J. Oakes, M. Balota, D. Jordan, Andrew T. Hare, A. Sadeghpour
Large-seeded virginia market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars are common in Virginia and North Carolina, but cost more to plant than runner market type peanut cultivars when the goal is to establish the same plant population. Decreasing seeding density could help growers to reduce production costs, as long as thinner stands do not negatively impact yield and economic return. Selecting the optimum digging time is a decision that could significantly influence growers' production and economics. Field experiments were conducted in Virginia and North Carolina at four site-year environments in 2016 and 2017 to examine the influence of seeding density (109, 143, 180, and 200 thousand seeds/ha) and digging date (130, 140, and 150 days after planting [DAP]) on virginia type peanut cultivar (Bailey, Sullivan, Wynne) performance. Regardless of cultivar and digging date, the greatest pod yield (5930 kg/ha) was achieved from the 200 thousand seeds/ha density, but the 143 thousand seeds/ha density had the highest economic return ($2990/ha). At three of the four site-years, the 140 DAP digging date, i.e. 1400 to 1600 C growing degree days (GDD), produced the greatest pod yield (5470 kg/ha) and had the highest economic return ($2750/ha). While individual site-years should be monitored for digging date, growers should be prepared to dig the currently available cultivars from 1400 to no more than 1600 C accumulated GDD.
{"title":"Peanut Response to Seeding Density and Digging Date in the Virginia-Carolina Region","authors":"J. Oakes, M. Balota, D. Jordan, Andrew T. Hare, A. Sadeghpour","doi":"10.3146/ps20-16.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-16.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Large-seeded virginia market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars are common in Virginia and North Carolina, but cost more to plant than runner market type peanut cultivars when the goal is to establish the same plant population. Decreasing seeding density could help growers to reduce production costs, as long as thinner stands do not negatively impact yield and economic return. Selecting the optimum digging time is a decision that could significantly influence growers' production and economics. Field experiments were conducted in Virginia and North Carolina at four site-year environments in 2016 and 2017 to examine the influence of seeding density (109, 143, 180, and 200 thousand seeds/ha) and digging date (130, 140, and 150 days after planting [DAP]) on virginia type peanut cultivar (Bailey, Sullivan, Wynne) performance. Regardless of cultivar and digging date, the greatest pod yield (5930 kg/ha) was achieved from the 200 thousand seeds/ha density, but the 143 thousand seeds/ha density had the highest economic return ($2990/ha). At three of the four site-years, the 140 DAP digging date, i.e. 1400 to 1600 C growing degree days (GDD), produced the greatest pod yield (5470 kg/ha) and had the highest economic return ($2750/ha). While individual site-years should be monitored for digging date, growers should be prepared to dig the currently available cultivars from 1400 to no more than 1600 C accumulated GDD.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74661147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the Southeast U.S. receives an average annual precipitation of 1300 mm, crop yields are often limited by erratic seasonal rainfall distributions. Studies were conducted from 2001 through 2...
{"title":"Agronomic and Economic Effects of Irrigation and Rotation in Peanut-based Cropping Systems","authors":"M. Lamb, R. Sorensen, C. Butts","doi":"10.3146/ps20-10.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-10.1","url":null,"abstract":"Although the Southeast U.S. receives an average annual precipitation of 1300 mm, crop yields are often limited by erratic seasonal rainfall distributions. Studies were conducted from 2001 through 2...","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"344 1","pages":"173-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75463263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Salmonella outbreak in 2007 affected at least 625 people in 47 states. As a result of this outbreak a number of initiatives were undertaken by the peanut industry. Review of scientific literatu...
{"title":"A Note to Review Information for the Risk Management of Salmonella on Raw Peanuts","authors":"Calhoun, R. Stephen","doi":"10.3146/ps20-20.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-20.1","url":null,"abstract":"A Salmonella outbreak in 2007 affected at least 625 people in 47 states. As a result of this outbreak a number of initiatives were undertaken by the peanut industry. Review of scientific literatu...","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"150-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77635843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Porter, J. Ward, Randal K. Taylor, Chad B. Godsey
Previous researchers demonstrated the ability to adapt an AgLeader® Cotton Monitor to a peanut combine. It was demonstrated that the field weight could be accurately predicted with average errors of less than 10% across all trials when at least five calibration loads are applied. This project focused on expanding previous work performed at the University of Georgia and other peanut optical yield monitor work by incorporating a protective deflector plate for the sensors, obtaining multiple field weights, and using the peanut sale sheets to correlate yield monitor yield to sale weight. This study was a two-university, two-state effort, including Oklahoma State University (Oklahoma), and Mississippi State University (Mississippi). Data collected during this study included multiple loads which included yield monitor weight, field weight, field moisture content, and all the information presented on the standard USDA peanut grade sheet, when available. The multi-state effort allowed for the incorporation of the two major peanut types and for the incorporation of different soil types. The goal of this study was to develop guidelines for using, calibrating, and adapting the AgLeader® Cotton Monitor for peanut harvest. Five calibration loads referenced to buy-point net weight were typically needed to bring error within acceptable limits. Results indicated that multiple local calibrations were needed to ensure high data validity and yield estimation across multiple harvest environments. The data showed that peanut type (virginia, runner and spanish) and variable soil conditions impacted yield estimation.
先前的研究人员展示了将AgLeader®棉花监视器应用于花生联合收割机的能力。结果表明，当至少施加5个校准载荷时，所有试验的平均误差小于10%，可以准确地预测场权重。该项目的重点是扩展以前在佐治亚大学和其他花生光学产量监测工作中进行的工作，方法是为传感器安装一个保护性偏导板，获得多个田间重量，并使用花生销售表将产量监测产量与销售重量相关联。这项研究是由两所大学、两个州共同完成的，包括俄克拉荷马州立大学(Oklahoma State University)和密西西比州立大学(Mississippi State University)。本研究收集的数据包括多个负荷，包括产量监视器重量、田间重量、田间水分含量，以及美国农业部标准花生等级表上提供的所有信息。多州的努力使得两种主要花生类型的结合和不同土壤类型的结合成为可能。本研究的目的是制定使用、校准和调整AgLeader®棉花监测器用于花生收获的指南。通常需要五个参照购买点净重的校准负载，以使误差在可接受的范围内。结果表明，为了确保高数据有效性和跨多种收获环境的产量估算，需要进行多次局部校准。数据表明，花生类型(弗吉尼亚花生、奔跑花生和西班牙花生)和不同的土壤条件影响产量估算。
{"title":"A Note on the Application of an AgLeader® Cotton Yield Monitor for Measuring Peanut Yield: An Investigation in Two US states.","authors":"W. Porter, J. Ward, Randal K. Taylor, Chad B. Godsey","doi":"10.3146/ps19-16.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-16.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous researchers demonstrated the ability to adapt an AgLeader® Cotton Monitor to a peanut combine. It was demonstrated that the field weight could be accurately predicted with average errors of less than 10% across all trials when at least five calibration loads are applied. This project focused on expanding previous work performed at the University of Georgia and other peanut optical yield monitor work by incorporating a protective deflector plate for the sensors, obtaining multiple field weights, and using the peanut sale sheets to correlate yield monitor yield to sale weight. This study was a two-university, two-state effort, including Oklahoma State University (Oklahoma), and Mississippi State University (Mississippi). Data collected during this study included multiple loads which included yield monitor weight, field weight, field moisture content, and all the information presented on the standard USDA peanut grade sheet, when available. The multi-state effort allowed for the incorporation of the two major peanut types and for the incorporation of different soil types. The goal of this study was to develop guidelines for using, calibrating, and adapting the AgLeader® Cotton Monitor for peanut harvest. Five calibration loads referenced to buy-point net weight were typically needed to bring error within acceptable limits. Results indicated that multiple local calibrations were needed to ensure high data validity and yield estimation across multiple harvest environments. The data showed that peanut type (virginia, runner and spanish) and variable soil conditions impacted yield estimation.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90452759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katilyn J. Price, Xiao Li, A. Price, Charles Y. Chen, T. Grey
Herbicide tank mixes are often used to reduce peanut injury caused by paraquat and broaden the weed control spectrum. New peanut cultivars are continuously being introduced therefore determining tolerance to paraquat based herbicide programs is essential to provide growers with appropriate recommendations. The objective of this trial was to evaluate effect of paraquat based herbicide programs on newer peanut cultivars growth and yield. Field trials were conducted in Macon, Henry and Baldwin counties in Alabama in 2016 and 2017 and the peanut cultivars ‘Georgia 06G', ‘Georgia 12Y', ‘Georgia 14N', and ‘TufRunner 511’ were evaluated. Paraquat was applied alone (210, 280, 420 g ai/ha), in tank mixes with either bentazon plus acifluorfen or 2,4-DB and one of the following, S-metolachlor, pyroxasulfone, acetochlor, or pyroxasulfone plus carfentrazone at the highest labeled rates 3 to 4 wk after peanut planting. No cultivar by treatment interactions were observed for any growth parameters evaluated for any location. In 2017, paraquat either applied at 280 g ai/ha alone, tank mixed with S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB, or with S-metolachlor plus bentazon plus acifluorfen significantly reduced canopy widths of 22 to 30%, 12 to 22%, and 20 to 37% respectively at 45 to 48 DAP when compared to the non-treated check (NTC). Yield reductions compared to the NTC were rare, paraquat plus bentazon plus acifluorfen plus pyroxasulfone plus carfentrazone had a 13% yield loss in Henry County and a 7% yield loss with paraquat 280 g ai/ha at Baldwin County in 2016 only. Data indicates peanut stunting may be observed following applications of paraquat tank mixes evaluated in this study, but it is unlikely these effects result in yield loss.
{"title":"Evaluation of Runner-Type Peanut Cultivar Tolerance to Paraquat Tank Mixes","authors":"Katilyn J. Price, Xiao Li, A. Price, Charles Y. Chen, T. Grey","doi":"10.3146/ps20-7.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-7.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Herbicide tank mixes are often used to reduce peanut injury caused by paraquat and broaden the weed control spectrum. New peanut cultivars are continuously being introduced therefore determining tolerance to paraquat based herbicide programs is essential to provide growers with appropriate recommendations. The objective of this trial was to evaluate effect of paraquat based herbicide programs on newer peanut cultivars growth and yield. Field trials were conducted in Macon, Henry and Baldwin counties in Alabama in 2016 and 2017 and the peanut cultivars ‘Georgia 06G', ‘Georgia 12Y', ‘Georgia 14N', and ‘TufRunner 511’ were evaluated. Paraquat was applied alone (210, 280, 420 g ai/ha), in tank mixes with either bentazon plus acifluorfen or 2,4-DB and one of the following, S-metolachlor, pyroxasulfone, acetochlor, or pyroxasulfone plus carfentrazone at the highest labeled rates 3 to 4 wk after peanut planting. No cultivar by treatment interactions were observed for any growth parameters evaluated for any location. In 2017, paraquat either applied at 280 g ai/ha alone, tank mixed with S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB, or with S-metolachlor plus bentazon plus acifluorfen significantly reduced canopy widths of 22 to 30%, 12 to 22%, and 20 to 37% respectively at 45 to 48 DAP when compared to the non-treated check (NTC). Yield reductions compared to the NTC were rare, paraquat plus bentazon plus acifluorfen plus pyroxasulfone plus carfentrazone had a 13% yield loss in Henry County and a 7% yield loss with paraquat 280 g ai/ha at Baldwin County in 2016 only. Data indicates peanut stunting may be observed following applications of paraquat tank mixes evaluated in this study, but it is unlikely these effects result in yield loss.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84166423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weed control is an integral part of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production systems. Paraquat is a staple postemergence (POST) herbicide used in peanut production in the Southeast US. Inorganic liquid nutrient (ILN) concentrates are liquid fertilizers that are recommended for use by producers in tank-mixtures with paraquat by some distributors. Irrigated and non-irrigated field trials were conducted to quantify the safening effect of ILN in various herbicide tank-mixtures on peanut and determine the suitability as tank-mix replacements for bentazon. Field studies indicated similar POST herbicide responses for peanut injury. Greenhouse experiments evaluated POST paraquat tank-mixtures with ILN for weed control and biomass reduction. Paraquat plus S-metolachlor caused significant leaf burn and stunting. Greatest peanut foliar injury occurred 3 d after treatment (DAT) but was transient. For the irrigated field trial, paraquat plus S-metolachlor plus ILN had similar injury levels as compared to paraquat plus S-metolachlor plus acifluorfen plus bentazon at 22 to 25%. For the non-irrigated field study, the application of paraquat plus ILN had 10% injury compared to paraquat at 22%. While injury was the greatest directly following application, peanut was able to recover with no yield or grade loss for both the irrigated and non-irrigated studies. In the greenhouse study, the effect of ILN varied by weed species and reduced leaf injury on several broadleaf weeds. While the addition of ILN to the various paraquat tank-mixtures initially reduced injury, it did not correspond to increases in yield or grade. The variability in weed control, transient injury mitigation, and no yield increase indicates that Georgia peanut growers will receive no benefit for including ILN in their paraquat tank-mixtures but if needed to improve crop nutrition, ILN will not reduce weed control.
杂草控制是花生(arachhis hypogaea L.)生产系统的一个组成部分。百草枯是美国东南部花生生产中使用的一种主要的羽化后除草剂。无机液体营养物(ILN)浓缩液是一些分销商建议生产商将其与百草枯混合使用的液体肥料。通过灌水和非灌水田间试验，量化了不同除草剂罐式混合物中ILN对花生的安全效果，并确定了罐式混合物替代苯达松的适用性。田间研究表明，施用POST除草剂对花生的伤害有相似的反应。温室试验评价了施用后百草枯混合剂对杂草控制和生物量减少的效果。百草枯加s -甲草胺引起严重的叶片烧伤和发育迟缓。最大的花生叶片损伤发生在处理后3 d (DAT)，但是短暂的。在灌溉田间试验中，百草枯加s -异丙甲草胺加ILN的伤害程度与百草枯加s -异丙甲草胺加氟氯芬加苯达松的伤害程度相似，分别为22%到25%。在非灌溉的田间研究中，百草枯加ILN的伤害率为10%，而百草枯的伤害率为22%。虽然直接施用后的伤害最大，但在灌溉和非灌溉研究中，花生都能够恢复，没有产量或等级损失。在温室试验中，不同种类的杂草对ILN的影响不同，对几种阔叶杂草的叶片伤害有所减轻。虽然在各种百草枯罐混合物中加入ILN最初减少了伤害，但它并不对应于产量或等级的增加。杂草控制的可变性、短暂伤害的缓解和产量的不增加表明，格鲁吉亚花生种植者在百草枯罐混合物中加入ILN不会得到任何好处，但如果需要改善作物营养，ILN不会减少杂草控制。
{"title":"Peanut and Weed Response to Postemergence Herbicide Tank-Mixtures Including Paraquat and Inorganic Liquid Nutrients","authors":"K. Eason, T. Grey, R. Tubbs, E. Prostko, Xiao Li","doi":"10.3146/ps20-12.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-12.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Weed control is an integral part of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production systems. Paraquat is a staple postemergence (POST) herbicide used in peanut production in the Southeast US. Inorganic liquid nutrient (ILN) concentrates are liquid fertilizers that are recommended for use by producers in tank-mixtures with paraquat by some distributors. Irrigated and non-irrigated field trials were conducted to quantify the safening effect of ILN in various herbicide tank-mixtures on peanut and determine the suitability as tank-mix replacements for bentazon. Field studies indicated similar POST herbicide responses for peanut injury. Greenhouse experiments evaluated POST paraquat tank-mixtures with ILN for weed control and biomass reduction. Paraquat plus S-metolachlor caused significant leaf burn and stunting. Greatest peanut foliar injury occurred 3 d after treatment (DAT) but was transient. For the irrigated field trial, paraquat plus S-metolachlor plus ILN had similar injury levels as compared to paraquat plus S-metolachlor plus acifluorfen plus bentazon at 22 to 25%. For the non-irrigated field study, the application of paraquat plus ILN had 10% injury compared to paraquat at 22%. While injury was the greatest directly following application, peanut was able to recover with no yield or grade loss for both the irrigated and non-irrigated studies. In the greenhouse study, the effect of ILN varied by weed species and reduced leaf injury on several broadleaf weeds. While the addition of ILN to the various paraquat tank-mixtures initially reduced injury, it did not correspond to increases in yield or grade. The variability in weed control, transient injury mitigation, and no yield increase indicates that Georgia peanut growers will receive no benefit for including ILN in their paraquat tank-mixtures but if needed to improve crop nutrition, ILN will not reduce weed control.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87078732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-47.2.72
W. Appaw, W. Ellis, R. Akromah, M. B. Mochiah, A. A. Dankyi, M. Abudulai, D. Jordan, R. Brandenburg, Jeremy Jelliffe, B. Bravo‐Ureta, K. Boote, G. MacDonald, Jinru Chen, R. D. Phillips, K. Mallikarjunan, M. Balota, D. Hoisington, J. Rhoads
Aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops can negatively affect human health, especially in countries where regulatory agencies do not have limits on aflatoxin entering the food supply chain. While considerable research has been conducted addressing aflatoxin contamination in peanut at individual steps in the supply chain, studies that quantify aflatoxin contamination following combinations of interventions to crop management, drying, and storage are limited. Research was conducted during 2016 and 2017 in two villages in southern Ghana to follow aflatoxin contamination along the supply chain and to compare improved practices with traditional farmer practices used by smallholders. The farmer practice of only a single weeding was compared with improved practices during the growing season up to harvest that included applying local soaps to suppress aphids (Aphis gossypii Golver) that transmit peanut rosette virus disease (Umbravirus: Tombusviridaee), one additional weeding, and calcium applied at pegging. The improved practice for drying included placing pods removed from plants onto tarps compared with the traditional practice of drying on the ground. Storing peanut for four months in hermetically-sealed bags was the improved practice compared with storing in traditional poly bags. All improved practices individually resulted in lower aflatoxin contamination as compared to the farmer practices. While aflatoxin levels were very low (<1 μg/kg) at harvest, the levels increased significantly during drying and storage, with the improved methods resulting in lower levels. Greater estimated financial returns were noted when at least one improved practice along the supply chain was implemented through either increased yield or maintenance of quality kernels. Results from this research demonstrate progression of aflatoxin contamination at pre- and especially post-harvest in villages in Ghana. Future research needs to consider the effects of improved practices as components of packages that farmers can consider, and not just as individual interventions.
{"title":"Minimizing Aflatoxin Contamination in the Field, During Drying, and in Storage in Ghana","authors":"W. Appaw, W. Ellis, R. Akromah, M. B. Mochiah, A. A. Dankyi, M. Abudulai, D. Jordan, R. Brandenburg, Jeremy Jelliffe, B. Bravo‐Ureta, K. Boote, G. MacDonald, Jinru Chen, R. D. Phillips, K. Mallikarjunan, M. Balota, D. Hoisington, J. Rhoads","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-47.2.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-47.2.72","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops can negatively affect human health, especially in countries where regulatory agencies do not have limits on aflatoxin entering the food supply chain. While considerable research has been conducted addressing aflatoxin contamination in peanut at individual steps in the supply chain, studies that quantify aflatoxin contamination following combinations of interventions to crop management, drying, and storage are limited. Research was conducted during 2016 and 2017 in two villages in southern Ghana to follow aflatoxin contamination along the supply chain and to compare improved practices with traditional farmer practices used by smallholders. The farmer practice of only a single weeding was compared with improved practices during the growing season up to harvest that included applying local soaps to suppress aphids (Aphis gossypii Golver) that transmit peanut rosette virus disease (Umbravirus: Tombusviridaee), one additional weeding, and calcium applied at pegging. The improved practice for drying included placing pods removed from plants onto tarps compared with the traditional practice of drying on the ground. Storing peanut for four months in hermetically-sealed bags was the improved practice compared with storing in traditional poly bags. All improved practices individually resulted in lower aflatoxin contamination as compared to the farmer practices. While aflatoxin levels were very low (<1 μg/kg) at harvest, the levels increased significantly during drying and storage, with the improved methods resulting in lower levels. Greater estimated financial returns were noted when at least one improved practice along the supply chain was implemented through either increased yield or maintenance of quality kernels. Results from this research demonstrate progression of aflatoxin contamination at pre- and especially post-harvest in villages in Ghana. Future research needs to consider the effects of improved practices as components of packages that farmers can consider, and not just as individual interventions.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78188396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) injury, in the form of leaf roll, is often observed in peanut fields due to short crop rotations, contaminated irrigation water, treated hay, and contaminated livestock waste. Limited data on peanut response to picloram is available. Field trials were conducted near Tifton, GA from 2015-2017 to determine the effects of picloram plus 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on peanut growth and yield. Picloram plus 2,4-D was applied to ‘GA-06G' peanut at four different timings: preemergence (PRE), 30 d after planting (DAP), 60 DAP, and 90 DAP. At each timing, three rates of picloram plus 2,4-D were applied including the following: 1/10thX (0.18 + 0.67 kg ai/ha); 1/100thX (0.018 + 0.067 kg ai/ha); and 1/300thX (0.006 + 0.023 kg ai/ha). A non-treated control (NTC) or 0 rate was included for comparison. Peanut plant density was not influenced by any rate or timing of picloram plus 2,4-D. For peanut injury (leaf roll), a significant rate x timing interaction was observed (P=0.047). At 120 DAP, leaf roll was significant for the 1/10thX rate applied at 30, 60, and 90 DAP, the 1/100thX rate applied at 60 and 90 DAP, and for the 1/300thX rate applied at 90 DAP. When averaged over timing, peanut height at 120 DAP was significantly reduced by the 1/10thX and 1/100thX rates. When averaged over rate, peanut height reductions were greatest when picloram plus 2,4-D was applied at 60 DAP. When averaged over timing, only the 1/10thX rate caused significant yield reductions (11%). When averaged over rate, timing had no effect on yield (P=0.5403). Peanut fields unintentionally exposed to picloram plus 2,4-D rates ≤ 1/100thX can exhibit typical injury symptoms but most likely will not experience yield losses.
{"title":"The Effect of Picloram Plus 2,4-Dichlorphenoxyacetic Acid on Peanut Growth and Yield","authors":"O. W. Carter, E. Prostko","doi":"10.3146/ps19-14.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-14.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) injury, in the form of leaf roll, is often observed in peanut fields due to short crop rotations, contaminated irrigation water, treated hay, and contaminated livestock waste. Limited data on peanut response to picloram is available. Field trials were conducted near Tifton, GA from 2015-2017 to determine the effects of picloram plus 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on peanut growth and yield. Picloram plus 2,4-D was applied to ‘GA-06G' peanut at four different timings: preemergence (PRE), 30 d after planting (DAP), 60 DAP, and 90 DAP. At each timing, three rates of picloram plus 2,4-D were applied including the following: 1/10thX (0.18 + 0.67 kg ai/ha); 1/100thX (0.018 + 0.067 kg ai/ha); and 1/300thX (0.006 + 0.023 kg ai/ha). A non-treated control (NTC) or 0 rate was included for comparison. Peanut plant density was not influenced by any rate or timing of picloram plus 2,4-D. For peanut injury (leaf roll), a significant rate x timing interaction was observed (P=0.047). At 120 DAP, leaf roll was significant for the 1/10thX rate applied at 30, 60, and 90 DAP, the 1/100thX rate applied at 60 and 90 DAP, and for the 1/300thX rate applied at 90 DAP. When averaged over timing, peanut height at 120 DAP was significantly reduced by the 1/10thX and 1/100thX rates. When averaged over rate, peanut height reductions were greatest when picloram plus 2,4-D was applied at 60 DAP. When averaged over timing, only the 1/10thX rate caused significant yield reductions (11%). When averaged over rate, timing had no effect on yield (P=0.5403). Peanut fields unintentionally exposed to picloram plus 2,4-D rates ≤ 1/100thX can exhibit typical injury symptoms but most likely will not experience yield losses.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82742266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Indeterminate growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) creates indecision for best digging date for maturity and economic return. The current standard to determine peanut maturity is the Hul...
{"title":"X-ray Technology to Determine Peanut Maturity1","authors":"R. Sorensen, C. Butts, M. Lamb","doi":"10.3146/ps20-2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-2.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Indeterminate growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) creates indecision for best digging date for maturity and economic return. The current standard to determine peanut maturity is the Hul...","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87963520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Peanut smut is an emergent soilborne disease of peanut in South America that has significantly impacted the commercial peanut industry in Argentina. In response, plant breeders are in need...
{"title":"Phenotypic Variation of Peanut Smut (Thecaphora frezii) Incidence and Severity in the U.S. Peanut Mini-Core Collection","authors":"D. Wann, A. Falco, M. Cavigliasso, C. Cassano","doi":"10.3146/ps20-4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps20-4.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Peanut smut is an emergent soilborne disease of peanut in South America that has significantly impacted the commercial peanut industry in Argentina. In response, plant breeders are in need...","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83798749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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