Pub Date : 2011-11-01DOI: 10.1108/01437721311319638
Corrado Giulietti, M. Guzi, M. Kahanec, K. Zimmermann
The paper studies the impact of unemployment benefits on immigration. A sample of 19 European countries observed over the period 1993 to 2008 is used to test the hypothesis that unemployment benefit spending (UBS) is correlated with immigration flows from EU and non-EU origins. While OLS estimates reveal the existence of a moderate correlation for non-EU immigrants only, IV and GMM techniques used to address endogeneity issues yield, respectively, a much smaller and an essentially zero causal impact of UBS on immigration. All estimates for immigrants from EU origins indicate that flows within the EU are not related to unemployment benefit generosity. This suggests that the so-called 'welfare migration' debate is misguided and not based on empirical evidence.
{"title":"Unemployment Benefits and Immigration: Evidence from the EU","authors":"Corrado Giulietti, M. Guzi, M. Kahanec, K. Zimmermann","doi":"10.1108/01437721311319638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721311319638","url":null,"abstract":"The paper studies the impact of unemployment benefits on immigration. A sample of 19 European countries observed over the period 1993 to 2008 is used to test the hypothesis that unemployment benefit spending (UBS) is correlated with immigration flows from EU and non-EU origins. While OLS estimates reveal the existence of a moderate correlation for non-EU immigrants only, IV and GMM techniques used to address endogeneity issues yield, respectively, a much smaller and an essentially zero causal impact of UBS on immigration. All estimates for immigrants from EU origins indicate that flows within the EU are not related to unemployment benefit generosity. This suggests that the so-called 'welfare migration' debate is misguided and not based on empirical evidence.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121357931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many EU states have adjusted pension benefits or reformed the pension system in reaction to the recent economic crisis, while other member states have postponed this type of adjustments. In this paper we analyse the welfare effects of these different reactions to the crisis in an economic union. We show that flexible pension schemes spread the burden of the crisis more evenly over various generations. As production factors are mobile within an economic union, differences in pension adjustments lead to international spillover effects. In particular, countries that respond quickly to the crisis may be harmed by the lingering in other member states. We show that the extent to which this is the case depends crucially on the degree of labour mobility in the short run.
{"title":"Crisis and Pension System Design in the EU: Intergenerational Redistribution and International Spillover Effects Via Factor Mobility","authors":"Igor Fedotenkov, A. C. Meíjdam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1964639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1964639","url":null,"abstract":"Many EU states have adjusted pension benefits or reformed the pension system in reaction to the recent economic crisis, while other member states have postponed this type of adjustments. In this paper we analyse the welfare effects of these different reactions to the crisis in an economic union. We show that flexible pension schemes spread the burden of the crisis more evenly over various generations. As production factors are mobile within an economic union, differences in pension adjustments lead to international spillover effects. In particular, countries that respond quickly to the crisis may be harmed by the lingering in other member states. We show that the extent to which this is the case depends crucially on the degree of labour mobility in the short run.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125531220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The economic and social trajectory of artisan labour in a rapidly growing economy is one characterised by deep transformations. In many cases, such transformation involves a general decline. One of the main reasons is the loss of market share as a consequence of competition from mass-produced goods. This leads to a reduction in the number of artisans working as independent producers, and a transformation of the production process into one characterised by property-less workers and owners of capital resources. Evidence emerging from one of the largest artisan communities in India seems to confirm this general trajectory. Whether this is a necessary outcome of growth needs to be questioned. The paper draws on findings emerging from the study of the art metalware industry in Moradabad, India, in order to explore the mechanisms that explain why artisans are increasingly being pushed into poverty. The paper also presents some conclusions concerning the shortcomings of government policy. It shows that the problem lies not only in generating more income at the level of the industry as a whole. It also lies in the mechanisms that determine how total income is distributed within the industry. Findings from the industry in Moradabad show that the issue of income distribution is not automatically resolved through higher productivity and market access. A broader vision on the issue of poverty alleviation amongst artisan communities is therefore warranted.
{"title":"A Story of (Foretold) Decline: Artisan Labour in India","authors":"Natalie Gupta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1903855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1903855","url":null,"abstract":"The economic and social trajectory of artisan labour in a rapidly growing economy is one characterised by deep transformations. In many cases, such transformation involves a general decline. One of the main reasons is the loss of market share as a consequence of competition from mass-produced goods. This leads to a reduction in the number of artisans working as independent producers, and a transformation of the production process into one characterised by property-less workers and owners of capital resources. Evidence emerging from one of the largest artisan communities in India seems to confirm this general trajectory. Whether this is a necessary outcome of growth needs to be questioned. The paper draws on findings emerging from the study of the art metalware industry in Moradabad, India, in order to explore the mechanisms that explain why artisans are increasingly being pushed into poverty. The paper also presents some conclusions concerning the shortcomings of government policy. It shows that the problem lies not only in generating more income at the level of the industry as a whole. It also lies in the mechanisms that determine how total income is distributed within the industry. Findings from the industry in Moradabad show that the issue of income distribution is not automatically resolved through higher productivity and market access. A broader vision on the issue of poverty alleviation amongst artisan communities is therefore warranted.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131378683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is not difficult to document the fact that many segments of our society extol the virtues of unionism, as commonly practiced. Some people defend unions as a means of promoting employment. Others feel that "social justice" is a sufficient warrant for this curious institution. So deeply embedded in our folkways is the concept that unions are legitimate institutions that many mainline religious organizations have even gone so far as to invite them to organize their own Church employees - on what they see as moral grounds.
{"title":"Labor Relations, Unions and Collective Bargaining: A Political Economic Analysis","authors":"W. Block","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1884495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1884495","url":null,"abstract":"It is not difficult to document the fact that many segments of our society extol the virtues of unionism, as commonly practiced. Some people defend unions as a means of promoting employment. Others feel that \"social justice\" is a sufficient warrant for this curious institution. So deeply embedded in our folkways is the concept that unions are legitimate institutions that many mainline religious organizations have even gone so far as to invite them to organize their own Church employees - on what they see as moral grounds.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125467657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Before the 90s, men’s employment careers in East and West Germany were quite similar, despite their widely differing institutional settings. Before reunification, employment biographies were mainly dominated by full-time employment in both East and West. After 1989 the GDR was incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany and almost all East German institutions were supplanted by adapted West German institutions. In the present paper we use SOEP data to analyze whether the East German labor market has converged completely with that of West Germany, following the same pattern of flexibilization and de-standardization, or if East Germany has even overtaken the West in this regard. We observe evidence of inhomogenization and pluralization in employment biographies in both regions. However, these trends are more pronounced in East Germany. As a result, employment biographies of younger men are more pluralized and less homogeneous in East Germany than in the West.
{"title":"The Double German Transformation: Changing Male Employment Patterns in East and West Germany","authors":"J. Simonson, Laura Romeo Gordo, Nadiya Kelle","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1914244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1914244","url":null,"abstract":"Before the 90s, men’s employment careers in East and West Germany were quite similar, despite their widely differing institutional settings. Before reunification, employment biographies were mainly dominated by full-time employment in both East and West. After 1989 the GDR was incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany and almost all East German institutions were supplanted by adapted West German institutions. In the present paper we use SOEP data to analyze whether the East German labor market has converged completely with that of West Germany, following the same pattern of flexibilization and de-standardization, or if East Germany has even overtaken the West in this regard. We observe evidence of inhomogenization and pluralization in employment biographies in both regions. However, these trends are more pronounced in East Germany. As a result, employment biographies of younger men are more pluralized and less homogeneous in East Germany than in the West.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133126046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-28DOI: 10.1108/01425451111142693
R. Kapeliushnikov, A. Kuznetsov, O. Kuznetsova
We establish a link between inefficient enforcement and the emergence of compensating institutional arrangements on the one side and the unusually broad implementation of flexible working time and flexible pay on the other as a crucial factor that made the stabilisation of employment in Russia possible.
{"title":"Diversity within Capitalism: The Russian Labour Market Model","authors":"R. Kapeliushnikov, A. Kuznetsov, O. Kuznetsova","doi":"10.1108/01425451111142693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01425451111142693","url":null,"abstract":"We establish a link between inefficient enforcement and the emergence of compensating institutional arrangements on the one side and the unusually broad implementation of flexible working time and flexible pay on the other as a crucial factor that made the stabilisation of employment in Russia possible.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"318 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123686847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1564-9148.2011.00112.X
Reza Hasmath
Valiendose de datos del censo y de entrevistas personales, el autor estudia las experiencias laborales de los trabajadores y solicitantes de empleo de Pekin pertenecientes a minorias etnicas. Los datos del mercado de trabajo indican que estas personas se hallan en desventaja respecto de la etnia han, que es la dominante, sobre todo en el acceso a los puestos mas cualificados y mejor remunerados. Las comprobaciones del autor dejan entrever que ello puede achacarse a las lagunas de que adolece el orden laboral y que fomentan la dependencia de las redes sociales en este terreno.Drawing on micro-level census data and interviews with individual workers and employers, this article examines the job-search, hiring and promotion experiences of ethnic minority workers and job seekers in Beijing. Labor market data indicate that ethnic minorities are at a disadvantage relative to the dominant Han ethnic group, particularly when it comes to employment in high-wage, skilled jobs. The evidence provided here suggests this may be attributable to gaps in the institutional framework that encourage reliance on social-network capital for job search, hiring and promotion.The English version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2211233Winner of the Society for the Study of Social Problems’ Poverty, Class, and Inequality Division Paper Award
本文利用人口普查数据和个人访谈，研究了北京少数民族工人和求职者的工作经历。劳动力市场数据表明，与占主导地位的汉族相比，这些人处于不利地位，特别是在获得更高技能和更高报酬的工作方面。作者的研究表明，这可能是由于工作秩序的缺陷，并鼓励在这一领域对社交网络的依赖。本文利用微观人口普查数据和对个别工人和雇主的访谈，考察了北京少数民族工人和求职者的求职、招聘和晋升经验。劳动力市场数据表明，少数民族相对于占主导地位的汉族群体处于不利地位，特别是在高薪、技术工作方面。这里提供的证据表明，这可能是由于鼓励依靠社会网络资本进行求职、招聘和晋升的体制框架存在差距。本文的英文版本可在以下网址找到:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2211233the Society for The Study of Social Problems ' Poverty, Class, and Inequality Division paper Award
{"title":"De La Búsqueda De Empleo Al Ascenso: Experiencias De Las Minorías Étnicas En Pekín (From Job Search to Hiring to Promotion: The Labour Market Experiences of Ethnic Minorities in Beijing)","authors":"Reza Hasmath","doi":"10.1111/J.1564-9148.2011.00112.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1564-9148.2011.00112.X","url":null,"abstract":"Valiendose de datos del censo y de entrevistas personales, el autor estudia las experiencias laborales de los trabajadores y solicitantes de empleo de Pekin pertenecientes a minorias etnicas. Los datos del mercado de trabajo indican que estas personas se hallan en desventaja respecto de la etnia han, que es la dominante, sobre todo en el acceso a los puestos mas cualificados y mejor remunerados. Las comprobaciones del autor dejan entrever que ello puede achacarse a las lagunas de que adolece el orden laboral y que fomentan la dependencia de las redes sociales en este terreno.Drawing on micro-level census data and interviews with individual workers and employers, this article examines the job-search, hiring and promotion experiences of ethnic minority workers and job seekers in Beijing. Labor market data indicate that ethnic minorities are at a disadvantage relative to the dominant Han ethnic group, particularly when it comes to employment in high-wage, skilled jobs. The evidence provided here suggests this may be attributable to gaps in the institutional framework that encourage reliance on social-network capital for job search, hiring and promotion.The English version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2211233Winner of the Society for the Study of Social Problems’ Poverty, Class, and Inequality Division Paper Award","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129605869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with the issues of unemployment in Russia.
本文论述了俄罗斯的失业问题。
{"title":"Unemployment and New Lines of Inclusion of the Unemployed in Employment in Russia","authors":"S. Misikhina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2179643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2179643","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the issues of unemployment in Russia.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114626700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the impact on employment and wages of liberalization in selected services subsectors (banking, distribution, and telecommunications) in the Philippines from 1991 to 2004. On the assumption that value-added effects arise from service liberalization that subsequently increase productivity in other sectors and influence changes in average wages across industries, results indicate that liberalization may have potentially harmed more vulnerable populations that are less educated, and created greater opportunities for employment in good jobs for higher-skilled males relative to females. This suggests the need for policies to support education, as the Philippine economic structure shifts away from primary and secondary sector production, which typically requires a higher skilled and more educated labor force. Greater disaggregation of the data along the lines of gender, education, occupation, and employment status highlights the usefulness of careful policy analysis in designing programs to redress distributional imbalances that accompany liberalization and structural transformation.
{"title":"Services Liberalization and Wage Inequality in the Philippines","authors":"Glenita V. Amoranto, Douglas Brooks, Natalie Chun","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1761698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1761698","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact on employment and wages of liberalization in selected services subsectors (banking, distribution, and telecommunications) in the Philippines from 1991 to 2004. On the assumption that value-added effects arise from service liberalization that subsequently increase productivity in other sectors and influence changes in average wages across industries, results indicate that liberalization may have potentially harmed more vulnerable populations that are less educated, and created greater opportunities for employment in good jobs for higher-skilled males relative to females. This suggests the need for policies to support education, as the Philippine economic structure shifts away from primary and secondary sector production, which typically requires a higher skilled and more educated labor force. Greater disaggregation of the data along the lines of gender, education, occupation, and employment status highlights the usefulness of careful policy analysis in designing programs to redress distributional imbalances that accompany liberalization and structural transformation.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123390832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the remarkable improvement of female labor market characteristics, a sizeable gender wage gap exists in Colombia. We employ quantile regression techniques to examine the degree to which current small differences in the distribution of observable characteristics can explain the gender gap. We find that the gap is largely explained by gender differences in the rewards to labor market characteristics and not by differences in the distribution of characteristics. We claim that Colombian women experience both a “glass ceiling effect’’ and also (what we call) a “quicksand floor effect” because gender differences in returns to characteristics primarily affect women at the top and the bottom of the distribution. Also, self selection into the labor force is crucial for gender gaps: if all women participated in the labor force, the observed gap would be roughly 50% larger at all quantiles.
{"title":"Decomposing the Gender Wage Gap with Sample Selection Adjustment: Evidence from Colombia","authors":"A. Badel, Ximena Peña","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1699771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1699771","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the remarkable improvement of female labor market characteristics, a sizeable gender wage gap exists in Colombia. We employ quantile regression techniques to examine the degree to which current small differences in the distribution of observable characteristics can explain the gender gap. We find that the gap is largely explained by gender differences in the rewards to labor market characteristics and not by differences in the distribution of characteristics. We claim that Colombian women experience both a “glass ceiling effect’’ and also (what we call) a “quicksand floor effect” because gender differences in returns to characteristics primarily affect women at the top and the bottom of the distribution. Also, self selection into the labor force is crucial for gender gaps: if all women participated in the labor force, the observed gap would be roughly 50% larger at all quantiles.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132675693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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