance level of genotypes. If stress is removed at the time of seed filling, seed fatty acid composition seems to be unaffected. However, stress during flowering can decrease pod and seed numbers, which will affect yield.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76088594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-11
D. Anco, J. B. Hiers
The objective of this work was to compare peanut yield production potential for runner and Virginia market type cultivars in South Carolina. Cultivar selection decisions are integrally linked to pod yield production potential of a planted field and are often based on available historic and recent yield data. To aid farmers in this process, 24 and 27 field experiments were conducted in South Carolina between 2015 and 2020 for runner and Virginia type cultivars, respectively, to examine yield production potential. Top grouping runner type cultivars consisted of Georgia-16HO, FloRun 331, TUFRunner 297, and Georgia-12Y. Virginia type cultivars within the statistical grouping with the greatest yield included Walton and Bailey II. Total sound mature kernels among runner type cultivars was greatest for Georgia-16HO and Georgia-06G, followed by TUFRunner 297, Georgia-14N, TUFRunner 511, and Georgia-18RU. Virginia type cultivars did not significantly vary with regard to total sound mature kernels in this study. Results generated from this work may be useful as a reference to help inform cultivar selection decisions.
{"title":"Pod Yield Production Among Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars in South Carolina","authors":"D. Anco, J. B. Hiers","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-11","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to compare peanut yield production potential for runner and Virginia market type cultivars in South Carolina. Cultivar selection decisions are integrally linked to pod yield production potential of a planted field and are often based on available historic and recent yield data. To aid farmers in this process, 24 and 27 field experiments were conducted in South Carolina between 2015 and 2020 for runner and Virginia type cultivars, respectively, to examine yield production potential. Top grouping runner type cultivars consisted of Georgia-16HO, FloRun 331, TUFRunner 297, and Georgia-12Y. Virginia type cultivars within the statistical grouping with the greatest yield included Walton and Bailey II. Total sound mature kernels among runner type cultivars was greatest for Georgia-16HO and Georgia-06G, followed by TUFRunner 297, Georgia-14N, TUFRunner 511, and Georgia-18RU. Virginia type cultivars did not significantly vary with regard to total sound mature kernels in this study. Results generated from this work may be useful as a reference to help inform cultivar selection decisions.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90334410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-6
A. Peper, N. Wiley, A. Liu, T. Brenneman, L. Yang
As a geocarpic plant, the fruits of peanut are matured below ground. Developing pods share a similar nutritional and microbial environment as roots, albeit they have distinct physiology and responses to environmental stimuli. Separating pods and roots into different environments to study a pod-specific or a root specific response to stimuli is still technically challenging. Research was conducted to develop an easy and affordable system to support the growth of individual pods in a controlled environment that is separate from roots, named the In-Tube Growth (ITG) system. The data indicate that the growth of pods of various varieties in ITG is comparable to those in open soil. The ITG system was used to investigate the defects caused by calcium deficiency in the geocarposphere, demonstrating it as a useful system for studying pod development and their responses to biotic or abiotic stresses.
{"title":"A Note on the Development of an In-Tube Growth System to Study Pod-specific Responses of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)","authors":"A. Peper, N. Wiley, A. Liu, T. Brenneman, L. Yang","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-6","url":null,"abstract":"As a geocarpic plant, the fruits of peanut are matured below ground. Developing pods share a similar nutritional and microbial environment as roots, albeit they have distinct physiology and responses to environmental stimuli. Separating pods and roots into different environments to study a pod-specific or a root specific response to stimuli is still technically challenging. Research was conducted to develop an easy and affordable system to support the growth of individual pods in a controlled environment that is separate from roots, named the In-Tube Growth (ITG) system. The data indicate that the growth of pods of various varieties in ITG is comparable to those in open soil. The ITG system was used to investigate the defects caused by calcium deficiency in the geocarposphere, demonstrating it as a useful system for studying pod development and their responses to biotic or abiotic stresses.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78719564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-13
R. Tubbs, W. S. Monfort
When a peanut field is supplementally replanted next to the established row, it creates a conundrum of when to terminate maturity. This research was conducted to determine whether replanting poor stands of peanut at different populations would affect yield, grade (total sound mature kernels [TSMK]), and pod mass per plant compared to not replanting. The study also assessed whether the timing of termination of replanted peanuts would impact the same variables. The experiments took place in Tifton, GA in 2014, 2016, and 2017. Peanut was initially planted in late April-early May each year and thinned to populations of 13.1, 9.9, 6.6, and 3.3 plants/m of row. The 9.9, 6.6, and 3.3 plants/m populations were replicated and replanted with a supplemental seeding rate of 9.9, 13.1, or 16.4 seed/m for the respective populations. For each replanting, plant termination was made at timings coinciding with optimum maturity of the initial plants, the replanted peanuts, or averaged between those dates. Pooled over years, there was a linear correlation between plant stand and yield in non-replanted populations. Yield was 15% greater at 13.1 plants/m than at 3.3 plants/m. Stand was inversely correlated with pod mass (g pods/plant). Pod mass decreased by 45% when stand increased from 3.3 to 6.6 plants/m and was reduced another 38% when stands increased to 9.9 plants/m, then plateaued. Yield improved by delaying termination beyond the original plant maturity for the lowest initial population. There were also increases in TSMK as termination timing progressed from earliest termination (73%), to average termination (76%), to latest termination (78%). If supplemental replanting occurs, these data suggest delaying termination by digging beyond the optimum maturity of the initially planted plants until closer to the maturity of the replanted plants to allow late developing pods to progress in maturity. However, delaying too long can result in a reduction in average pod mass. Termination at the average maturity between initial and replanted plants can help maximize production and minimize the risk of loss from overmaturing pods.
{"title":"Timing of Termination for Supplemental Replanted Peanut to Maximize Yield and Grade","authors":"R. Tubbs, W. S. Monfort","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-13","url":null,"abstract":"When a peanut field is supplementally replanted next to the established row, it creates a conundrum of when to terminate maturity. This research was conducted to determine whether replanting poor stands of peanut at different populations would affect yield, grade (total sound mature kernels [TSMK]), and pod mass per plant compared to not replanting. The study also assessed whether the timing of termination of replanted peanuts would impact the same variables. The experiments took place in Tifton, GA in 2014, 2016, and 2017. Peanut was initially planted in late April-early May each year and thinned to populations of 13.1, 9.9, 6.6, and 3.3 plants/m of row. The 9.9, 6.6, and 3.3 plants/m populations were replicated and replanted with a supplemental seeding rate of 9.9, 13.1, or 16.4 seed/m for the respective populations. For each replanting, plant termination was made at timings coinciding with optimum maturity of the initial plants, the replanted peanuts, or averaged between those dates. Pooled over years, there was a linear correlation between plant stand and yield in non-replanted populations. Yield was 15% greater at 13.1 plants/m than at 3.3 plants/m. Stand was inversely correlated with pod mass (g pods/plant). Pod mass decreased by 45% when stand increased from 3.3 to 6.6 plants/m and was reduced another 38% when stands increased to 9.9 plants/m, then plateaued. Yield improved by delaying termination beyond the original plant maturity for the lowest initial population. There were also increases in TSMK as termination timing progressed from earliest termination (73%), to average termination (76%), to latest termination (78%). If supplemental replanting occurs, these data suggest delaying termination by digging beyond the optimum maturity of the initially planted plants until closer to the maturity of the replanted plants to allow late developing pods to progress in maturity. However, delaying too long can result in a reduction in average pod mass. Termination at the average maturity between initial and replanted plants can help maximize production and minimize the risk of loss from overmaturing pods.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86483916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-9
S. Arthur, G. Bolfrey-Arku, J. Sarkodie-Addo, R. Akroma, M. Mochiah, D. D. Jordan, R. Brandenburg, G. MacDonald, A. Dankyi, B. Bravo-Ureta, D. Hoisington, J. Rhoads
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield and financial return can be negatively affected by weeds and the combination of early leaf spot disease [ Passalora arachidicola (Hori) U. Braun] and late leaf spot disease [ Nothopassalora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous] in Ghana. Research was conducted in southern Ghana to evaluate hand-weeding, herbicide applied preemergence (PRE) or herbicide applied postemergence (POST), a combination of PRE and POST herbicides, and PRE or POST herbicides supplemented with hand-weeding and disease management practices (i.e., no fungicide or a two sequential fungicide applications 45 and 60 days after planting). Although some differences in leaf spot severity were observed based on weed management, peanut pod yield and financial return based on yield and cost of pest management practices were affected by weed management and disease management practices individually but not the interaction of these treatment factors. The weed management practices with the highest financial return included a POST herbicide with or without hand weeding and a PRE herbicide followed by hand-weeding or a POST herbicide.
{"title":"Financial Return from Weed and Disease Management Practices in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Southern Ghana","authors":"S. Arthur, G. Bolfrey-Arku, J. Sarkodie-Addo, R. Akroma, M. Mochiah, D. D. Jordan, R. Brandenburg, G. MacDonald, A. Dankyi, B. Bravo-Ureta, D. Hoisington, J. Rhoads","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-9","url":null,"abstract":"Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield and financial return can be negatively affected by weeds and the combination of early leaf spot disease [ Passalora arachidicola (Hori) U. Braun] and late leaf spot disease [ Nothopassalora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous] in Ghana. Research was conducted in southern Ghana to evaluate hand-weeding, herbicide applied preemergence (PRE) or herbicide applied postemergence (POST), a combination of PRE and POST herbicides, and PRE or POST herbicides supplemented with hand-weeding and disease management practices (i.e., no fungicide or a two sequential fungicide applications 45 and 60 days after planting). Although some differences in leaf spot severity were observed based on weed management, peanut pod yield and financial return based on yield and cost of pest management practices were affected by weed management and disease management practices individually but not the interaction of these treatment factors. The weed management practices with the highest financial return included a POST herbicide with or without hand weeding and a PRE herbicide followed by hand-weeding or a POST herbicide.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90562345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Ghana, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grain and fodder serve as important sources of protein for human and livestock nutrition, respectively. Experiments were conducted in four farming communities to determine the effects of planting annual peanut at four inter-row spacings of 30, 45, 65 and 75 cm on grain and fodder yields (experiment I), growth performance and manure quality (experiment II), and in situ digestibility (experiment III) of Djallonké sheep fed fodder from these plant spacings. Planting peanut at 30 cm inter-row spacing dually increased grain and fodder yields compared to planting at 60, and 75 cm. Peanut fodder from 30 cm inter-row spacing also had comparatively higher concentration of crude protein and lower concentrations of acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin, resulting in significant improvements in dry matter digestibility at 48 h and superior average daily weight gain of sheep. The concentration of N excreted in the manure of sheep fed the 30 cm fodder was greater than those fed peanut grown at 60, and 75 cm inter-row spacing. Planting peanut at an inter-row spacing of 30 cm therefore gave dual benefits of increasing grain and fodder yields as well as increasing the digestibility and growth performance of sheep fed peanut fodder as a supplementary diet to natural pasture for 70 days. Higher concentration of N in the manure of sheep fed 30 cm fodder could have additional benefits of improving soil fertility in smallholder farming systems where inorganic fertilizers are expensive and inaccessible to farmers.
{"title":"Inter-row plant spacing effects on grain and fodder yields, growth performance, digestibility and manure quality of sheep","authors":"J. Adda, W. Addah, N. Abdul Rahman, T. McAllister","doi":"10.3146/ps20-34.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-34.1","url":null,"abstract":"In Ghana, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grain and fodder serve as important sources of protein for human and livestock nutrition, respectively. Experiments were conducted in four farming communities to determine the effects of planting annual peanut at four inter-row spacings of 30, 45, 65 and 75 cm on grain and fodder yields (experiment I), growth performance and manure quality (experiment II), and in situ digestibility (experiment III) of Djallonké sheep fed fodder from these plant spacings. Planting peanut at 30 cm inter-row spacing dually increased grain and fodder yields compared to planting at 60, and 75 cm. Peanut fodder from 30 cm inter-row spacing also had comparatively higher concentration of crude protein and lower concentrations of acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin, resulting in significant improvements in dry matter digestibility at 48 h and superior average daily weight gain of sheep. The concentration of N excreted in the manure of sheep fed the 30 cm fodder was greater than those fed peanut grown at 60, and 75 cm inter-row spacing. Planting peanut at an inter-row spacing of 30 cm therefore gave dual benefits of increasing grain and fodder yields as well as increasing the digestibility and growth performance of sheep fed peanut fodder as a supplementary diet to natural pasture for 70 days. Higher concentration of N in the manure of sheep fed 30 cm fodder could have additional benefits of improving soil fertility in smallholder farming systems where inorganic fertilizers are expensive and inaccessible to farmers.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78541225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Massa, R. Arias, R. Sorensen, V. Sobolev, S. Tallury, H. T. Stalker, M. Lamb
Wild diploid Arachis species are potential sources of resistance to early (ELS) and late (LLS) leaf spot diseases caused by Passalora arachidicola (syn. Cercospora arachidicola Hori), and Nothopassalora personata (syn. Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton), respectively. Within section Arachis, limited information is available on the extent of genetic variation for resistance to these fungal pathogens. A collection of 78 accessions representing 15 wild species of Arachis section Arachis from the U.S peanut germplasm collection was evaluated for resistance to leaf spots. Screening was conducted under field (natural inoculum) conditions in Dawson, Georgia, during 2017 and 2018. Accessions differed significantly (P < 0.01) for all three disease variables evaluated, which included final defoliation rating, ELS lesion counts, and LLS lesion counts. Relatively high levels of resistance were identified for both diseases, with LLS being the predominant pathogen during the two years of evaluation. This research documents new sources of resistance to leaf spot diseases selected from an environment with high inoculum pressure. The presence of ELS and LLS enabled the selection of resistant germplasm for further introgression and pre-breeding.
{"title":"Evaluation of Leaf Spot Resistance in Wild Arachis Species of Section Arachis","authors":"A. Massa, R. Arias, R. Sorensen, V. Sobolev, S. Tallury, H. T. Stalker, M. Lamb","doi":"10.3146/ps20-25.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-25.1","url":null,"abstract":"Wild diploid Arachis species are potential sources of resistance to early (ELS) and late (LLS) leaf spot diseases caused by Passalora arachidicola (syn. Cercospora arachidicola Hori), and Nothopassalora personata (syn. Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton), respectively. Within section Arachis, limited information is available on the extent of genetic variation for resistance to these fungal pathogens. A collection of 78 accessions representing 15 wild species of Arachis section Arachis from the U.S peanut germplasm collection was evaluated for resistance to leaf spots. Screening was conducted under field (natural inoculum) conditions in Dawson, Georgia, during 2017 and 2018. Accessions differed significantly (P < 0.01) for all three disease variables evaluated, which included final defoliation rating, ELS lesion counts, and LLS lesion counts. Relatively high levels of resistance were identified for both diseases, with LLS being the predominant pathogen during the two years of evaluation. This research documents new sources of resistance to leaf spot diseases selected from an environment with high inoculum pressure. The presence of ELS and LLS enabled the selection of resistant germplasm for further introgression and pre-breeding.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90764301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas T. Basinger, Taylor M. Randell, E. Prostko
The United States produced $1.28 billion worth of peanuts in 2019 of which Georgia produced 51% of the total production (USDA-NASS 2021). Peanut is susceptible to weed competition due to slow canopy establishment, prostrate growth habit, and wide critical period for weed control from 3 to 8 weeks after planting (Burke et al. 2007; Everman et al. 2008). Georgia-06G is the dominant peanut cultivar planted in the southeast and in 2020, 87% of the acres grown for certified peanut seed available for sale to growers was Georgia-06G (Anonymous, 2020a). Peanut is commonly in rotation with cotton in the region and therefore, similar weed issues between these systems persist. This includes Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) which has been documented to be resistant to multiple herbicide modes of action making its control difficult (Heap 2021). To minimize yield loss from weeds, preemergence (PRE) herbicides are frequently used in peanut to inhibit weed germination and provide residual weed control (Grichar et al. 2001). In response to resistance issues, producers have continued to integrate PRE herbicides into their herbicide programs to minimize weed emergence.
2019年，美国生产了价值12.8亿美元的花生，其中格鲁吉亚的花生产量占总产量的51% (USDA-NASS 2021)。由于花生树冠形成缓慢，生长习惯低下，种植后3 - 8周是控制杂草的关键时期，因此对杂草竞争很敏感(Burke et al. 2007;Everman et al. 2008)。Georgia-06G是东南部种植的主要花生品种，到2020年，87%的经认证的花生种子种植面积是Georgia-06G(匿名，2020a)。在该地区，花生通常与棉花轮作，因此，这些系统之间类似的杂草问题持续存在。这包括帕尔默苋菜(Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson)，据记载，它对多种除草剂的作用模式具有抗性，使其难以控制(Heap 2021)。为了尽量减少杂草造成的产量损失，花生经常使用出苗前除草剂来抑制杂草发芽并提供残留杂草控制(Grichar et al. 2001)。为了应对抗性问题，生产者继续将PRE除草剂纳入其除草剂计划，以尽量减少杂草的出现。
{"title":"Peanut Response to Flumioxazin and S-Metolachlor Under High Moisture Conditions","authors":"Nicholas T. Basinger, Taylor M. Randell, E. Prostko","doi":"10.3146/ps21-3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps21-3.1","url":null,"abstract":"The United States produced $1.28 billion worth of peanuts in 2019 of which Georgia produced 51% of the total production (USDA-NASS 2021). Peanut is susceptible to weed competition due to slow canopy establishment, prostrate growth habit, and wide critical period for weed control from 3 to 8 weeks after planting (Burke et al. 2007; Everman et al. 2008). Georgia-06G is the dominant peanut cultivar planted in the southeast and in 2020, 87% of the acres grown for certified peanut seed available for sale to growers was Georgia-06G (Anonymous, 2020a). Peanut is commonly in rotation with cotton in the region and therefore, similar weed issues between these systems persist. This includes Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) which has been documented to be resistant to multiple herbicide modes of action making its control difficult (Heap 2021). To minimize yield loss from weeds, preemergence (PRE) herbicides are frequently used in peanut to inhibit weed germination and provide residual weed control (Grichar et al. 2001). In response to resistance issues, producers have continued to integrate PRE herbicides into their herbicide programs to minimize weed emergence.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77608061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：