Salmonella typhi is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes typhoid fever in humans. In the present study, the effect of Salmonella typhi infection on hematological indices and spleen histology in Wistar rats was investigated and was followed by an evaluation of the ameliorative potential of the methanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata (MLECO) compared with ciprofloxacin treatment. The animals were divided into six groups: group 1 was normal control, group 2 was infected with Salmonella typhi without treatment (negative control), groups 3, 4 and 5 were Salmonella typhi infected and treated with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract respectively and group 6 was also Salmonella typhi infected and treated with 500 mg/70kg of ciprofloxacin. The animals were inoculated with a single infectious dose of Salmonella typhi bacteria and thereafter, treated with the extract and ciprofloxacin for a period of seventeen days, after the animals were confirmed infected. The rats were humanely sacrificed and blood samples taken for haematological investigations, and the spleen harvested and processed for histological examinations. Chromolaena odorata administration reversed the adverse hematotoxicity and histopathological changes in the spleen induced by Salmonella typhi infection.
{"title":"Effect of Chromolaena odorata Extracton Hematotoxicity and Spleen Histopathology Induced by Salmonella typhi in Wistar Rats","authors":"Joshua Charles Isirima, I. Siminialayi","doi":"10.4236/PP.2018.94007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2018.94007","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella typhi is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes typhoid fever in humans. In the present study, the effect of Salmonella typhi infection on hematological indices and spleen histology in Wistar rats was investigated and was followed by an evaluation of the ameliorative potential of the methanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata (MLECO) compared with ciprofloxacin treatment. The animals were divided into six groups: group 1 was normal control, group 2 was infected with Salmonella typhi without treatment (negative control), groups 3, 4 and 5 were Salmonella typhi infected and treated with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract respectively and group 6 was also Salmonella typhi infected and treated with 500 mg/70kg of ciprofloxacin. The animals were inoculated with a single infectious dose of Salmonella typhi bacteria and thereafter, treated with the extract and ciprofloxacin for a period of seventeen days, after the animals were confirmed infected. The rats were humanely sacrificed and blood samples taken for haematological investigations, and the spleen harvested and processed for histological examinations. Chromolaena odorata administration reversed the adverse hematotoxicity and histopathological changes in the spleen induced by Salmonella typhi infection.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82417769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dennis Grech, Jayant Velagala, Dennis J. Dembek, B. Tabaac
Traumeel is a compound that is utilized by a wide variety of healthcare practitioners to treat inflammatory states. It is utilized extensively in Germany for multiple inflammatory conditions. The purpose of this document is to review and critique publications written about Traumeel and Traumeel S, a proprietary formulation. Furthermore, this review will determine if the literature supports substituting Traumeel for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids or if adding Traumeel to NSAID and corticosteroid treatment protocols benefits patients with inflammation. Long-term use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids causes significant pathology leaving many patients without an effective treatment to manage their inflammatory condition. Traumeel does not have the severe side effect profile of NSAIDs and corticosteroids. There are important implications of the studies included in this review. The literature supports Traumeel as an effective alternative to NSAIDS and corticosteroids in preventing stomatitis for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Traumeel also provides pain-free outcomes following musculoskeletal and tissue injuries.
{"title":"Critical Literature Review of the Homeopathic Compound Traumeel for Treatment of Inflammation","authors":"Dennis Grech, Jayant Velagala, Dennis J. Dembek, B. Tabaac","doi":"10.4236/PP.2018.93006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2018.93006","url":null,"abstract":"Traumeel is a compound that is utilized by a wide variety of healthcare practitioners to treat inflammatory states. It is utilized extensively in Germany for multiple inflammatory conditions. The purpose of this document is to review and critique publications written about Traumeel and Traumeel S, a proprietary formulation. Furthermore, this review will determine if the literature supports substituting Traumeel for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids or if adding Traumeel to NSAID and corticosteroid treatment protocols benefits patients with inflammation. Long-term use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids causes significant pathology leaving many patients without an effective treatment to manage their inflammatory condition. Traumeel does not have the severe side effect profile of NSAIDs and corticosteroids. There are important implications of the studies included in this review. The literature supports Traumeel as an effective alternative to NSAIDS and corticosteroids in preventing stomatitis for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Traumeel also provides pain-free outcomes following musculoskeletal and tissue injuries.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77524607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Hoque, Sabera Rahman, I. Jahan, Meena Afroze Shanta, Nigar Sultana Tithi, Nishat Nasrin
Use of different solvent systems for extraction of plant materials may cause variation in their bioactivities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence of different phytoconstituents and to compare in vitro bioactivities of petroleum ether, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol extracts of Bombax ceiba (B. ceiba) roots available in Bangladesh. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using specific standard procedure. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content was also carried out. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were investigated using disc diffusion method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay, respectively. All the experiments were carried out from February 2016 to September 2016. Phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and had the highest phenolic (187.42 ± 3.77 mg/g, GAE) and flavonoid content (74.67 ± 4 mg/g, QE) followed by the DCM and petroleum ether extracts. The extracts showed positive correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity with the phenolic and flavonoid content. All the extracts showed mild to moderate in vitro antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 13 mm. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the observed LC50 values for petroleum ether, DCM and methanol extracts were 70.72 μg/ml, 37.72 μg/ml and 22.58 μg/ml, respectively which revealed strong cytotoxic potential of the extracts compared to the positive control. The results indicated that B. ceiba roots could be a very potent source of natural radical scavenger and cytotoxic agent.
{"title":"A Comparative Phytochemical and Biological Study between Different Solvent Extracts of Bombax ceiba Roots Available in Bangladesh","authors":"N. Hoque, Sabera Rahman, I. Jahan, Meena Afroze Shanta, Nigar Sultana Tithi, Nishat Nasrin","doi":"10.4236/pp.2018.92006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2018.92006","url":null,"abstract":"Use of different solvent systems for extraction of plant materials may cause variation in their bioactivities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence of different phytoconstituents and to compare in vitro bioactivities of petroleum ether, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol extracts of Bombax ceiba (B. ceiba) roots available in Bangladesh. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using specific standard procedure. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content was also carried out. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were investigated using disc diffusion method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay, respectively. All the experiments were carried out from February 2016 to September 2016. Phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and had the highest phenolic (187.42 ± 3.77 mg/g, GAE) and flavonoid content (74.67 ± 4 mg/g, QE) followed by the DCM and petroleum ether extracts. The extracts showed positive correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity with the phenolic and flavonoid content. All the extracts showed mild to moderate in vitro antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 13 mm. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the observed LC50 values for petroleum ether, DCM and methanol extracts were 70.72 μg/ml, 37.72 μg/ml and 22.58 μg/ml, respectively which revealed strong cytotoxic potential of the extracts compared to the positive control. The results indicated that B. ceiba roots could be a very potent source of natural radical scavenger and cytotoxic agent.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88391083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Salmenkari, M. Holappa, A. Siltari, R. Korpela, H. Vapaatalo
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) participates in inflammatory processes, as either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory mediator. Components of RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), have been detected locally in the gut epithelium. In addition, the anti-inflammatory steroid, corticosterone, is produced in the gut. Hypertension and aging evoke a low-grade inflammatory process in the vascular endothelium. It is not known whether they induce a similar low-grade inflammation in the intestine and if the low-grade inflammation would evoke an activation of ACE and an elevation of corticosterone production. These two variables were measured in ileum and colon of 9- and 26-week old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WK) controls. ACE-activity, measured via the formation of histidyl-leucine from hippuryl-histidyl-leucine in the tissue homogenate samples, was similar in the ileum and colon of young animals although the ileum of the young normotensive animals displayed the lowest level. In the old animals, the ACE activity was higher in the ileum than in the colon, especially in normotensive rats. Corticosterone production was measured as corticosterone concentration in the supernatants of ileum or colon after a 90-min ex vivo incubation. Corticosterone production was higher in ileum than in colon in both SHR and WK. No clear evidence was seen for age-dependency or for an effect of hypertension in the measured variables in the intestine. Thus, the putative low-grade inflammation in the intestine in aging or hypertension is not a strong enough stimulus to elevate corticosterone production or activate ACE.
{"title":"Local Intestinal ACE-Like Activity and Corticosterone Production in Hypertensive and Aging Rats","authors":"H. Salmenkari, M. Holappa, A. Siltari, R. Korpela, H. Vapaatalo","doi":"10.4236/PP.2018.91003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2018.91003","url":null,"abstract":"The renin angiotensin system (RAS) participates in inflammatory processes, as either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory mediator. Components of RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), have been detected locally in the gut epithelium. In addition, the anti-inflammatory steroid, corticosterone, is produced in the gut. Hypertension and aging evoke a low-grade inflammatory process in the vascular endothelium. It is not known whether they induce a similar low-grade inflammation in the intestine and if the low-grade inflammation would evoke an activation of ACE and an elevation of corticosterone production. These two variables were measured in ileum and colon of 9- and 26-week old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WK) controls. ACE-activity, measured via the formation of histidyl-leucine from hippuryl-histidyl-leucine in the tissue homogenate samples, was similar in the ileum and colon of young animals although the ileum of the young normotensive animals displayed the lowest level. In the old animals, the ACE activity was higher in the ileum than in the colon, especially in normotensive rats. Corticosterone production was measured as corticosterone concentration in the supernatants of ileum or colon after a 90-min ex vivo incubation. Corticosterone production was higher in ileum than in colon in both SHR and WK. No clear evidence was seen for age-dependency or for an effect of hypertension in the measured variables in the intestine. Thus, the putative low-grade inflammation in the intestine in aging or hypertension is not a strong enough stimulus to elevate corticosterone production or activate ACE.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81934669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Secor, M. Grzanna, A. Rashmir-Raven, C. Frondoza
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, painful disease affecting articulating joints in man and animals. It is characterized by cartilage breakdown, bone remodeling, osteophyte formation and joint inflammation. Currently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the management of OA are known to have deleterious side effects. To address the need for alternatives, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of a combination of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), glucosamine (GLU) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) by measuring chemokine MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, CCL2) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE2) in stimulated chondrocytes. As the only cellular constituents of cartilage, chondrocytes are the source of pro-inflammatory mediators that play critical roles in the pathogenesis of OA. Chondrocytes were incubated: with: 1) control media, 2) [ASU + GLU + CS] combination, or 3) Phenylbutazone (PBZ) for 24 hours. Cells were next stimulated with IL-1β or LPS for another 24 hrs. MCP-1 and PGE2 from supernatants were quantitated by immunoassay. Another set of chondrocytes seeded in chamber slides were stimulated with IL-1β for 1 hour and then immunostained for NF-κB. Chondrocytes stimulated with IL-1β or LPS significantly increased MCP-1 and PGE2 production which were significantly reduced after treatment with [ASU + GLU + CS]. In contrast, PBZ significantly reduced PGE2 but not MCP-1 production. IL-1β stimulation induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which was inhibited by pre-treatment with either [ASU + GLU + CS] or PBZ. The present study provides evidence that the production of MCP-1 by chondrocytes can be inhibited by the combination of [ASU + GLU + CS] but not by PBZ. In contrast, PGE2 production was inhibited by either treatment suggesting that the production of MCP-1 and PGE2 could be independently regulated. The finding of distinct effects of [ASU + GLU + CS] on MCP-1 and PGE2 synthesis supports a scientific rationale for a multimodal treatment approach in the management of OA.
{"title":"Chondrocyte Production of Pro-Inflammatory Chemokine MCP-1 (CCL-2) and Prostaglandin E-2 Is Inhibited by Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables, Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate Combination","authors":"E. Secor, M. Grzanna, A. Rashmir-Raven, C. Frondoza","doi":"10.4236/PP.2018.91002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2018.91002","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, painful disease affecting articulating joints in man and animals. It is characterized by cartilage breakdown, bone remodeling, osteophyte formation and joint inflammation. Currently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the management of OA are known to have deleterious side effects. To address the need for alternatives, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of a combination of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), glucosamine (GLU) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) by measuring chemokine MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, CCL2) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE2) in stimulated chondrocytes. As the only cellular constituents of cartilage, chondrocytes are the source of pro-inflammatory mediators that play critical roles in the pathogenesis of OA. Chondrocytes were incubated: with: 1) control media, 2) [ASU + GLU + CS] combination, or 3) Phenylbutazone (PBZ) for 24 hours. Cells were next stimulated with IL-1β or LPS for another 24 hrs. MCP-1 and PGE2 from supernatants were quantitated by immunoassay. Another set of chondrocytes seeded in chamber slides were stimulated with IL-1β for 1 hour and then immunostained for NF-κB. Chondrocytes stimulated with IL-1β or LPS significantly increased MCP-1 and PGE2 production which were significantly reduced after treatment with [ASU + GLU + CS]. In contrast, PBZ significantly reduced PGE2 but not MCP-1 production. IL-1β stimulation induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which was inhibited by pre-treatment with either [ASU + GLU + CS] or PBZ. The present study provides evidence that the production of MCP-1 by chondrocytes can be inhibited by the combination of [ASU + GLU + CS] but not by PBZ. In contrast, PGE2 production was inhibited by either treatment suggesting that the production of MCP-1 and PGE2 could be independently regulated. The finding of distinct effects of [ASU + GLU + CS] on MCP-1 and PGE2 synthesis supports a scientific rationale for a multimodal treatment approach in the management of OA.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79970635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study assessed preparedness among nurses about reporting adverse drug reactions in public and private hospitals. Nurses in hospitals are among health providers very close to patients and are involved in the process of administering medications especially to inpatients. A cross sectional study was conducted among nurses in public and private hospitals in Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania to compare their preparedness on reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs). A total of 384 nurses were involved in this study, of which 50% were drawn from public hospitals and 50% from private hospitals. Majority of respondents (75.25%) in public and 84.73% in private hospitals said they have not received any training about reporting ADRs. Of the few trained nurses, 85.43% and 96.55%, in public and private hospitals, respectively, said they have been trained in a seminar only once, after they started working as nurses. Respondents in public (19.17%) and private (32.8%) hospitals reported to stock ADRS forms (Yellow cards). Less than 50% of respondents agreed to have access to reference materials such as a text books named “Good Dispensing Practice” and a “List of Registered Medicines”. Further results showed more than two third of all respondents in private (74.25%) and public (73.5%) hospitals reported that lack of training affects the process of reporting ADRs in terms of ability and tendency. In this study we found training, availability of Yellow cards and presence of a focal person are among important contributing factors to preparedness of reporting ADRs among nurses in public and private hospitals.
{"title":"Investigation of Factors Affecting Preparedness of Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions among Nurses in Public and Private Hospitals in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"V. Mugoyela, Romantiezer Robert, Nelson E Masota","doi":"10.4236/pp.2018.91004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2018.91004","url":null,"abstract":"The current study assessed preparedness among nurses about reporting adverse drug reactions in public and private hospitals. Nurses in hospitals are among health providers very close to patients and are involved in the process of administering medications especially to inpatients. A cross sectional study was conducted among nurses in public and private hospitals in Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania to compare their preparedness on reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs). A total of 384 nurses were involved in this study, of which 50% were drawn from public hospitals and 50% from private hospitals. Majority of respondents (75.25%) in public and 84.73% in private hospitals said they have not received any training about reporting ADRs. Of the few trained nurses, 85.43% and 96.55%, in public and private hospitals, respectively, said they have been trained in a seminar only once, after they started working as nurses. Respondents in public (19.17%) and private (32.8%) hospitals reported to stock ADRS forms (Yellow cards). Less than 50% of respondents agreed to have access to reference materials such as a text books named “Good Dispensing Practice” and a “List of Registered Medicines”. Further results showed more than two third of all respondents in private (74.25%) and public (73.5%) hospitals reported that lack of training affects the process of reporting ADRs in terms of ability and tendency. In this study we found training, availability of Yellow cards and presence of a focal person are among important contributing factors to preparedness of reporting ADRs among nurses in public and private hospitals.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91440659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Chien, C. Chuang, Yi-Ting Lin, Chih-Min Yang, Chao-Hsiang Chen
Herbal mixture extracts (HME) comprised of Semen Sojae Nigrum, Fructus Cnidii, Radix Glycyrrhizae, and Cornu Cervi. Herein, we employed three mouse models, including hot-plate test, acetic acid (AA)-induced writhing test and AA-induced vascular permeability test, to determine analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of HME. Results revealed that HME exhibited analgesic effects in hot-plate test and in AA-induced writhing test, as evidenced by increasing the latency to lick paws and decreasing AA-induced writhing counts, respectively. HME also significantly and dose-dependently decreased AA-induced vascular permeability, indicating HME exhibited anti-inflammatory effects. Similar improvement can be observed in aspirin treatment that used as positive control in this study. Most of medicinal effects of Fructus Cnidii are considered to attribute to coumarins, such as osthol (OST) and imperatorin (IMP) with several pharmacological activities. We then used OST and IMP as bioactive components in HME. The content of OST and IMP in HME was 3.57 ± 0.10 mg/g and 1.20 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively, from three independent batches. Only OST possessed inhibitory effects in three mouse models, suggesting that OST may partially involve in protective effects of HME. These results demonstrated that HME has a potential on anti-analgesic effects and anti-inflammatory actions.
{"title":"Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Herbal Mixture Extracts in Mice","authors":"M. Chien, C. Chuang, Yi-Ting Lin, Chih-Min Yang, Chao-Hsiang Chen","doi":"10.4236/PP.2018.91001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2018.91001","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal mixture extracts (HME) comprised of Semen Sojae Nigrum, Fructus Cnidii, Radix Glycyrrhizae, and Cornu Cervi. Herein, we employed three mouse models, including hot-plate test, acetic acid (AA)-induced writhing test and AA-induced vascular permeability test, to determine analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of HME. Results revealed that HME exhibited analgesic effects in hot-plate test and in AA-induced writhing test, as evidenced by increasing the latency to lick paws and decreasing AA-induced writhing counts, respectively. HME also significantly and dose-dependently decreased AA-induced vascular permeability, indicating HME exhibited anti-inflammatory effects. Similar improvement can be observed in aspirin treatment that used as positive control in this study. Most of medicinal effects of Fructus Cnidii are considered to attribute to coumarins, such as osthol (OST) and imperatorin (IMP) with several pharmacological activities. We then used OST and IMP as bioactive components in HME. The content of OST and IMP in HME was 3.57 ± 0.10 mg/g and 1.20 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively, from three independent batches. Only OST possessed inhibitory effects in three mouse models, suggesting that OST may partially involve in protective effects of HME. These results demonstrated that HME has a potential on anti-analgesic effects and anti-inflammatory actions.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81132088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elba Carrasco-Ramírez, Perla Y. López-Camacho, A. Zepeda-Rodríguez, P. Bizarro-Nevares, Filiberto Malagón-Gutiérrez, G. Basurto-Islas, Norma Rivera-Fernández
Malaria endemic zones are mostly located on third world countries, where antimalarials are not easily found or patients cannot afford them, and in consequence, they must turn toward natural products or phytomedicines. In the present study, the effect of Hinotnia latiflora (Hl) methanolic stem bark extract (HlMeOHe) on the ultrastructure of the asexual intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii (Pyy) after a Peters’ four-day oral treatment was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as the parasite development on blood smears, analyzed by light microscopy. Likewise, extract was subjected to qualitative tests adopting standard procedures for identification of phytoconstituents; its antioxidant activity was evaluated according to the method of Brand-Williams and by the radical cation decolorization assay. Results showed higher percentage of rings and lower percentage of trophozoites and schizonts in the treated animals, in comparison with those of the control groups, which demonstrated lower percentage of rings and trophozoites, and schizonts in higher number. Images of TEM showed in some treated parasites, mild parasite membranes, organelle swelling and ribosomal depletion. The phytochemical profile demonstrated that the extract contains alkaloids, tannis, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and saponins. The obtained values of the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in μg/mL, for both antioxidant assays were of 423.83 and 202.95 respectively. It is concluded that HlMeOHe altered the development of the intraerythrocytic asexual stages and the ultrastructure of Pyy, and due to its phytochemical constituents, showed an in vitro antioxidant activity.
{"title":"Stage-Specific Changes on Plasmodium yoelii yoelii Following Treatment with Hintonia latiflora Stem Bark Extract and Phytochemical-Antioxidant Evaluation","authors":"Elba Carrasco-Ramírez, Perla Y. López-Camacho, A. Zepeda-Rodríguez, P. Bizarro-Nevares, Filiberto Malagón-Gutiérrez, G. Basurto-Islas, Norma Rivera-Fernández","doi":"10.4236/PP.2017.812028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2017.812028","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria endemic zones are mostly located on third world countries, where antimalarials are not easily found or patients cannot afford them, and in consequence, they must turn toward natural products or phytomedicines. In the present study, the effect of Hinotnia latiflora (Hl) methanolic stem bark extract (HlMeOHe) on the ultrastructure of the asexual intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii (Pyy) after a Peters’ four-day oral treatment was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as the parasite development on blood smears, analyzed by light microscopy. Likewise, extract was subjected to qualitative tests adopting standard procedures for identification of phytoconstituents; its antioxidant activity was evaluated according to the method of Brand-Williams and by the radical cation decolorization assay. Results showed higher percentage of rings and lower percentage of trophozoites and schizonts in the treated animals, in comparison with those of the control groups, which demonstrated lower percentage of rings and trophozoites, and schizonts in higher number. Images of TEM showed in some treated parasites, mild parasite membranes, organelle swelling and ribosomal depletion. The phytochemical profile demonstrated that the extract contains alkaloids, tannis, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and saponins. The obtained values of the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in μg/mL, for both antioxidant assays were of 423.83 and 202.95 respectively. It is concluded that HlMeOHe altered the development of the intraerythrocytic asexual stages and the ultrastructure of Pyy, and due to its phytochemical constituents, showed an in vitro antioxidant activity.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91411216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Effo, S. Kouakou, G. Irié-N’guessan, N. Kouakou-Siransy
Alchornea cordifolia is a medicinal plant, whose ethanolic and methanolic extracts have shown antioxidant activity which could confer hepatoprotective effect, knowing that liver cells are attacked by free radicals. The hepatoprotective effect of these extracts has been demonstrated in models of hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol high doses in animals. However, anti-tubercular drugs at the usual dose present hepatotoxicity risk. Could Alchornea cordifolia help to limit hepatotoxicity induced by anti-tubercular drugs? This work aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the hepatoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves (AEAC). The antioxidant activity of A. cordifolia leaves was studied in vitro by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging assay and by the iron reduction ability. A phytochemical screening was carried out to identify the chemical groups that could be responsible for this activity. The hepatoprotective effect was demonstrated in a model of hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin in rats. Two hours after induction of hepatotoxicity, the animals were orally administered the AEAC at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days. A blood sample was taken on the 11th day for the evaluation of transaminases, markers of hepatic cytolysis. A totally of 96 rats were used in this study. AEAC showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. Administrated alone, aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves didn’t modificate the transaminases, isoniazid and the isoniazid + rifampicin combination resulted in increasing transaminases (ALT and AST) by more than 48%. AEAC at 800 mg/kg reduced AST and ALT levels by more than 45%. AEAC at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg decreased ALT more than 40%. Knowing that antioxidant activity protects liver, the AEAC may by its antioxidant activity, contribute to protect against the hepatotoxicity induced by anti-tubercular drugs in the rat.
{"title":"Antioxidant Activity and Hepatoprotective Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Alchornea cordifolia Leaves","authors":"K. Effo, S. Kouakou, G. Irié-N’guessan, N. Kouakou-Siransy","doi":"10.4236/PP.2017.811027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2017.811027","url":null,"abstract":"Alchornea cordifolia is a medicinal plant, whose ethanolic and methanolic extracts have shown antioxidant activity which could confer hepatoprotective effect, knowing that liver cells are attacked by free radicals. The hepatoprotective effect of these extracts has been demonstrated in models of hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol high doses in animals. However, anti-tubercular drugs at the usual dose present hepatotoxicity risk. Could Alchornea cordifolia help to limit hepatotoxicity induced by anti-tubercular drugs? This work aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the hepatoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves (AEAC). The antioxidant activity of A. cordifolia leaves was studied in vitro by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging assay and by the iron reduction ability. A phytochemical screening was carried out to identify the chemical groups that could be responsible for this activity. The hepatoprotective effect was demonstrated in a model of hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin in rats. Two hours after induction of hepatotoxicity, the animals were orally administered the AEAC at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days. A blood sample was taken on the 11th day for the evaluation of transaminases, markers of hepatic cytolysis. A totally of 96 rats were used in this study. AEAC showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. Administrated alone, aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves didn’t modificate the transaminases, isoniazid and the isoniazid + rifampicin combination resulted in increasing transaminases (ALT and AST) by more than 48%. AEAC at 800 mg/kg reduced AST and ALT levels by more than 45%. AEAC at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg decreased ALT more than 40%. Knowing that antioxidant activity protects liver, the AEAC may by its antioxidant activity, contribute to protect against the hepatotoxicity induced by anti-tubercular drugs in the rat.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86518218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of this work was to use the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR spectroscopy to study the possible drug-drug or drug-excipient (s) interaction in case of concomitant oral administration of paracetamol with the most common used antibiotics for children. Amoxicillin, azithromycin, cefuroxime axetil and their commercially available suspensions, Amoxil®, Azithromax® and Zinnat® were used. DSC curves for paracetamol, pure antibiotics, commercially available antibiotics and all binary mixtures used in this study showed drug-drug or drug-excipient (s) physical interaction and indicated a possible chemical interaction. To confirm chemical drug-drug or drug-excipient (s) interaction additional ATR-IR spectra for all samples used in this study were obtained. Results obtained from ATR-IR spectra showed drug-excipient (s) interaction in Zinnat®, Azithromax® and binary mixture Azithromax®-paracetamol, while chemical drug-drug interaction was not observed. From this study it can be concluded that the concomitant oral administration of paracetamol with commercially available antibiotics used in this study is not recommended and duration of two hours between the oral administrations of these drugs is strongly recommended to avoid drug-drug or drug-excipient (s) interaction.
{"title":"Incompatibility of Paracetamol with Pediatric Suspensions Containing Amoxicillin, Azithromycin and Cefuroxime Axetil","authors":"H. Maswadeh","doi":"10.4236/PP.2017.811026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2017.811026","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this work was to use the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR spectroscopy to study the possible drug-drug or drug-excipient (s) interaction in case of concomitant oral administration of paracetamol with the most common used antibiotics for children. Amoxicillin, azithromycin, cefuroxime axetil and their commercially available suspensions, Amoxil®, Azithromax® and Zinnat® were used. DSC curves for paracetamol, pure antibiotics, commercially available antibiotics and all binary mixtures used in this study showed drug-drug or drug-excipient (s) physical interaction and indicated a possible chemical interaction. To confirm chemical drug-drug or drug-excipient (s) interaction additional ATR-IR spectra for all samples used in this study were obtained. Results obtained from ATR-IR spectra showed drug-excipient (s) interaction in Zinnat®, Azithromax® and binary mixture Azithromax®-paracetamol, while chemical drug-drug interaction was not observed. From this study it can be concluded that the concomitant oral administration of paracetamol with commercially available antibiotics used in this study is not recommended and duration of two hours between the oral administrations of these drugs is strongly recommended to avoid drug-drug or drug-excipient (s) interaction.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89903167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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