In this paper we present an overview of the current efforts towards integration of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor interrogators. Different photonic integration platforms will be discussed, including monolithic planar lightwave circuit technology, silicon on insulator (SOI), indium phosphide (InP) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) material platforms. Also various possible techniques for wavelength metering and methods for FBG multiplexing will be discussed and compared in terms of resolution, dynamic performance, multiplexing capabilities and reliability. The use of linear filters, array waveguide gratings (AWG) as multiple linear filters and AWG based centroid signal processing techniques will be addressed as well as interrogation techniques based on tunable micro-ring resonators and Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) for phase sensitive detection. The paper will also discuss the challenges and perspectives of photonic integration to address the increasing requirements of several industrial applications.
{"title":"Fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogators on chip: Challenges and opportunities","authors":"Y. Marin, T. Nannipieri, C. Oton, F. Di Pasquale","doi":"10.1117/12.2272469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272469","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present an overview of the current efforts towards integration of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor interrogators. Different photonic integration platforms will be discussed, including monolithic planar lightwave circuit technology, silicon on insulator (SOI), indium phosphide (InP) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) material platforms. Also various possible techniques for wavelength metering and methods for FBG multiplexing will be discussed and compared in terms of resolution, dynamic performance, multiplexing capabilities and reliability. The use of linear filters, array waveguide gratings (AWG) as multiple linear filters and AWG based centroid signal processing techniques will be addressed as well as interrogation techniques based on tunable micro-ring resonators and Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) for phase sensitive detection. The paper will also discuss the challenges and perspectives of photonic integration to address the increasing requirements of several industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116296231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seongmook Jeong, S. Ju, Yuseung Lee, Youngwoong Kim, In-Sik Kim, Do-Kyeong Ko, W. Han
A novel photonic crystal fiber with a Ge nanoparticles-doped germano-silicate core was fabricated by using the MCVD and stack-and-draw processes. Effect of Ge nanoparticles and the air-holes structure on non-resonant optical nonlinearity and supercontinuum generation was investigated.
{"title":"A novel photonic crystal fiber with a germanium nanoparticles-doped germano-silice te core and its nonlinear optical characteristics","authors":"Seongmook Jeong, S. Ju, Yuseung Lee, Youngwoong Kim, In-Sik Kim, Do-Kyeong Ko, W. Han","doi":"10.1117/12.2265779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2265779","url":null,"abstract":"A novel photonic crystal fiber with a Ge nanoparticles-doped germano-silicate core was fabricated by using the MCVD and stack-and-draw processes. Effect of Ge nanoparticles and the air-holes structure on non-resonant optical nonlinearity and supercontinuum generation was investigated.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116351552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose the noncontact measurement of elasticity by using an optical fiber heterodyne interferometer and laser ultrasonics. The surface acoustic wave (SAW), that is generated by the laser pulse irradiation on the sample surface and propagating along the surface, is optically monitored by the heterodyne interferometer without taking any contact with the sample. By taking several measurements with changing the relative distance between the excitation and the measurement points, the phase velocity of SAW was calculated and from which the elasticity of the sample could be obtained. This proposed method was experimentally evaluated by using PDMS samples having various mixing ratio of curing agent and PDMS. For the sample of a 12:1 mixing ratio, the phase velocity was measured as about 39.46 m/s and the Young's modulus as about 1987 kPa. This technique is expected to detect the mechanical properties of biological tissues also.
{"title":"Noncontact measurement of elasticity using optical fiber-based heterodyne interferometer and laser ultrasonics","authors":"J. Eom, Soongho Park, Jinwoo Lee, B. Lee","doi":"10.1117/12.2267542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267542","url":null,"abstract":"We propose the noncontact measurement of elasticity by using an optical fiber heterodyne interferometer and laser ultrasonics. The surface acoustic wave (SAW), that is generated by the laser pulse irradiation on the sample surface and propagating along the surface, is optically monitored by the heterodyne interferometer without taking any contact with the sample. By taking several measurements with changing the relative distance between the excitation and the measurement points, the phase velocity of SAW was calculated and from which the elasticity of the sample could be obtained. This proposed method was experimentally evaluated by using PDMS samples having various mixing ratio of curing agent and PDMS. For the sample of a 12:1 mixing ratio, the phase velocity was measured as about 39.46 m/s and the Young's modulus as about 1987 kPa. This technique is expected to detect the mechanical properties of biological tissues also.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121636476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhaogang Wang, Wentao Zhang, Wenzhu Huang, Fang Li
A fiber optic accelerometer-magnetometer (FLAM), which can measure acceleration and magnetic field simultaneously, based on fiber laser sensing is proposed. The principle of the FLAM and the theory of the decoupling the signals of acceleration and magnetic field are presented. The FLAM was interrogated using phase-generated-carrier (PGC) method. A test of simultaneously measuring acceleration and magnetic field was performed. The results show that the responding mixed signal achieves a good SNR and prove that the function of the sensor has been realized and the theory of decoupling signal is reliable.
{"title":"Fiber laser accelerometer-magnetometer","authors":"Zhaogang Wang, Wentao Zhang, Wenzhu Huang, Fang Li","doi":"10.1117/12.2265357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2265357","url":null,"abstract":"A fiber optic accelerometer-magnetometer (FLAM), which can measure acceleration and magnetic field simultaneously, based on fiber laser sensing is proposed. The principle of the FLAM and the theory of the decoupling the signals of acceleration and magnetic field are presented. The FLAM was interrogated using phase-generated-carrier (PGC) method. A test of simultaneously measuring acceleration and magnetic field was performed. The results show that the responding mixed signal achieves a good SNR and prove that the function of the sensor has been realized and the theory of decoupling signal is reliable.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121673388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The robustness of the BOTDA method based on dual-tone probe wave with fixed frequency separation is studied. It is verified that when the sensing fiber consists of two fiber segments with large Brillouin frequency shift difference (>100 MHz), the non-local effect would take place in the front fiber segment, which gives rise to frequency error on the determination of hotspot. Aiming at solving this problem, both the upper and lower probe sidebands are acquired simultaneously by using two photodiodes, and the average between the Brillouin gain and loss spectrum is calculated to eliminate the detrimental impact of the non-local effect.
{"title":"Eliminating the non-local effect in frequency-fixed probe wave based BOTDA sensor","authors":"Sheng Wang, Zhisheng Yang, X. Hong, Wenqiao Lin, Jian Wu","doi":"10.1117/12.2267527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267527","url":null,"abstract":"The robustness of the BOTDA method based on dual-tone probe wave with fixed frequency separation is studied. It is verified that when the sensing fiber consists of two fiber segments with large Brillouin frequency shift difference (>100 MHz), the non-local effect would take place in the front fiber segment, which gives rise to frequency error on the determination of hotspot. Aiming at solving this problem, both the upper and lower probe sidebands are acquired simultaneously by using two photodiodes, and the average between the Brillouin gain and loss spectrum is calculated to eliminate the detrimental impact of the non-local effect.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"106 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114030211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eyal Preter, D. Ba, Orel Shlomi, Y. London, A. Zadok
High spatial resolution measurement of the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) is accomplished using transient analysis. The step response of the output signal wave is recorded for an arbitrary, known frequency offset between pump and signal, and compared against a library of modeled, reference functions. No spectral scanning or prior knowledge of the BFS is necessary. The principle is employed in a Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (B-OCDA) of a 4 cm-wide fiber segment. A dynamic range of 130 MHz and an accuracy of ±1.9 MHz are achieved. Transient analysis may improve the precision and acquisition rate of B-OCDA.
{"title":"Transient Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis","authors":"Eyal Preter, D. Ba, Orel Shlomi, Y. London, A. Zadok","doi":"10.1117/12.2263754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2263754","url":null,"abstract":"High spatial resolution measurement of the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) is accomplished using transient analysis. The step response of the output signal wave is recorded for an arbitrary, known frequency offset between pump and signal, and compared against a library of modeled, reference functions. No spectral scanning or prior knowledge of the BFS is necessary. The principle is employed in a Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (B-OCDA) of a 4 cm-wide fiber segment. A dynamic range of 130 MHz and an accuracy of ±1.9 MHz are achieved. Transient analysis may improve the precision and acquisition rate of B-OCDA.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126226872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present results of recent research where we have utilized a femtosecond laser to micro-structure silica and polymer optical fibres in order to realize versatile optical components such as diffractive optical elements on the fibre end face, the inscription of integrated waveguide circuits in the fibre cladding and novel optical fibre sensors designs based on Bragg gratings in the core. A major hurdle in tailoring or modifying the properties of optical fibres is the development of an inscription method that can prove to be a flexible and reliable process that is generally applicable to all optical fibre types; this requires careful matching of the laser parameters and optics in order to examine the spatial limits of direct laser writing, whether the application is structuring at the surface of the optical fibre or inscription in the core and cladding of the fibre. We demonstrate a variety of optical components such as two-dimensional grating structures, Bessel, Airy and vortex beam generators; moreover, optical bridging waveguides inscribed in the cladding of singlemode fibre as a means to selectively couple light from single-core to multi-core optical fibres, and demonstrate a grating based sensor; finally, we have developed a novel femtosecond laser inscription method for the precise inscription of tailored Bragg grating sensors in silica and polymer optical fibres. We also show that this novel fibre Bragg grating inscription technique can be used to modify and add versatility to an existing, encapsulated optical fibre pressure sensor.
{"title":"Femtosecond laser processing of optical fibres for novel sensor development","authors":"K. Kalli, A. Theodosiou, A. Ioannou, A. Lacraz","doi":"10.1117/12.2263523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2263523","url":null,"abstract":"We present results of recent research where we have utilized a femtosecond laser to micro-structure silica and polymer optical fibres in order to realize versatile optical components such as diffractive optical elements on the fibre end face, the inscription of integrated waveguide circuits in the fibre cladding and novel optical fibre sensors designs based on Bragg gratings in the core. A major hurdle in tailoring or modifying the properties of optical fibres is the development of an inscription method that can prove to be a flexible and reliable process that is generally applicable to all optical fibre types; this requires careful matching of the laser parameters and optics in order to examine the spatial limits of direct laser writing, whether the application is structuring at the surface of the optical fibre or inscription in the core and cladding of the fibre. We demonstrate a variety of optical components such as two-dimensional grating structures, Bessel, Airy and vortex beam generators; moreover, optical bridging waveguides inscribed in the cladding of singlemode fibre as a means to selectively couple light from single-core to multi-core optical fibres, and demonstrate a grating based sensor; finally, we have developed a novel femtosecond laser inscription method for the precise inscription of tailored Bragg grating sensors in silica and polymer optical fibres. We also show that this novel fibre Bragg grating inscription technique can be used to modify and add versatility to an existing, encapsulated optical fibre pressure sensor.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128136100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we propose techniques to design and fabricate polymer micro-cantilevers for attachment onto the end of standard single mode fibers using laser machining. The polymer cantilever is fabricated by laser micro-machining a sheet of polymer into the required shape and then bonded onto the top of a ceramic ferrule by photo resist as a flat supporting and bonding layer. The dimension of resulting cantilever is ∼1.2 mm long, ∼300 μm wide, and 25 μm thick. In this work we describe the fabrication of single sensors, however the process could be scaled to offer a route towards mass production. Cantilever vibration caused by vibration signal are monitored by a DFB laser based phase interrogation system. Proof-of-concept experiments show that the sensor is capable of detecting vibration signal with a frequency range of 0–800Hz. By using thinner polymer sheet and machining longer cantilever, the frequency response range can be extended up to a few kHz.
{"title":"A miniaturized ferrule-top optical cantilever for vibration measurement","authors":"J. Li, S. M. Xu, J. Sun, Y. Q. Tang, F. Dong","doi":"10.1117/12.2263956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2263956","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose techniques to design and fabricate polymer micro-cantilevers for attachment onto the end of standard single mode fibers using laser machining. The polymer cantilever is fabricated by laser micro-machining a sheet of polymer into the required shape and then bonded onto the top of a ceramic ferrule by photo resist as a flat supporting and bonding layer. The dimension of resulting cantilever is ∼1.2 mm long, ∼300 μm wide, and 25 μm thick. In this work we describe the fabrication of single sensors, however the process could be scaled to offer a route towards mass production. Cantilever vibration caused by vibration signal are monitored by a DFB laser based phase interrogation system. Proof-of-concept experiments show that the sensor is capable of detecting vibration signal with a frequency range of 0–800Hz. By using thinner polymer sheet and machining longer cantilever, the frequency response range can be extended up to a few kHz.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132052937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiyong Zhao, Yunli Dang, M. Tang, Li Duan, Meng Wang, S. Fu, W. Tong, Deming Liu
Employing the multiple spatially independent channels offered by multicore fiber (MCF), spatial-division multiplexed (SDM) hybrid Raman and Brillouin distributed sensor has been demonstrated. The interrogation of Raman and Brillouin scattering are performed in distinct cores of the MCF, allowing for flexible management of the input powers between each of them, which is actually incompatible in hybrid Raman/Brillouin distributed system using single mode fibers (SMFs) due to the limitation of nonlinear effects. The proposed SDM system employs shared devices to generate pump pulse, but separate interrogation fiber channels. The combination of Raman and Brillouin sensing provides the capability of discriminative measurement between temperature and strain.
{"title":"Spatial-division multiplexed hybrid Raman and Brillouin distributed sensor employing multicore fiber","authors":"Zhiyong Zhao, Yunli Dang, M. Tang, Li Duan, Meng Wang, S. Fu, W. Tong, Deming Liu","doi":"10.1117/12.2267543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267543","url":null,"abstract":"Employing the multiple spatially independent channels offered by multicore fiber (MCF), spatial-division multiplexed (SDM) hybrid Raman and Brillouin distributed sensor has been demonstrated. The interrogation of Raman and Brillouin scattering are performed in distinct cores of the MCF, allowing for flexible management of the input powers between each of them, which is actually incompatible in hybrid Raman/Brillouin distributed system using single mode fibers (SMFs) due to the limitation of nonlinear effects. The proposed SDM system employs shared devices to generate pump pulse, but separate interrogation fiber channels. The combination of Raman and Brillouin sensing provides the capability of discriminative measurement between temperature and strain.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130218361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Kim, Joon Young Kim, Chang Hyun Park, Chang-Seok Kim, H. Lee, Y. Chung
We propose a high speed strain measurement method using an active mode locking (AML) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) laser sensor with a chirped FBG cavity. The mode-locked frequency of the AML laser depends on both the position and Bragg wavelength of the FBG. Thus, the mode-locked frequency of cascaded FBGs can be detected independently along the cavity length of cascaded FBGs. The strain across FBGs can be interrogated dynamically by monitoring the change in mode-locked frequency. In this respect, the chirped FBG critically improves the frequency sensitivity to Bragg wavelength shift as a function of increasing dispersion in the AML cavity. The strain measurement of the FBG sensor shows a highly linear response, with an R-squared value of 0.9997
{"title":"High speed strain measurement of active mode locking FBG laser sensor using chirped FBG cavity","authors":"G. Kim, Joon Young Kim, Chang Hyun Park, Chang-Seok Kim, H. Lee, Y. Chung","doi":"10.1117/12.2267641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267641","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a high speed strain measurement method using an active mode locking (AML) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) laser sensor with a chirped FBG cavity. The mode-locked frequency of the AML laser depends on both the position and Bragg wavelength of the FBG. Thus, the mode-locked frequency of cascaded FBGs can be detected independently along the cavity length of cascaded FBGs. The strain across FBGs can be interrogated dynamically by monitoring the change in mode-locked frequency. In this respect, the chirped FBG critically improves the frequency sensitivity to Bragg wavelength shift as a function of increasing dispersion in the AML cavity. The strain measurement of the FBG sensor shows a highly linear response, with an R-squared value of 0.9997","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131793110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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