A novel and simple analytical expression to describe the Brillouin gain spectral broadening as a function of the spatial resolution in time-domain Brillouin distributed fiber sensors is deduced. The proposed model is experimentally validated using a pump-probe Brillouin sensing setup and also compared with numerical and approximate results. In addition, a compact mathematical form is presented for the peak gain reduction resulting from incomplete acoustic-wave activation in Brillouin sensors with short spatial resolution. Both mathematical expressions can be used together to quantitatively predict the impact of the spatial resolution on the signal-to-noise ratio and frequency uncertainty of the sensor.
{"title":"Analytical expression and experimental validation of the Brillouin gain spectral broadening at any sensing spatial resolution","authors":"M. Alem, M. Soto, M. Tur, L. Thévenaz","doi":"10.1117/12.2267639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267639","url":null,"abstract":"A novel and simple analytical expression to describe the Brillouin gain spectral broadening as a function of the spatial resolution in time-domain Brillouin distributed fiber sensors is deduced. The proposed model is experimentally validated using a pump-probe Brillouin sensing setup and also compared with numerical and approximate results. In addition, a compact mathematical form is presented for the peak gain reduction resulting from incomplete acoustic-wave activation in Brillouin sensors with short spatial resolution. Both mathematical expressions can be used together to quantitatively predict the impact of the spatial resolution on the signal-to-noise ratio and frequency uncertainty of the sensor.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125606789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A magnetic field fiber optic sensor based on Nano-magnetic fluid and Hi-Bi non-adiabatic tapered optical fiber in fiber loop mirror (HB-TFLM) is proposed and theoretically explained. As compared to the reported magnetic fluid (MF) based sensors, the achieved sensitivity of the proposed sensor is 255 pm/mT, which is enhanced by 3.6 times of magnitude relative to in line non-adiabatic tapered optical fiber sensor, used only 0.1% of the volume concentration of MF nanoparticles. Detection limit of the HB-TFLM to external magnetic field in range from 0 to 21 mT and 22 to 50 mT was 7.8 μT and 39.2 μT, respectively.
{"title":"Enhancement of the sensitivity of ferrofluidic magneto-optical fiber sensor by non-adiabatic tapered Hi-Bi fiber in fiber loop mirror","authors":"A. Layeghi, H. Latifi","doi":"10.1117/12.2265832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2265832","url":null,"abstract":"A magnetic field fiber optic sensor based on Nano-magnetic fluid and Hi-Bi non-adiabatic tapered optical fiber in fiber loop mirror (HB-TFLM) is proposed and theoretically explained. As compared to the reported magnetic fluid (MF) based sensors, the achieved sensitivity of the proposed sensor is 255 pm/mT, which is enhanced by 3.6 times of magnitude relative to in line non-adiabatic tapered optical fiber sensor, used only 0.1% of the volume concentration of MF nanoparticles. Detection limit of the HB-TFLM to external magnetic field in range from 0 to 21 mT and 22 to 50 mT was 7.8 μT and 39.2 μT, respectively.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121614540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Ruiz-Lombera, A. Minardo, R. Bernini, J. Mirapeix, J. López-Higuera, L. Zeni
To measure the strain and/or temperature along an optical fiber with one-end access, a Brillouin optical frequency-domain reflectometry (BOFDR) technique is presented in this paper. It is based on detecting the spontaneous Brillouin scattering from a sinusoidally modulated pump light. Compared to the Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA), this new BOFDR sensor approach presents the advantage that the measurements are free from the distorting components related to acoustic wave modulation, thus simplifying the associated data processing.
{"title":"Experimental demonstration of a Brillouin optical frequency-domain reflectometry (BOFDR) sensor","authors":"R. Ruiz-Lombera, A. Minardo, R. Bernini, J. Mirapeix, J. López-Higuera, L. Zeni","doi":"10.1117/12.2265733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2265733","url":null,"abstract":"To measure the strain and/or temperature along an optical fiber with one-end access, a Brillouin optical frequency-domain reflectometry (BOFDR) technique is presented in this paper. It is based on detecting the spontaneous Brillouin scattering from a sinusoidally modulated pump light. Compared to the Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA), this new BOFDR sensor approach presents the advantage that the measurements are free from the distorting components related to acoustic wave modulation, thus simplifying the associated data processing.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122449454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Alves, J. C. Costa, M. Gomes, N. Silva, A. Guerreiro
This paper presents a study for a fibre optic sensor based on quantum wires to detect and measure the amplitude and direction of a static electric field. This study is supported by the analogy of the fluid equations describing the free electrons in the quantum wires and the Madelung formalism of Quantum Mechanics. In this context, it is possible to construct a diatomic plasmonic molecule whose energy levels can be Stark shifted by an external electric field and readout using a light beam tuned to the Rabi oscillations of these levels. Choosing the adequate design parameters it is possible to estimate a sensitivity of 100nm/NC−1.
{"title":"Quantum wires as sensors of the electric field: A model into quantum plasmonics","authors":"R. Alves, J. C. Costa, M. Gomes, N. Silva, A. Guerreiro","doi":"10.1117/12.2267653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267653","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study for a fibre optic sensor based on quantum wires to detect and measure the amplitude and direction of a static electric field. This study is supported by the analogy of the fluid equations describing the free electrons in the quantum wires and the Madelung formalism of Quantum Mechanics. In this context, it is possible to construct a diatomic plasmonic molecule whose energy levels can be Stark shifted by an external electric field and readout using a light beam tuned to the Rabi oscillations of these levels. Choosing the adequate design parameters it is possible to estimate a sensitivity of 100nm/NC−1.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126403130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy is introduced as a new approach for photonic sensing in highly concentrated biotechnical processes. It independently quantifies the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient calibration-free and as a function of time, thus describing the optical properties in the vis/NIR range of the biomaterial during their processing. As examples of industrial relevance, enzymatic milk coagulation, beer mashing, and algae cultivation in photo bioreactors are discussed.
{"title":"Photonic sensing in highly concentrated biotechnical processes by Photon Density Wave spectroscopy","authors":"R. Hass, Michael Sandmann, O. Reich","doi":"10.1117/12.2263617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2263617","url":null,"abstract":"Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy is introduced as a new approach for photonic sensing in highly concentrated biotechnical processes. It independently quantifies the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient calibration-free and as a function of time, thus describing the optical properties in the vis/NIR range of the biomaterial during their processing. As examples of industrial relevance, enzymatic milk coagulation, beer mashing, and algae cultivation in photo bioreactors are discussed.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114226250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liyun Ding, Chuang Xu, Zhilin Xia, Bing Xu, Jun Huang
Graphene has been reported to show polarization-dependent optical absorption in the visible spectral range, that it shows more absorption for s-polarized light than p-polarized light. We study further on it and demonstrate that this unique property can be utilized to design a fiber optic sensor, which works in a similar way of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber optic sensor. However, they are based on different mechanisms. Numerical simulation reveals that graphene layer of 5 nm is appropriate for the fiber optic sensor to achieve its best sensing performance, with a high sensitivity from 1700 to 6900 nm/RIU (refractive index unit).
{"title":"Fiber optic sensor based on polarization-dependent absorption of graphene","authors":"Liyun Ding, Chuang Xu, Zhilin Xia, Bing Xu, Jun Huang","doi":"10.1117/12.2265346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2265346","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene has been reported to show polarization-dependent optical absorption in the visible spectral range, that it shows more absorption for s-polarized light than p-polarized light. We study further on it and demonstrate that this unique property can be utilized to design a fiber optic sensor, which works in a similar way of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber optic sensor. However, they are based on different mechanisms. Numerical simulation reveals that graphene layer of 5 nm is appropriate for the fiber optic sensor to achieve its best sensing performance, with a high sensitivity from 1700 to 6900 nm/RIU (refractive index unit).","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115294042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youngwoong Kim, Ho-Jung Jeong, Young Ho Kim, B. Rho, M. Kim
A novel scheme of plastic optical fiber (POF) based arc flash sensor capable of tracing arc event locations is presented. Incident position of flash light can simply be known by measuring the ratio of intensities at both fiber-ends, since the intensity of the flash light assisted by side-coupling of the fiber is generally attenuated a the fiber length. The arc flash sensor which can cover a wide range up to 10 m with a high spatial resolution of ±10 cm is experimentally demonstrated using the POF. Arc flash intensity can also be known by analyzing the coupled light intensity level at both fiber ends.
{"title":"Spatially-resolved measurement of arc flash event based on transmission loss of plastic optical fiber","authors":"Youngwoong Kim, Ho-Jung Jeong, Young Ho Kim, B. Rho, M. Kim","doi":"10.1117/12.2265475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2265475","url":null,"abstract":"A novel scheme of plastic optical fiber (POF) based arc flash sensor capable of tracing arc event locations is presented. Incident position of flash light can simply be known by measuring the ratio of intensities at both fiber-ends, since the intensity of the flash light assisted by side-coupling of the fiber is generally attenuated a the fiber length. The arc flash sensor which can cover a wide range up to 10 m with a high spatial resolution of ±10 cm is experimentally demonstrated using the POF. Arc flash intensity can also be known by analyzing the coupled light intensity level at both fiber ends.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121488743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heeyoung Lee, N. Hayashi, Y. Mizuno, Kentaro Nakamura
We demonstrate high-speed distributed sensing based on slope-assisted (SA-) Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR) using high-loss plastic optical fibers (POFs). Unlike the case of silica fibers, due to the gradual reduction in the transmitted power along the POF, the strain and temperature sensitivities are found to depend on sensing position. This unique effect is investigated both theoretically and experimentally, and then a correct POF-based distributed measurement is shown to be feasible by compensating this effect.
{"title":"Slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry using high-loss plastic optical fibers","authors":"Heeyoung Lee, N. Hayashi, Y. Mizuno, Kentaro Nakamura","doi":"10.1117/12.2267462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267462","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate high-speed distributed sensing based on slope-assisted (SA-) Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR) using high-loss plastic optical fibers (POFs). Unlike the case of silica fibers, due to the gradual reduction in the transmitted power along the POF, the strain and temperature sensitivities are found to depend on sensing position. This unique effect is investigated both theoretically and experimentally, and then a correct POF-based distributed measurement is shown to be feasible by compensating this effect.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"757 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133523990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coherent fading noise (also known as speckle noise) affects the SNR and sensitivity of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) systems and makes them random processes of position and time. As in speckle noise, the statistical distribution of DAS SNR is particularly wide and its standard deviation (STD) roughly equals its mean (σSNR/〈SNR〉 œ 0.89). Trading resolution for SNR may improve the mean SNR but not necessarily narrow its distribution. Here a new approach to achieve both SNR improvement (by sacrificing resolution) and narrowing of the distribution is introduced. The method is based on acquiring high resolution complex backscatter profiles of the sensing fiber, using them to compute complex power profiles of the fiber which retain phase variation information and filtering of the power profiles. The approach is tested via a computer simulation and demonstrates distribution narrowing up to σSNR/〈SNR〉 < 0.2.
{"title":"Distributed acoustic sensing: How to make the best out of the Rayleigh-backscattered energy?","authors":"A. Eyal, H. Gabai, I. Shpatz","doi":"10.1117/12.2272458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272458","url":null,"abstract":"Coherent fading noise (also known as speckle noise) affects the SNR and sensitivity of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) systems and makes them random processes of position and time. As in speckle noise, the statistical distribution of DAS SNR is particularly wide and its standard deviation (STD) roughly equals its mean (σSNR/〈SNR〉 œ 0.89). Trading resolution for SNR may improve the mean SNR but not necessarily narrow its distribution. Here a new approach to achieve both SNR improvement (by sacrificing resolution) and narrowing of the distribution is introduced. The method is based on acquiring high resolution complex backscatter profiles of the sensing fiber, using them to compute complex power profiles of the fiber which retain phase variation information and filtering of the power profiles. The approach is tested via a computer simulation and demonstrates distribution narrowing up to σSNR/〈SNR〉 < 0.2.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133176517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Tejedor, Javier Macias-Guarasa, H. Martins, D. Piote, J. Pastor-Graells, S. Martín-López, P. Corredera, G. De Pauw, F. De Smet, W. Postvoll, C. H. Ahlen, M. González-Herráez
This paper presents the first report on on-line and final blind field test results of a pipeline integrity threat surveillance system. The system integrates a machine+activity identification mode, and a threat detection mode. Two different pipeline sections were selected for the blind tests: One close to the sensor position, and the other 35 km away from it. Results of the machine+activity identification mode showed that about 46% of the times the machine, the activity or both were correctly identified. For the threat detection mode, 8 out of 10 threats were correctly detected, with 1 false alarm.
{"title":"Towards detection of pipeline integrity threats using a SmarT fiber-OPtic surveillance system: PIT-STOP project blind field test results","authors":"J. Tejedor, Javier Macias-Guarasa, H. Martins, D. Piote, J. Pastor-Graells, S. Martín-López, P. Corredera, G. De Pauw, F. De Smet, W. Postvoll, C. H. Ahlen, M. González-Herráez","doi":"10.1117/12.2263357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2263357","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the first report on on-line and final blind field test results of a pipeline integrity threat surveillance system. The system integrates a machine+activity identification mode, and a threat detection mode. Two different pipeline sections were selected for the blind tests: One close to the sensor position, and the other 35 km away from it. Results of the machine+activity identification mode showed that about 46% of the times the machine, the activity or both were correctly identified. For the threat detection mode, 8 out of 10 threats were correctly detected, with 1 false alarm.","PeriodicalId":198716,"journal":{"name":"2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133360827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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