Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-5
O. W. Carter, T. M. Randell-Singleton, E. Prostko
Current label restrictions prohibit the planting of peanut for two years after an application of terbacil in watermelons. Thus, research was conducted from 2016-2018 to determine peanut response to terbacil with the ultimate goal of reducing the current rotation restriction. Small-plot replicated field trials were conducted near Ty Ty, Georgia. Terbacil was applied preemergence (PRE) to peanut (cv. Georgia-06G) at the following rates: 28, 56, 112, and 224 g ai/ha. Terbacil use rates in watermelon range from 112 to 224 g ai/ha. A non-treated control (NTC) or 0 g ai/ha rate was included for comparison. Peanut density/stand was not reduced by any rate of terbacil. With the exception of the 56 g ai/ha rate at 28 days after planting (DAP), the only rates of terbacil that caused significant visual peanut injury were the 112 g ai/ha and 224 g ai/ha rates. Injury at these rates ranged between 12% and 81%. The 224 g ai/ha rate caused more peanut injury than the 112 g ai/ha rate. The injury caused by terbacil at 112 g ai/ha and 224 g ai/ha resulted in significant peanut yield losses of 28% and 70%, respectively. Peanut yield losses from terbacil were only observed from the typical range of watermelon field use rates. Consequently, these results suggest that peanut could be safely planted following terbacil after approximately two field half-lives or approximately 240 d have occurred.
目前的标签限制禁止在西瓜上施用terbacil后两年内种植花生。因此，研究人员从2016年至2018年进行了研究，以确定花生对terbacil的反应，最终目标是减少目前的轮换限制。在乔治亚州Ty Ty附近进行了小块重复田间试验。Terbacil在花生(cv。Georgia-06G)的速率分别为:28、56、112和224克/公顷。西瓜的Terbacil用量为112 ~ 224克/公顷。未处理对照(NTC)或0 g ai/ha率纳入比较。任何剂量的terbacil均未降低花生密度/株数。除种植后28天56 g /ha外，对花生造成显著视觉伤害的terbacil浓度为112 g /ha和224 g /ha。受伤率在12%到81%之间。224 g /ha处理对花生的伤害大于112 g /ha处理。112 g / hm2和224 g / hm2的terbacil对花生产量造成的显著损失分别为28%和70%。terbacil对花生产量的损失仅在西瓜田间用量的典型范围内观察到。因此，这些结果表明，在terbacil发生大约两个半衰期或大约240 d后，花生可以安全种植。
{"title":"Peanut Response to Simulated Carryover of Terbacil","authors":"O. W. Carter, T. M. Randell-Singleton, E. Prostko","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-5","url":null,"abstract":"Current label restrictions prohibit the planting of peanut for two years after an application of terbacil in watermelons. Thus, research was conducted from 2016-2018 to determine peanut response to terbacil with the ultimate goal of reducing the current rotation restriction. Small-plot replicated field trials were conducted near Ty Ty, Georgia. Terbacil was applied preemergence (PRE) to peanut (cv. Georgia-06G) at the following rates: 28, 56, 112, and 224 g ai/ha. Terbacil use rates in watermelon range from 112 to 224 g ai/ha. A non-treated control (NTC) or 0 g ai/ha rate was included for comparison. Peanut density/stand was not reduced by any rate of terbacil. With the exception of the 56 g ai/ha rate at 28 days after planting (DAP), the only rates of terbacil that caused significant visual peanut injury were the 112 g ai/ha and 224 g ai/ha rates. Injury at these rates ranged between 12% and 81%. The 224 g ai/ha rate caused more peanut injury than the 112 g ai/ha rate. The injury caused by terbacil at 112 g ai/ha and 224 g ai/ha resulted in significant peanut yield losses of 28% and 70%, respectively. Peanut yield losses from terbacil were only observed from the typical range of watermelon field use rates. Consequently, these results suggest that peanut could be safely planted following terbacil after approximately two field half-lives or approximately 240 d have occurred.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75660967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-1
C. Levinson, Y. Chu, S. Leal-Bertioli, H. T. Stalker, C. Holbrook, D. Gao, P. Ozias‐Akins
Over a third of global agriculture is dependent on insect pollination, especially by bees. Yields of insect-pollinated crops are often managed by the addition of honeybees (Apis mellifera) to increase pollination, yet wild bee species (Bombus spp.) also increase pollination and fruit set for many globally important crops. Plant biodiversity within and surrounding crop fields can attract wild bee species and increase pollination in those fields. Peanut is an important global food crop known to attract honeybee and wild bee pollinators despite being self-pollinating and not reliant on bee pollination for seed set. Some wild Arachis species derived breeding materials have been documented to have early flowering, high flowering throughout the growing season, and large flowers as compared to cultivated peanut, which can increase attractiveness to bees. However, the presence and diversity of UV floral guides, color and UV absorbance and reflectance flower patterns that aid in flower detection and orientation towards nectar and/or pollen, have not been studied in Arachis. This study documents the presence and diversity of UV floral guides in two A. hypogaea genotypes, two peanut breeding lines, eight wild Arachis species, 19 unique allotetraploids, and four BC1F3 lines. All Arachis genotypes studied had UV floral guides and genotype was a significant indicator of flower size and UV floral guide size. Further studies evaluating the nutritional quality and abundance of pollen in Arachis species are needed to better understand the impact of ornamental Arachis species and peanut cultivars on wild bee abundance and diversity in urban landscapes and in agricultural fields, respectively.
{"title":"Diversity of Ultraviolet Reflection Pattern in Arachis Flowers","authors":"C. Levinson, Y. Chu, S. Leal-Bertioli, H. T. Stalker, C. Holbrook, D. Gao, P. Ozias‐Akins","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-1","url":null,"abstract":"Over a third of global agriculture is dependent on insect pollination, especially by bees. Yields of insect-pollinated crops are often managed by the addition of honeybees (Apis mellifera) to increase pollination, yet wild bee species (Bombus spp.) also increase pollination and fruit set for many globally important crops. Plant biodiversity within and surrounding crop fields can attract wild bee species and increase pollination in those fields. Peanut is an important global food crop known to attract honeybee and wild bee pollinators despite being self-pollinating and not reliant on bee pollination for seed set. Some wild Arachis species derived breeding materials have been documented to have early flowering, high flowering throughout the growing season, and large flowers as compared to cultivated peanut, which can increase attractiveness to bees. However, the presence and diversity of UV floral guides, color and UV absorbance and reflectance flower patterns that aid in flower detection and orientation towards nectar and/or pollen, have not been studied in Arachis. This study documents the presence and diversity of UV floral guides in two A. hypogaea genotypes, two peanut breeding lines, eight wild Arachis species, 19 unique allotetraploids, and four BC1F3 lines. All Arachis genotypes studied had UV floral guides and genotype was a significant indicator of flower size and UV floral guide size. Further studies evaluating the nutritional quality and abundance of pollen in Arachis species are needed to better understand the impact of ornamental Arachis species and peanut cultivars on wild bee abundance and diversity in urban landscapes and in agricultural fields, respectively.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88320236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-14
J. Abogoom, R. Akromah, R. Aidoo, Emil Awuah, J. Asibuo, D. Hoisington, Deovina N. Jordan
Maintenance of genetic purity of crop cultivars is critical to meet the needs of farmers, processors, and consumers. In Ghana where the informal seed sector is popular (e. g., farmer-saved seed), purity of improved cultivars in the farming community can be compromised. The objective of the study was to assess the genetic purity of farmer-saved seed of two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Shitaochi and Yenyawoso) using molecular marker techniques. Twenty samples of Shitaochi and eight samples of Yenyawoso were collected from farmers across five regions of the country and were compared with seed provided by the research institutes of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Genetic similarity ranged from 43% to 100% when comparing seed collections from farmers to those from research institutes. Only five of the 20 seed samples of Shitaochi (25%) and two of the 8 samples of Yenyawoso (25%) collected from farmers were found to be completely similar to the reference samples provided by CSIR. These results demonstrate the lack of purity among described cultivars in the informal seed sector in Ghana. While diversity between samples of Shitaochi have been reported and would be expected in the informal seed system, the pace at which Yenyawoso has lost genetic purity in a relatively short period of time indicates that a more effective formal seed system is needed to maintain cultivar purity.
{"title":"Genetic Similarity from Collections of Seed for Two Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars in Ghana","authors":"J. Abogoom, R. Akromah, R. Aidoo, Emil Awuah, J. Asibuo, D. Hoisington, Deovina N. Jordan","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-14","url":null,"abstract":"Maintenance of genetic purity of crop cultivars is critical to meet the needs of farmers, processors, and consumers. In Ghana where the informal seed sector is popular (e. g., farmer-saved seed), purity of improved cultivars in the farming community can be compromised. The objective of the study was to assess the genetic purity of farmer-saved seed of two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Shitaochi and Yenyawoso) using molecular marker techniques. Twenty samples of Shitaochi and eight samples of Yenyawoso were collected from farmers across five regions of the country and were compared with seed provided by the research institutes of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Genetic similarity ranged from 43% to 100% when comparing seed collections from farmers to those from research institutes. Only five of the 20 seed samples of Shitaochi (25%) and two of the 8 samples of Yenyawoso (25%) collected from farmers were found to be completely similar to the reference samples provided by CSIR. These results demonstrate the lack of purity among described cultivars in the informal seed sector in Ghana. While diversity between samples of Shitaochi have been reported and would be expected in the informal seed system, the pace at which Yenyawoso has lost genetic purity in a relatively short period of time indicates that a more effective formal seed system is needed to maintain cultivar purity.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74857897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-11
J. Abogoom, R. Akromah, R. Aidoo, Emil Awuah, Deovina N. Jordan
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) contributes to food security and reduction of poverty in Ghana. However, low yields minimize the potential financial returnof peanut in part because of limited access by farmers to high quality seed. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of peanut seed saved by farmers, seed purchased from local markets, and seed received from public research institutions. Forty-six, forty-five, and nine seed samples were collected from these respective sources in 2019 during the planting season across the five regions in Ghana. Uniformity of phenotypes from seed samples was at least 96% for all sources with the greatest uniformity observed for plants derived from seed collected from research institutions. Field emergence was greatest for seed collected from research institutions followed by farmer-saved seed and then seed collected from local markets. However, field emergence did not exceed 53% of seed planted regardless of seed source. Nine fungal species were identified on peanut seeds, with Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, and Curvularia lunata being the most prevalent. However, differences among seed sources were noted only for A. niger and A. tamarii.
{"title":"Evaluation of Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seed in Ghana from Three Seed Sources","authors":"J. Abogoom, R. Akromah, R. Aidoo, Emil Awuah, Deovina N. Jordan","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-11","url":null,"abstract":"Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) contributes to food security and reduction of poverty in Ghana. However, low yields minimize the potential financial returnof peanut in part because of limited access by farmers to high quality seed. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of peanut seed saved by farmers, seed purchased from local markets, and seed received from public research institutions. Forty-six, forty-five, and nine seed samples were collected from these respective sources in 2019 during the planting season across the five regions in Ghana. Uniformity of phenotypes from seed samples was at least 96% for all sources with the greatest uniformity observed for plants derived from seed collected from research institutions. Field emergence was greatest for seed collected from research institutions followed by farmer-saved seed and then seed collected from local markets. However, field emergence did not exceed 53% of seed planted regardless of seed source. Nine fungal species were identified on peanut seeds, with Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, and Curvularia lunata being the most prevalent. However, differences among seed sources were noted only for A. niger and A. tamarii.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80539658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-9
J. Abogoom, R. Aidoo, R. Akromah, Emil Awuah, D. Jordan
Peanut remains a major staple and important cash crop in Ghana. Seed quality is a critical component of successful peanut production in Ghana. A survey of 200 peanut farmers documented perceptions of seed quality attributes in 2019 in the Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Bono East, and Ashanti Regions of Ghana. Farmer-saved seed was the main source of seed for planting. High germination rate was the primary attribute of seed in the selection process. Farmers indicated that a premium would be considered for high quality seed. Farmers also agreed that certified seed and farmer saved seed provided high quality relative to seed found in local markets with respect to cultivar purity, germination, and seedling vigor. Shitaochi was the most popular cultivar. Early maturation was the most desired characteristic listed by farmers. These findings support the need for greater investment in seed quality for certified seed production and the need for improved regulation of seed sold in open markets.
{"title":"Preferences for Seed Quality and Cultivar Characteristics of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by Farmers in Ghana","authors":"J. Abogoom, R. Aidoo, R. Akromah, Emil Awuah, D. Jordan","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-9","url":null,"abstract":"Peanut remains a major staple and important cash crop in Ghana. Seed quality is a critical component of successful peanut production in Ghana. A survey of 200 peanut farmers documented perceptions of seed quality attributes in 2019 in the Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Bono East, and Ashanti Regions of Ghana. Farmer-saved seed was the main source of seed for planting. High germination rate was the primary attribute of seed in the selection process. Farmers indicated that a premium would be considered for high quality seed. Farmers also agreed that certified seed and farmer saved seed provided high quality relative to seed found in local markets with respect to cultivar purity, germination, and seedling vigor. Shitaochi was the most popular cultivar. Early maturation was the most desired characteristic listed by farmers. These findings support the need for greater investment in seed quality for certified seed production and the need for improved regulation of seed sold in open markets.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90353266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-6
W. D. Branch, N. Brown, M.A. Perrera
In the past, the term “mid-oleic” was used for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed with an oleic (O) to linoleic (L) fatty acid ratio ranging between 3 to 5:1. The objective of this genetic study was to determine the inheritance of the mid-oleic trait. Crosses were made between two mid-oleic genotypes, ‘NC 7’ and GA 132504 x ‘Tifguard’, a normal-oleic cultivar and the high-oleic cultivar ‘TifNV-High O/L’. In the cross combinations between NC 7 x Tifguard and GA 132504 x Tifguard, the average F1 plant (F2 seed) O/L ratio was 3.3:1 and 2.5:1, respectively. No F2 plants (F3 seed) segregation was found for the high-oleic trait. However in the cross combinations between NC 7 and GA 132504 x TifNV-High O/L, the average F1 plant (F2 seed) O/L ratio was 8.1:1 and 9.0:1, respectively. Likewise, the F2 plant (F3 seed) segregation from both crosses did show an acceptable fit for a 3 normal (mid)-oleic to 1 high-oleic expected genetic ratio. These results strongly supports the similarity between mid-oleic and normal-oleic genotypes which both differ by only one of the two recessive alleles (ol1 and ol2) controlling the high-oleic trait in peanut.
{"title":"Inheritance of Mid-Oleic Fatty Acid Ratio Seed Trait in Peanut","authors":"W. D. Branch, N. Brown, M.A. Perrera","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-492-ps22-6","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, the term “mid-oleic” was used for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed with an oleic (O) to linoleic (L) fatty acid ratio ranging between 3 to 5:1. The objective of this genetic study was to determine the inheritance of the mid-oleic trait. Crosses were made between two mid-oleic genotypes, ‘NC 7’ and GA 132504 x ‘Tifguard’, a normal-oleic cultivar and the high-oleic cultivar ‘TifNV-High O/L’. In the cross combinations between NC 7 x Tifguard and GA 132504 x Tifguard, the average F1 plant (F2 seed) O/L ratio was 3.3:1 and 2.5:1, respectively. No F2 plants (F3 seed) segregation was found for the high-oleic trait. However in the cross combinations between NC 7 and GA 132504 x TifNV-High O/L, the average F1 plant (F2 seed) O/L ratio was 8.1:1 and 9.0:1, respectively. Likewise, the F2 plant (F3 seed) segregation from both crosses did show an acceptable fit for a 3 normal (mid)-oleic to 1 high-oleic expected genetic ratio. These results strongly supports the similarity between mid-oleic and normal-oleic genotypes which both differ by only one of the two recessive alleles (ol1 and ol2) controlling the high-oleic trait in peanut.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81518791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-14
R. Bennett, M. Burow, M. Balota, J. Chagoya, S. Sarkar, Cheng-Jung Sung, M. Payton, N. Wang, P. Payton, K. Chamberlin, D. Mornhinweg
In many parts of the world, limited water and climate change are significant challenges to the future of peanut production, and much work remains in developing heat- and drought-tolerant cultivars. To this end, we evaluated 21 accessions of the U.S. peanut mini-core under water-limited conditions in 2018 and 2019 in Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia. These accessions were identified as potentially exhibiting phenotypic extremes for ten drought stress traits, and therefore may be useful for identifying genetic markers associated with drought tolerance. Results indicated that plant wilting and paraheliotropism (leaf folding) were less affected by genotype by environment interactions than SCMR (SPAD chlorophyll meter readings), flower counts, yield, TSMK (total sound mature kernels), and seed weight. No differences among genotypes were observed with canopy temperature, canopy temperature depression, or NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). Paraheliotropism was moderately correlated (|r| = 0.40 to 0.52, P < 0.01) with SCMR and flower counts in the Southwest; SCMR was also correlated with yield and TSMK (r = 0.48, P < 0.01). Despite environmental differences between subhumid Virginia and the semiarid Southwest, the locations shared genotypes at the extremes for most traits. This information may be useful for future studies by highlighting traits associated with drought tolerance that may be more stable in different production environments, as well as divergent genotypes for those traits.
在世界许多地区，有限的水资源和气候变化是未来花生生产面临的重大挑战，在开发耐热和耐旱品种方面还有很多工作要做。为此，我们在2018年和2019年在俄克拉荷马州、德克萨斯州和弗吉尼亚州的限水条件下评估了21个美国花生迷你核。这些材料被鉴定为可能表现出10个干旱胁迫性状的表型极端，因此可能有助于鉴定与耐旱性相关的遗传标记。结果表明，与SCMR (SPAD叶绿素计值)、花数、产量、TSMK(总成熟粒数)和种子重相比，基因型和环境相互作用对植株萎蔫和叶片向日性的影响较小。不同基因型在冠层温度、冠层温度下降和归一化植被指数(NDVI)方面没有差异。西南地区向日性与SCMR和花数呈中等相关(|r| = 0.40 ~ 0.52, P < 0.01);SCMR与产量、TSMK也有相关性(r = 0.48, P < 0.01)。尽管半湿润的弗吉尼亚和半干旱的西南之间存在环境差异，但这两个地区在大多数性状的极端基因型上是相同的。这些信息可能对未来的研究有用，通过强调在不同生产环境中可能更稳定的与抗旱有关的性状，以及这些性状的不同基因型。
{"title":"Response to Drought Stress in a Subset of the U.S. Peanut Mini-core Evaluated in Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia","authors":"R. Bennett, M. Burow, M. Balota, J. Chagoya, S. Sarkar, Cheng-Jung Sung, M. Payton, N. Wang, P. Payton, K. Chamberlin, D. Mornhinweg","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-14","url":null,"abstract":"In many parts of the world, limited water and climate change are significant challenges to the future of peanut production, and much work remains in developing heat- and drought-tolerant cultivars. To this end, we evaluated 21 accessions of the U.S. peanut mini-core under water-limited conditions in 2018 and 2019 in Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia. These accessions were identified as potentially exhibiting phenotypic extremes for ten drought stress traits, and therefore may be useful for identifying genetic markers associated with drought tolerance. Results indicated that plant wilting and paraheliotropism (leaf folding) were less affected by genotype by environment interactions than SCMR (SPAD chlorophyll meter readings), flower counts, yield, TSMK (total sound mature kernels), and seed weight. No differences among genotypes were observed with canopy temperature, canopy temperature depression, or NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). Paraheliotropism was moderately correlated (|r| = 0.40 to 0.52, P < 0.01) with SCMR and flower counts in the Southwest; SCMR was also correlated with yield and TSMK (r = 0.48, P < 0.01). Despite environmental differences between subhumid Virginia and the semiarid Southwest, the locations shared genotypes at the extremes for most traits. This information may be useful for future studies by highlighting traits associated with drought tolerance that may be more stable in different production environments, as well as divergent genotypes for those traits.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77172912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-8
Y. Tseng, B. Tillman, D. Rowland, N. Dufault, J. Wang
Spotted wilt, caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), is one of the major diseases affecting peanut production in the southeastern United States. Growers use integrated disease management to control spotted wilt; however, disease resistance of a cultivar is the most important factor for managing this disease. This research evaluated genotypic, temporal, and tissue-type effects on the incidence of TSWV on each of four peanut cultivars. Four different types of tissues (leaf, root crown, old leaf and young leaf) were collected from each of four peanut cultivars (Florida-EPTM ‘113’, Florida-07, Georgia Green and Georgia Valencia) at five time points during the growing season. Immunoassays were conducted to detect viral presence. The incidence of TSWV infection increased over time during the growing season. Root crown tissue had higher infection than other types of tissue. Florida-EPTM ‘113’ had the lowest infection incidence. Compared to Florida-EPTM ‘113’, Florida-07 was seven times more likely to be infected by TSWV, while Georgia Green and Georgia Valencia possessed even higher probability, 18 times and 21 times higher, respectively. Florida-EPTM ‘113’ had significantly reduced TSWV infection likely due to slowing movement of the virus throughout the plant.
{"title":"Genotypic, Temporal, and Tissue-type Effects on the Incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)","authors":"Y. Tseng, B. Tillman, D. Rowland, N. Dufault, J. Wang","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-8","url":null,"abstract":"Spotted wilt, caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), is one of the major diseases affecting peanut production in the southeastern United States. Growers use integrated disease management to control spotted wilt; however, disease resistance of a cultivar is the most important factor for managing this disease. This research evaluated genotypic, temporal, and tissue-type effects on the incidence of TSWV on each of four peanut cultivars. Four different types of tissues (leaf, root crown, old leaf and young leaf) were collected from each of four peanut cultivars (Florida-EPTM ‘113’, Florida-07, Georgia Green and Georgia Valencia) at five time points during the growing season. Immunoassays were conducted to detect viral presence. The incidence of TSWV infection increased over time during the growing season. Root crown tissue had higher infection than other types of tissue. Florida-EPTM ‘113’ had the lowest infection incidence. Compared to Florida-EPTM ‘113’, Florida-07 was seven times more likely to be infected by TSWV, while Georgia Green and Georgia Valencia possessed even higher probability, 18 times and 21 times higher, respectively. Florida-EPTM ‘113’ had significantly reduced TSWV infection likely due to slowing movement of the virus throughout the plant.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79394413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-16
L. Moreno, C. Pilon, T. Suassuna
Germination and vigor are physiological components of seed quality that contribute to a successful plant emergence under a wide range of environmental conditions. Many biotic and abiotic factors can affect seed quality. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes one of the most relevant problems in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW). Although TSW is not transmitted by seed, the presence of symptoms on the seed coat may impact seed quality and there is a lack of information on the effect of this disease on peanut seed quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of TSW symptoms on the seed coat on the physiological seed quality of peanut genotypes. Seeds from five peanut genotypes were separated into two symptomology groups, asymptomatic and symptomatic for TSW. Germination and vigor tests were performed on seeds and seedlings. Germination and normal seedling development were not affected by TSW. Radicle length and seedling weight were mainly impacted by genotype, with little effect from TSW. Vigor differences were likely more related to the given genotype innate susceptibility to TSW during seed formation than the actual presence of TSW symptoms on the seed coat. Overall, the presence of symptoms on the seed coat did not affect the seed physiological quality of peanut genotypes, except for the TSWV susceptible cultivar ‘SunOleic 97R’.
{"title":"Seed Quality and Seedling Vigor in Peanut affected by Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus","authors":"L. Moreno, C. Pilon, T. Suassuna","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-16","url":null,"abstract":"Germination and vigor are physiological components of seed quality that contribute to a successful plant emergence under a wide range of environmental conditions. Many biotic and abiotic factors can affect seed quality. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes one of the most relevant problems in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW). Although TSW is not transmitted by seed, the presence of symptoms on the seed coat may impact seed quality and there is a lack of information on the effect of this disease on peanut seed quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of TSW symptoms on the seed coat on the physiological seed quality of peanut genotypes. Seeds from five peanut genotypes were separated into two symptomology groups, asymptomatic and symptomatic for TSW. Germination and vigor tests were performed on seeds and seedlings. Germination and normal seedling development were not affected by TSW. Radicle length and seedling weight were mainly impacted by genotype, with little effect from TSW. Vigor differences were likely more related to the given genotype innate susceptibility to TSW during seed formation than the actual presence of TSW symptoms on the seed coat. Overall, the presence of symptoms on the seed coat did not affect the seed physiological quality of peanut genotypes, except for the TSWV susceptible cultivar ‘SunOleic 97R’.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84788962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-17
W.J. W.J. Grichar, P. Dotray, T. Baughman
Field experiments were conducted in the south Texas and Texas High Plains area during the 2018 through 2020 growing seasons and in southwestern Oklahoma in 2020 to evaluate runner peanut cultivars (Georgia-13M, Georgia-09B) and the Spanish cultivar (Ole´) tolerance to diclosulam at 0.026 (the manufacture’s recommended use rate) and 0.052 (twice the manufacture’s recommended use rate) kg ai/ha applied preemergence (PRE) or peanut cracking (CRACK). No diclosulam injury was noted in south Texas; however, in the Texas High Plains and Oklahoma locations significant stunting was noted with diclosulam applied PRE especially under sprinkler irrigation. In 2018 at the High Plains location, under furrow irrigation, no peanut stunting was noted. In 2019 and 2020, under sprinkler irrigation, diclosulam at 0.026 and 0.052 kg/ha applied PRE resulted in early-season stunting of 18 to 59% in both Oklahoma and the Texas High Plains. No late-season stunting was noted in Oklahoma; however, up to 20% stunting was still visible at the Texas High Plains location. No yield differences were noted in south Texas or the High Plains region in 2018 or 2020; however, in 2019 at the High Plains location, peanut yield decreased as diclosulam rate increased but application timing had no effect. At the Oklahoma location, application timing and rate effect were noted. Diclosulam applied PRE and the high rate of diclosulam reduced peanut yield. Issues still exist with diclosulam in the southwest peanut growing areas as seen previously in 2000 despite the different varieties planted. There may be opportunities to utilize diclosulam postemergence (POST) since peanut injury was 5% or less and yields were not reduced when applied CRACK.
{"title":"Peanut Cultivar Response to Diclosulam in the Southwest Peanut Growing Region","authors":"W.J. W.J. Grichar, P. Dotray, T. Baughman","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-491-ps21-17","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments were conducted in the south Texas and Texas High Plains area during the 2018 through 2020 growing seasons and in southwestern Oklahoma in 2020 to evaluate runner peanut cultivars (Georgia-13M, Georgia-09B) and the Spanish cultivar (Ole´) tolerance to diclosulam at 0.026 (the manufacture’s recommended use rate) and 0.052 (twice the manufacture’s recommended use rate) kg ai/ha applied preemergence (PRE) or peanut cracking (CRACK). No diclosulam injury was noted in south Texas; however, in the Texas High Plains and Oklahoma locations significant stunting was noted with diclosulam applied PRE especially under sprinkler irrigation. In 2018 at the High Plains location, under furrow irrigation, no peanut stunting was noted. In 2019 and 2020, under sprinkler irrigation, diclosulam at 0.026 and 0.052 kg/ha applied PRE resulted in early-season stunting of 18 to 59% in both Oklahoma and the Texas High Plains. No late-season stunting was noted in Oklahoma; however, up to 20% stunting was still visible at the Texas High Plains location. No yield differences were noted in south Texas or the High Plains region in 2018 or 2020; however, in 2019 at the High Plains location, peanut yield decreased as diclosulam rate increased but application timing had no effect. At the Oklahoma location, application timing and rate effect were noted. Diclosulam applied PRE and the high rate of diclosulam reduced peanut yield. Issues still exist with diclosulam in the southwest peanut growing areas as seen previously in 2000 despite the different varieties planted. There may be opportunities to utilize diclosulam postemergence (POST) since peanut injury was 5% or less and yields were not reduced when applied CRACK.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79878634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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