Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081101
Gloria M Alfosea-Cuadrado, Javier Zarzoso-Foj, Albert Adell, Alfonso A Valverde-Navarro, Eva M González-Soler, Víctor Mangas-Sanjuán, Arantxa Blasco-Serra
(1) Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain condition with widespread pain and multiple comorbidities, for which conventional therapies offer limited benefits. The reserpine-induced myalgia (RIM) model is an efficient animal model of FMS in rodents. This study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model of reserpine in rats, linking to its impact on monoamines (MAs). (2) Methods: Reserpine was administered daily for three consecutive days at dose levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg. A total of 120 rats were included, and 120 PK and 828 PD observations were collected from 48 to 96 h after the first dose of reserpine. Non-linear mixed-effect data analysis was applied for structural PK-PD model definition, variability characterization, and covariate analysis. (3) Results: A one-compartment model best described reserpine in rats (V = 1.3 mL/kg and CL = 4.5 × 10-1 mL/h/kg). A precursor-pool PK-PD model (kin = 6.1 × 10-3 mg/h, kp = 8.6 × 10-4 h-1 and kout = 2.7 × 10-2 h-1) with a parallel transit chain (k0 = 1.9 × 10-1 h-1) characterized the longitudinal levels of MA in the prefrontal cortex, spinal cord, and amygdala in rats. Reserpine stimulates the degradation of MA from the pool compartment (Slope1 = 1.1 × 10-1 h) and the elimination of MA (Slope2 = 1.25 h) through the transit chain. Regarding the reference dose (1 mg/kg) of the RIM model, the administration of 4 mg/kg would lead to a mean reduction of 65% (Cmax), 80% (Cmin), and 70% (AUC) of MA across the brain regions tested. (4) Conclusions: Regional brain variations in neurotransmitter depletion were identified, particularly in the amygdala, offering insights for therapeutic strategies and biomarker identification in FMS research.
{"title":"Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis of a Reserpine-Induced Myalgia Model in Rats.","authors":"Gloria M Alfosea-Cuadrado, Javier Zarzoso-Foj, Albert Adell, Alfonso A Valverde-Navarro, Eva M González-Soler, Víctor Mangas-Sanjuán, Arantxa Blasco-Serra","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081101","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain condition with widespread pain and multiple comorbidities, for which conventional therapies offer limited benefits. The reserpine-induced myalgia (RIM) model is an efficient animal model of FMS in rodents. This study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model of reserpine in rats, linking to its impact on monoamines (MAs). (2) Methods: Reserpine was administered daily for three consecutive days at dose levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg. A total of 120 rats were included, and 120 PK and 828 PD observations were collected from 48 to 96 h after the first dose of reserpine. Non-linear mixed-effect data analysis was applied for structural PK-PD model definition, variability characterization, and covariate analysis. (3) Results: A one-compartment model best described reserpine in rats (V = 1.3 mL/kg and CL = 4.5 × 10<sup>-1</sup> mL/h/kg). A precursor-pool PK-PD model (k<sub>in</sub> = 6.1 × 10<sup>-3</sup> mg/h, k<sub>p</sub> = 8.6 × 10<sup>-4</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> and k<sub>out</sub> = 2.7 × 10<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>) with a parallel transit chain (k<sub>0</sub> = 1.9 × 10<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>) characterized the longitudinal levels of MA in the prefrontal cortex, spinal cord, and amygdala in rats. Reserpine stimulates the degradation of MA from the pool compartment (Slope<sub>1</sub> = 1.1 × 10<sup>-1</sup> h) and the elimination of MA (Slope<sub>2</sub> = 1.25 h) through the transit chain. Regarding the reference dose (1 mg/kg) of the RIM model, the administration of 4 mg/kg would lead to a mean reduction of 65% (C<sub>max</sub>), 80% (C<sub>min</sub>), and 70% (AUC) of MA across the brain regions tested. (4) Conclusions: Regional brain variations in neurotransmitter depletion were identified, particularly in the amygdala, offering insights for therapeutic strategies and biomarker identification in FMS research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11359992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The deformulation stage of original drug products, which includes the quantification of critical excipients, is crucial for the successful development of generic drug products of solid dosage form. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) belongs to the group of critical excipients due to its influence on the bioavailability of drugs, such as metformin. The purpose of this work is to carry out a feasibility study in order to develop a simple, economical, and robust analytical method for the quantification of SLS in metformin-containing tablets after their dissolution in water. Firstly, SLS is extracted with chloroform in acidic conditions, followed by the addition of methylene blue (MB) in order to form a SLS-MB ion pair, which is then measured photometrically at a wavelength of 651 nm. Additionally, interference from matrix components (excipients and APIs) was assessed, and it was found that metformin also forms a blue complex; therefore, this specific extraction method was developed. Other matrix components did not interfere with SLS determination. This method shows a well-estimated precision of 3.3% and accuracy of 5%, a calibration linearity of R2 = 0.99990, and a working range of 0.38 µg/mL to 10 µg/mL of SLS in water. The midpoint of the calibration graph corresponds to the concentration of SLS obtained by dissolving a single tablet in 1 L of water. This method seems appropriate for total SLS determination in tablets and can be applicable for deformulation.
{"title":"A Method for the Colorimetric Quantification of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate in Tablets: A Proof of Concept.","authors":"Artūrs Paulausks, Austris Mazurs, Valentyn Mohylyuk","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081100","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The deformulation stage of original drug products, which includes the quantification of critical excipients, is crucial for the successful development of generic drug products of solid dosage form. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) belongs to the group of critical excipients due to its influence on the bioavailability of drugs, such as metformin. The purpose of this work is to carry out a feasibility study in order to develop a simple, economical, and robust analytical method for the quantification of SLS in metformin-containing tablets after their dissolution in water. Firstly, SLS is extracted with chloroform in acidic conditions, followed by the addition of methylene blue (MB) in order to form a SLS-MB ion pair, which is then measured photometrically at a wavelength of 651 nm. Additionally, interference from matrix components (excipients and APIs) was assessed, and it was found that metformin also forms a blue complex; therefore, this specific extraction method was developed. Other matrix components did not interfere with SLS determination. This method shows a well-estimated precision of 3.3% and accuracy of 5%, a calibration linearity of R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99990, and a working range of 0.38 µg/mL to 10 µg/mL of SLS in water. The midpoint of the calibration graph corresponds to the concentration of SLS obtained by dissolving a single tablet in 1 L of water. This method seems appropriate for total SLS determination in tablets and can be applicable for deformulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081096
Jonatas Lobato Duarte, Leonardo Delello Di Filippo, Tais de Cássia Ribeiro, Ana Carolina de Jesus Silva, Lorane Izabel da Silva Hage-Melim, Stéphane Duchon, David Carrasco, Mara Cristina Pinto, Vincent Corbel, Marlus Chorilli
Aedes mosquito-borne diseases remain a significant global health threat, necessitating effective control strategies. This study introduces monoterpenes-based nanohydrogels for potential use as repellents against Aedes aegypti, the primary dengue vector worldwide. We formulated hydrogels using cymene- and myrcene-based nanoemulsions with different polymers: chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and carbopol®. Our evaluations of rheological, texture, and bioadhesive properties identified CMC hydrogel as the most promising gelling agent for topical application, exhibiting sustained monoterpene release over 12 h with low skin permeation and high retention in the stratum corneum. Myrcene-loaded CMC hydrogel achieved a 57% feeding deterrence compared to 47% with cymene hydrogel in the mosquito membrane-feeding model. Molecular docking studies revealed interactions between myrcene and an essential amino acid (Ile116) in the Ae. aegypti odorant-binding protein 22 (AeOBP22), corroborating its higher repellent efficacy. These findings suggest that myrcene-loaded CMC hydrogels offer a promising, minimally invasive strategy for personal protection against Ae. aegypti and warrant further investigation to optimize monoterpene concentrations for vector control.
{"title":"Effective Mosquito Repellents: Myrcene- and Cymene-Loaded Nanohydrogels against <i>Aedes aegypti</i>.","authors":"Jonatas Lobato Duarte, Leonardo Delello Di Filippo, Tais de Cássia Ribeiro, Ana Carolina de Jesus Silva, Lorane Izabel da Silva Hage-Melim, Stéphane Duchon, David Carrasco, Mara Cristina Pinto, Vincent Corbel, Marlus Chorilli","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081096","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aedes mosquito-borne diseases remain a significant global health threat, necessitating effective control strategies. This study introduces monoterpenes-based nanohydrogels for potential use as repellents against <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, the primary dengue vector worldwide. We formulated hydrogels using cymene- and myrcene-based nanoemulsions with different polymers: chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and carbopol<sup>®</sup>. Our evaluations of rheological, texture, and bioadhesive properties identified CMC hydrogel as the most promising gelling agent for topical application, exhibiting sustained monoterpene release over 12 h with low skin permeation and high retention in the stratum corneum. Myrcene-loaded CMC hydrogel achieved a 57% feeding deterrence compared to 47% with cymene hydrogel in the mosquito membrane-feeding model. Molecular docking studies revealed interactions between myrcene and an essential amino acid (Ile116) in the <i>Ae. aegypti</i> odorant-binding protein 22 (AeOBP22), corroborating its higher repellent efficacy. These findings suggest that myrcene-loaded CMC hydrogels offer a promising, minimally invasive strategy for personal protection against <i>Ae. aegypti</i> and warrant further investigation to optimize monoterpene concentrations for vector control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A lack of strategies for the utilization of harvest residues (HRs) has led to serious environmental problems due to an accumulation of these residues or their burning in the field. In this study, wheat and corn HRs were used as feedstock for the production of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by treatment with 2-8% sodium hydroxide, 10% hydrogen peroxide and further hydrolysis with 1-2 M hydrochloric acid. The changes in the FT-IR spectra and PXRD diffractograms after chemical treatment confirmed the removal of most of the lignin, hemicellulose and amorphous fraction of cellulose. A higher degree of crystallinity was observed for MCC obtained from corn HRs, which was attributed to a more efficient removal of lignin and hemicellulose by a higher sodium hydroxide concentration, which facilitates the dissolution of amorphous cellulose during acid hydrolysis. MCC obtained from HRs exhibited lower bulk density and poorer flow properties but similar or better tableting properties compared to commercial MCC (CeolusTM PH101). The lower ejection and detachment stress suggests that MCC isolated from HRs requires less lubricant compared to commercial MCC. This study showed that MCC isolated from wheat and corn HRs exhibits comparable tableting behaviour like commercial sample, further supporting this type of agricultural waste utilization.
{"title":"From Field to Pharmacy: Isolation, Characterization and Tableting Behaviour of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wheat and Corn Harvest Residues.","authors":"Djordje Medarević, Maša Čežek, Aleksandar Knežević, Erna Turković, Tanja Barudžija, Stevan Samardžić, Zoran Maksimović","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081090","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A lack of strategies for the utilization of harvest residues (HRs) has led to serious environmental problems due to an accumulation of these residues or their burning in the field. In this study, wheat and corn HRs were used as feedstock for the production of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by treatment with 2-8% sodium hydroxide, 10% hydrogen peroxide and further hydrolysis with 1-2 M hydrochloric acid. The changes in the FT-IR spectra and PXRD diffractograms after chemical treatment confirmed the removal of most of the lignin, hemicellulose and amorphous fraction of cellulose. A higher degree of crystallinity was observed for MCC obtained from corn HRs, which was attributed to a more efficient removal of lignin and hemicellulose by a higher sodium hydroxide concentration, which facilitates the dissolution of amorphous cellulose during acid hydrolysis. MCC obtained from HRs exhibited lower bulk density and poorer flow properties but similar or better tableting properties compared to commercial MCC (Ceolus<sup>TM</sup> PH101). The lower ejection and detachment stress suggests that MCC isolated from HRs requires less lubricant compared to commercial MCC. This study showed that MCC isolated from wheat and corn HRs exhibits comparable tableting behaviour like commercial sample, further supporting this type of agricultural waste utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11359045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081088
Steffen Wirth, Martin Schöler, Jonas Brügmann, Claudia S Leopold
In the present study with a novel two-chamber setup (TCS) for dustiness investigations, the relationship between pressure differences as well as air velocities and the resulting dust emissions is investigated. The dust emissions of six particle size fractions of acetaminophen at pressure differences between 0 and 12 Pa are examined. The results show that both simulated and measured air velocities increase with increasing pressure difference. Dust emissions decrease significantly with increasing pressure difference and air velocity. Fine particles cause higher dust emissions than coarse particles. A high goodness of fit is obtained with exponential and quadratic functions to describe the relationship between pressure difference and dust emission, indicating that even moderate increases in pressure may lead to a reduction in the emission. Average air velocities within the TCS simulated with Computational Fluid Dynamics are between 0.09 and 0.37 m/s, whereas those measured experimentally are between 0.09 and 0.41 m/s, both ranges corresponding to the recommended values for effective particle separation in containment systems. These results underline the ability of the novel TCS to control pressure and airflow, which is essential for reliable dust emission measurements and thus provide support for further scientific and industrial applications.
{"title":"An Investigation on the Relationship between Dust Emission and Air Flow as Well as Particle Size with a Novel Containment Two-Chamber Setup.","authors":"Steffen Wirth, Martin Schöler, Jonas Brügmann, Claudia S Leopold","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081088","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study with a novel two-chamber setup (TCS) for dustiness investigations, the relationship between pressure differences as well as air velocities and the resulting dust emissions is investigated. The dust emissions of six particle size fractions of acetaminophen at pressure differences between 0 and 12 Pa are examined. The results show that both simulated and measured air velocities increase with increasing pressure difference. Dust emissions decrease significantly with increasing pressure difference and air velocity. Fine particles cause higher dust emissions than coarse particles. A high goodness of fit is obtained with exponential and quadratic functions to describe the relationship between pressure difference and dust emission, indicating that even moderate increases in pressure may lead to a reduction in the emission. Average air velocities within the TCS simulated with Computational Fluid Dynamics are between 0.09 and 0.37 m/s, whereas those measured experimentally are between 0.09 and 0.41 m/s, both ranges corresponding to the recommended values for effective particle separation in containment systems. These results underline the ability of the novel TCS to control pressure and airflow, which is essential for reliable dust emission measurements and thus provide support for further scientific and industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11359288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081093
Robert Krysiak, Karolina Kowalcze, Witold Szkróbka, Bogusław Okopień
Metformin inhibits enhanced secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. Its impact on prolactin and gonadotropin concentrations is absent in individuals with hypovitaminosis D. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate whether vitamin D status determines the effect of metformin on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity in levothyroxine-naïve women. The study included three groups of women of reproductive age with subclinical non-autoimmune hypothyroidism, which were matched for age, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration, and insulin sensitivity: untreated women with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency (group A), women effectively supplemented with exogenous calciferol (group B), and untreated women with normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25OHD) (group C). Owing to concomitant type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, all subjects were treated with metformin. Concentrations of 25OHD, TSH, total and free thyroid hormones, glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), prolactin, and peripheral markers of thyroid hormone action were assayed before metformin treatment and six months later. Based on hormone concentration, structure parameters of thyroid homeostasis were calculated. Except for 25OHD concentrations, there were no between-group differences in baseline values of the measured variables. Metformin reduced glucose, the homeostatic model assessment 1 of insulin resistance ratio (HOMA1-IR), and HbA1c in all study group, but these effects were less pronounced in group A than in the remaining groups. The reduction in TSH and Jostel's index was observed only in groups B and C, and its degree correlated with baseline TSH concentrations, baseline 25OHD concentrations, and the degree of improvement in HOMA1-IR. The drug did not affect circulating levels of 25OHD, free and total thyroid hormones, prolactin, other structure parameters of thyroid homeostasis, and markers of thyroid hormone action. The obtained results allow us to conclude that low vitamin D status in young women mitigates the impact of metformin on thyrotroph secretory function.
二甲双胍可抑制垂体前叶激素分泌的增强。这项前瞻性队列研究的目的是探讨二甲双胍对左旋甲状腺素无效女性下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴活动的影响。该研究包括三组亚临床非自身免疫性甲状腺功能减退症育龄妇女,她们的年龄、促甲状腺激素(TSH)浓度和胰岛素敏感性均匹配:维生素 D 缺乏/不足的未治疗妇女(A 组)、有效补充外源性钙化醇的妇女(B 组)和 25- 羟维生素 D 浓度(25OHD)正常的未治疗妇女(C 组)。由于同时患有 2 型糖尿病或糖尿病前期,所有受试者都接受了二甲双胍治疗。在二甲双胍治疗前和六个月后,检测了25OHD、促甲状腺激素、总甲状腺激素和游离甲状腺激素、葡萄糖、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、催乳素和甲状腺激素作用的外周标志物的浓度。根据激素浓度计算甲状腺稳态的结构参数。除25OHD浓度外,其他测量变量的基线值在组间无差异。二甲双胍降低了所有研究组的血糖、胰岛素抵抗同态模型评估1比值(HOMA1-IR)和HbA1c,但A组的效果不如其他组明显。仅在 B 组和 C 组观察到促甲状腺激素和乔斯特指数的降低,其降低程度与促甲状腺激素基线浓度、25OHD 基线浓度和 HOMA1-IR 的改善程度相关。该药物不影响 25OHD、游离甲状腺激素和总甲状腺激素、催乳素的循环水平、甲状腺稳态的其他结构参数以及甲状腺激素作用的标志物。根据所获得的结果,我们可以得出结论:年轻女性体内维生素D含量低会减轻二甲双胍对甲状腺分泌功能的影响。
{"title":"The Association between Vitamin D Status and the Impact of Metformin on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Activity in Women with Subclinical Hypothyroidism.","authors":"Robert Krysiak, Karolina Kowalcze, Witold Szkróbka, Bogusław Okopień","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081093","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metformin inhibits enhanced secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. Its impact on prolactin and gonadotropin concentrations is absent in individuals with hypovitaminosis D. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate whether vitamin D status determines the effect of metformin on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity in levothyroxine-naïve women. The study included three groups of women of reproductive age with subclinical non-autoimmune hypothyroidism, which were matched for age, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration, and insulin sensitivity: untreated women with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency (group A), women effectively supplemented with exogenous calciferol (group B), and untreated women with normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25OHD) (group C). Owing to concomitant type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, all subjects were treated with metformin. Concentrations of 25OHD, TSH, total and free thyroid hormones, glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>), prolactin, and peripheral markers of thyroid hormone action were assayed before metformin treatment and six months later. Based on hormone concentration, structure parameters of thyroid homeostasis were calculated. Except for 25OHD concentrations, there were no between-group differences in baseline values of the measured variables. Metformin reduced glucose, the homeostatic model assessment 1 of insulin resistance ratio (HOMA1-IR), and HbA<sub>1c</sub> in all study group, but these effects were less pronounced in group A than in the remaining groups. The reduction in TSH and Jostel's index was observed only in groups B and C, and its degree correlated with baseline TSH concentrations, baseline 25OHD concentrations, and the degree of improvement in HOMA1-IR. The drug did not affect circulating levels of 25OHD, free and total thyroid hormones, prolactin, other structure parameters of thyroid homeostasis, and markers of thyroid hormone action. The obtained results allow us to conclude that low vitamin D status in young women mitigates the impact of metformin on thyrotroph secretory function.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081091
Guillaume Drevin, Maria Pena-Martin, Aurélien Bauduin, Antoine Baudriller, Marie Briet, Chadi Abbara
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic amphetamine derivative with notable psychoactive properties and emerging therapeutic potential, particularly for treating post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and substance use disorders. However, its use remains controversial due to inter-individual variability influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. In this context, pharmacogenomics could play a crucial role in guiding MDMA treatment by identifying individuals with genetic predispositions affecting their response to MDMA. Tailoring treatment plans based on individual's genetic makeup may enhance therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects, leading to safer and more effective use of MDMA in clinical settings. Literature analysis reveals that the influence of genetic variants within genes encoded for enzymes involved in MDMA metabolism and/or pharmacodynamics (PD) targets have been relatively under-investigated in humans. Some studies have pointed out associations between MDMA-induced effects and polymorphisms. For example, the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism has been associated with cognitive and cardiovascular MDMA-induced effects. Similarly, polymorphisms in the serotonin-linked promoter region (5HTTLPR) have been associated with several MDMA-induced adverse effects including mood disorders. However, despite these findings, only a few associations have been highlighted. Furthermore, some genes encoded for MDMA targets have been only poorly investigated, representing a significant research gap. These observations underscore the need for large-scale, controlled pharmacogenomics studies focusing on a broad panel of genes involved into MDMA pharmacokinetics and PD. Such studies could provide critical insights for optimizing MDMA's therapeutic use and minimizing its risks.
{"title":"Pharmacogenomics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): A Narrative Review of the Literature.","authors":"Guillaume Drevin, Maria Pena-Martin, Aurélien Bauduin, Antoine Baudriller, Marie Briet, Chadi Abbara","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081091","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic amphetamine derivative with notable psychoactive properties and emerging therapeutic potential, particularly for treating post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and substance use disorders. However, its use remains controversial due to inter-individual variability influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. In this context, pharmacogenomics could play a crucial role in guiding MDMA treatment by identifying individuals with genetic predispositions affecting their response to MDMA. Tailoring treatment plans based on individual's genetic makeup may enhance therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects, leading to safer and more effective use of MDMA in clinical settings. Literature analysis reveals that the influence of genetic variants within genes encoded for enzymes involved in MDMA metabolism and/or pharmacodynamics (PD) targets have been relatively under-investigated in humans. Some studies have pointed out associations between MDMA-induced effects and polymorphisms. For example, the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism has been associated with cognitive and cardiovascular MDMA-induced effects. Similarly, polymorphisms in the serotonin-linked promoter region (5HTTLPR) have been associated with several MDMA-induced adverse effects including mood disorders. However, despite these findings, only a few associations have been highlighted. Furthermore, some genes encoded for MDMA targets have been only poorly investigated, representing a significant research gap. These observations underscore the need for large-scale, controlled pharmacogenomics studies focusing on a broad panel of genes involved into MDMA pharmacokinetics and PD. Such studies could provide critical insights for optimizing MDMA's therapeutic use and minimizing its risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11359928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081092
Negar Beirampour, Paola Bustos-Salgado, Núria Garrós, Roya Mohammadi-Meyabadi, Òscar Domènech, Joaquim Suñer-Carbó, María José Rodríguez-Lagunas, Garyfallia Kapravelou, María Jesús Montes, Ana Calpena, Mireia Mallandrich
Topical ocular drug delivery faces several challenges due to the eye's unique anatomy and physiology. Physiological barriers, tear turnover, and blinking hinder the penetration of drugs through the ocular mucosa. In this context, nanoparticles offer several advantages over traditional eye drops. Notably, they can improve drug solubility and bioavailability, allow for controlled and sustained drug release, and can be designed to specifically target ocular tissues, thus minimizing systemic exposure. This study successfully designed and optimized PLGA and PCL nanoparticles for delivering baricitinib (BTB) to the eye using a factorial design, specifically a three-factor at five-levels central rotatable composite 23+ star design. The nanoparticles were small in size so that they would not cause discomfort when applied to the eye. They exhibited low polydispersity, had a negative surface charge, and showed high entrapment efficiency in most of the optimized formulations. The Challenge Test assessed the microbiological safety of the nanoparticle formulations. An ex vivo permeation study through porcine cornea demonstrated that the nanoparticles enhanced the permeability coefficient of the drug more than 15-fold compared to a plain solution, resulting in drug retention in the tissue and providing a depot effect. Finally, the in vitro ocular tolerance studies showed no signs of irritancy, which was further confirmed by HET-CAM testing.
{"title":"Formulation of Polymeric Nanoparticles Loading Baricitinib as a Topical Approach in Ocular Application.","authors":"Negar Beirampour, Paola Bustos-Salgado, Núria Garrós, Roya Mohammadi-Meyabadi, Òscar Domènech, Joaquim Suñer-Carbó, María José Rodríguez-Lagunas, Garyfallia Kapravelou, María Jesús Montes, Ana Calpena, Mireia Mallandrich","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081092","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Topical ocular drug delivery faces several challenges due to the eye's unique anatomy and physiology. Physiological barriers, tear turnover, and blinking hinder the penetration of drugs through the ocular mucosa. In this context, nanoparticles offer several advantages over traditional eye drops. Notably, they can improve drug solubility and bioavailability, allow for controlled and sustained drug release, and can be designed to specifically target ocular tissues, thus minimizing systemic exposure. This study successfully designed and optimized PLGA and PCL nanoparticles for delivering baricitinib (BTB) to the eye using a factorial design, specifically a three-factor at five-levels central rotatable composite 2<sup>3+</sup> star design. The nanoparticles were small in size so that they would not cause discomfort when applied to the eye. They exhibited low polydispersity, had a negative surface charge, and showed high entrapment efficiency in most of the optimized formulations. The Challenge Test assessed the microbiological safety of the nanoparticle formulations. An ex vivo permeation study through porcine cornea demonstrated that the nanoparticles enhanced the permeability coefficient of the drug more than 15-fold compared to a plain solution, resulting in drug retention in the tissue and providing a depot effect. Finally, the in vitro ocular tolerance studies showed no signs of irritancy, which was further confirmed by HET-CAM testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081089
Sihang Zhang, Sheng Yu, Jingwen Sun, Teng Huang, Hongzheng Lin, Zhe Li, Zeyu Xiao, Wei Lu
Gold-based nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging show great potential for precise tumor detection and photothermal therapy (PTT). However, the metabolizability of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) raises big concerns. Herein, we designed a core-shelled nanostructure of copper sulfide (CuS)-coated Au NPs with surface pegylation (PEG-Au@CuS NSs). The excreted Au in the gallbladders at 1 h and 4 h in mice injected with PEG-Au@CuS NSs was 8.2- and 19.1-fold of that with the pegylated Au NPs (PEG-AuNPs) of the same Au particle size, respectively. By loading the Raman reporter 3,3'-Diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC) in the core-shell junction of PEG-Au@CuS NSs, the PEG-Au-DTTC@CuS NSs exhibited the Raman signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 4.01 after 24 h of intravenous (IV) injection in the mice bearing an orthotopic CT26-Luc colon tumor. By contrast, the DTTC-coated PEG-AuNPs (PEG-Au-DTTC NPs) achieved an S/N ratio of 2.71. Moreover, PEG-Au-DTTC@CuS NSs exhibited an increased photothermal conversion effect compared with PEG-Au-DTTC NPs excited with an 808-nm laser. PEG-Au-DTTC@CuS NSs enabled intraoperative SERS image-guided photothermal therapy for a complete cure of the colon tumor-bearing mice. Our data demonstrated that the PEG-Au-DTTC@CuS NSs are promising intraoperative Raman image-guided theranostic nanoplatform with enhanced hepatobiliary excretion.
{"title":"Au@CuS Nanoshells for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Image-Guided Tumor Photothermal Therapy with Accelerated Hepatobiliary Excretion.","authors":"Sihang Zhang, Sheng Yu, Jingwen Sun, Teng Huang, Hongzheng Lin, Zhe Li, Zeyu Xiao, Wei Lu","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081089","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gold-based nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging show great potential for precise tumor detection and photothermal therapy (PTT). However, the metabolizability of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) raises big concerns. Herein, we designed a core-shelled nanostructure of copper sulfide (CuS)-coated Au NPs with surface pegylation (PEG-Au@CuS NSs). The excreted Au in the gallbladders at 1 h and 4 h in mice injected with PEG-Au@CuS NSs was 8.2- and 19.1-fold of that with the pegylated Au NPs (PEG-AuNPs) of the same Au particle size, respectively. By loading the Raman reporter 3,3'-Diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC) in the core-shell junction of PEG-Au@CuS NSs, the PEG-Au-DTTC@CuS NSs exhibited the Raman signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 4.01 after 24 h of intravenous (IV) injection in the mice bearing an orthotopic CT26-Luc colon tumor. By contrast, the DTTC-coated PEG-AuNPs (PEG-Au-DTTC NPs) achieved an S/N ratio of 2.71. Moreover, PEG-Au-DTTC@CuS NSs exhibited an increased photothermal conversion effect compared with PEG-Au-DTTC NPs excited with an 808-nm laser. PEG-Au-DTTC@CuS NSs enabled intraoperative SERS image-guided photothermal therapy for a complete cure of the colon tumor-bearing mice. Our data demonstrated that the PEG-Au-DTTC@CuS NSs are promising intraoperative Raman image-guided theranostic nanoplatform with enhanced hepatobiliary excretion.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081094
Luis Apaza Ticona, Ana Martínez Noguerón, Javier Sánchez Sánchez-Corral, Natalia Montoto Lozano, Monserrat Ortega Domenech
This study reports for the first time the isolation of four diterpenoid compounds: 15-Hydroxy-12-oxo-abietic acid (1), 12α-hydroxyabietic acid (2), (-)-Jolkinolide E (3), and 15-Hydroxydehydroabietic acid (4) from Clinopodium bolivianum (C. bolivianum). The findings demonstrate that both the dichloromethane/methanol (DCMECB) extract of C. bolivianum and the isolated compounds exhibit significant anti-inflammatory (inhibition of NF-κB activation), antibacterial (primarily against Gram-positive bacteria), and anti-biofilm (primarily against Gram-negative bacteria) activities. Among the isolated diterpenes, compounds 3 and 4 showed notable anti-inflammatory effects, with IC50 values of 17.98 μM and 23.96 μM for compound 3, and 10.79 μM and 17.37 μM for compound 4, in the HBEC3-KT and MRC-5 cell lines. Regarding their antibacterial activity, compounds 3 and 4 were particularly effective, with MIC values of 0.53-1.09 μM and 2.06-4.06 μM, respectively, against the S. pneumoniae and S. aureus Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, these compounds demonstrated significant anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities, especially against Gram-negative bacteria (H. influenzae and L. pneumophila). We also explain how compound 3 (BIC = 1.50-2.07 μM, Anti-QS = 0.31-0.64 μM) interferes with quorum sensing due to its structural homology with AHLs, while compound 4 (BIC = 4.65-7.15 μM, Anti-QS = 1.21-2.39 μM) destabilises bacterial membranes due to the presence and position of its hydroxyl groups. These results support the traditional use of C. bolivianum against respiratory infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, given the increasing antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation by these bacteria, there is a pressing need for the development of new, more active compounds. In this context, compounds 3 and 4 isolated from C. bolivianum offer promising potential for the development of a library of new, more potent, and selective drugs.
{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities of the Diterpenes Isolated from <i>Clinopodium bolivianum</i>.","authors":"Luis Apaza Ticona, Ana Martínez Noguerón, Javier Sánchez Sánchez-Corral, Natalia Montoto Lozano, Monserrat Ortega Domenech","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081094","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16081094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reports for the first time the isolation of four diterpenoid compounds: 15-Hydroxy-12-oxo-abietic acid (<b>1</b>), 12<i>α</i>-hydroxyabietic acid (<b>2</b>), (-)-Jolkinolide E (<b>3</b>), and 15-Hydroxydehydroabietic acid (<b>4</b>) from <i>Clinopodium bolivianum</i> (<i>C. bolivianum</i>). The findings demonstrate that both the dichloromethane/methanol (DCMECB) extract of <i>C. bolivianum</i> and the isolated compounds exhibit significant anti-inflammatory (inhibition of NF-κB activation), antibacterial (primarily against Gram-positive bacteria), and anti-biofilm (primarily against Gram-negative bacteria) activities. Among the isolated diterpenes, compounds <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> showed notable anti-inflammatory effects, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 17.98 μM and 23.96 μM for compound <b>3</b>, and 10.79 μM and 17.37 μM for compound <b>4</b>, in the HBEC3-KT and MRC-5 cell lines. Regarding their antibacterial activity, compounds <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> were particularly effective, with MIC values of 0.53-1.09 μM and 2.06-4.06 μM, respectively, against the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, these compounds demonstrated significant anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities, especially against Gram-negative bacteria (<i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>L. pneumophila</i>). We also explain how compound <b>3</b> (BIC = 1.50-2.07 μM, Anti-QS = 0.31-0.64 μM) interferes with quorum sensing due to its structural homology with AHLs, while compound <b>4</b> (BIC = 4.65-7.15 μM, Anti-QS = 1.21-2.39 μM) destabilises bacterial membranes due to the presence and position of its hydroxyl groups. These results support the traditional use of <i>C. bolivianum</i> against respiratory infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, given the increasing antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation by these bacteria, there is a pressing need for the development of new, more active compounds. In this context, compounds <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> isolated from <i>C. bolivianum</i> offer promising potential for the development of a library of new, more potent, and selective drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}