This paper examines the problems and causes in Chinese labour relations since the implementation of the Labour Contract Law in 2008. The research is based on questionnaires and field interviews with several small and medium-sized labour-intensive private enterprises in Hubei Province. It concludes with policy proposals to improve labour relations in China.
{"title":"The Problems and Reforms of Labour Relations Since the Implementation of Labour Contract Law","authors":"Changcheng Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3118544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3118544","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the problems and causes in Chinese labour relations since the implementation of the Labour Contract Law in 2008. The research is based on questionnaires and field interviews with several small and medium-sized labour-intensive private enterprises in Hubei Province. It concludes with policy proposals to improve labour relations in China.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"69 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131637802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В работе представлены результаты социологического исследования, выполненного Центром социально-политического мониторинга Школы публичной политики и управления Института общественных наук РАНХиГС в 2016 году. Исследование посвящено изучению особенностей и тенденций функционирования некриминальной «теневой» экономики, в частности стимулов и мотивов экономического поведения работников, занятых по найму в сферах официальной и некриминальной «теневой» экономики. Результаты исследования представлены в сопоставлении с результатами социологических опросов, проведенных Центром в предыдущие годы по сопоставимой методике. Основные выводы, полученные по результатам социологического исследования, легли в основу рекомендаций по совершенствованию механизма повышения трудовой и экономической активности работников, занятых по найму, в официальной экономике России, ограничению экономической активности в сфере «теневой» экономики. English Abstract: In a scientific report presents results of a study carried out by the enter of social and political monitoring of the School of Public Policy of RANEPA in 2016. The research is devoted to the study of the characteristics of functioning non-criminal "shadow" economy, in particular the incentives and motivations of economic behavior of workers employed in the areas of formal and non-criminal "shadow" economy. The results are compared with the results of opinion polls conducted by the Centre in the previous years on a comparable method. The main conclusions drawn from the results of sociological research, formed the basis for recommendations to improve the mechanism to increase labor and economic activity in the formal economy in Russia, limiting the economic activity in the "shadow" economy.
{"title":"Стимулы и Мотивы Участия Работников, Занятых По Найму, в Официальной и Некриминальной «Теневой» Экономической Деятельности (Incentives and Motives of Workers Employed in the Areas of Formal and Non-Criminal 'Shadow' Economy)","authors":"A. Pokida, N. Zybunovskaya","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2959363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2959363","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В работе представлены результаты социологического исследования, выполненного Центром социально-политического мониторинга Школы публичной политики и управления Института общественных наук РАНХиГС в 2016 году. Исследование посвящено изучению особенностей и тенденций функционирования некриминальной «теневой» экономики, в частности стимулов и мотивов экономического поведения работников, занятых по найму в сферах официальной и некриминальной «теневой» экономики. Результаты исследования представлены в сопоставлении с результатами социологических опросов, проведенных Центром в предыдущие годы по сопоставимой методике. Основные выводы, полученные по результатам социологического исследования, легли в основу рекомендаций по совершенствованию механизма повышения трудовой и экономической активности работников, занятых по найму, в официальной экономике России, ограничению экономической активности в сфере «теневой» экономики. \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: In a scientific report presents results of a study carried out by the enter of social and political monitoring of the School of Public Policy of RANEPA in 2016. The research is devoted to the study of the characteristics of functioning non-criminal \"shadow\" economy, in particular the incentives and motivations of economic behavior of workers employed in the areas of formal and non-criminal \"shadow\" economy. The results are compared with the results of opinion polls conducted by the Centre in the previous years on a comparable method. The main conclusions drawn from the results of sociological research, formed the basis for recommendations to improve the mechanism to increase labor and economic activity in the formal economy in Russia, limiting the economic activity in the \"shadow\" economy.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123358033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deli Yang, Charles E. Eesley, Xiaocong Tian, Xinyi Yang
The “embedded agency” problem in institutional theory suggests that it is unclear how durable, stable institutions, which are thought to constrain individuals, paradoxically foster agency and variation in individual behavior. We argue that institutions might sometimes enable individual agency by allowing, rather than constraining, individual choice, something we refer to as “institutionalized choice.” This paper explores a natural experiment at Tsinghua University, in which the institution eliminated a constraint, the academic year system, resulting in greater institutionalized choice among students. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that institutionalized choice fostered greater variation in students’ choices in selecting courses and in turn, generated greater entrepreneurial behavior. Furthermore, we find that institutionalized choice can affect individuals in distinct ways, which encourages individuals with middle levels of academic achievement (GPA) to choose more diverse courses relative to those with higher or lower levels.
{"title":"A Natural Experiment on Institutionalized Choice and Individual Entrepreneurial Behavior","authors":"Deli Yang, Charles E. Eesley, Xiaocong Tian, Xinyi Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1884493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1884493","url":null,"abstract":"The “embedded agency” problem in institutional theory suggests that it is unclear how durable, stable institutions, which are thought to constrain individuals, paradoxically foster agency and variation in individual behavior. We argue that institutions might sometimes enable individual agency by allowing, rather than constraining, individual choice, something we refer to as “institutionalized choice.” This paper explores a natural experiment at Tsinghua University, in which the institution eliminated a constraint, the academic year system, resulting in greater institutionalized choice among students. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that institutionalized choice fostered greater variation in students’ choices in selecting courses and in turn, generated greater entrepreneurial behavior. Furthermore, we find that institutionalized choice can affect individuals in distinct ways, which encourages individuals with middle levels of academic achievement (GPA) to choose more diverse courses relative to those with higher or lower levels.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"14 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120822228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While most measures of female empowerment have improved with development, sex ra- tios in many countries have become increasingly male. We exploit countries’ prior history of plough-based agriculture to identify cultural variation in patriarchal norms following Boserup (1970) and Alesina, Giuliano, and Nunn (2013). Using detailed birth records from 76 countries between 1970 and 2010, we show that the cultural legacy of plough use explains a large portion of variation in modern sex ratios, and present evidence that plough countries’ male-skewed sex ratios are achieved through a mix of in-utero sex-selection, son-based stopping rules, and increased mortality suggestive of neglect or infanticide. This cultural bias intensifies with lower fertility, even when controlling for a suite of economic and historical controls, a pattern that is not found in non-plough countries.
虽然大多数赋予妇女权力的措施都随着发展而改善，但许多国家的性别比例却越来越男性化。在Boserup(1970)和Alesina, Giuliano, and Nunn(2013)之后，我们利用各国以前以犁为基础的农业历史来确定父权制规范中的文化差异。利用1970年至2010年间76个国家的详细出生记录，我们发现犁使用的文化遗产解释了现代性别比例变化的很大一部分，并提供证据表明，犁国家的男性倾斜的性别比例是通过子宫内性别选择、基于儿子的停止规则以及暗示忽视或杀婴的死亡率增加的混合实现的。这种文化偏见随着生育率的降低而加剧，即使在控制了一系列经济和历史控制的情况下也是如此，这种模式在非农耕国家是没有的。
{"title":"The Roots of Modern Sex Ratios","authors":"J. Anttila-Hughes, P. Krause, Yaniv Stopnitzky","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2871794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2871794","url":null,"abstract":"While most measures of female empowerment have improved with development, sex ra- tios in many countries have become increasingly male. We exploit countries’ prior history of plough-based agriculture to identify cultural variation in patriarchal norms following Boserup (1970) and Alesina, Giuliano, and Nunn (2013). Using detailed birth records from 76 countries between 1970 and 2010, we show that the cultural legacy of plough use explains a large portion of variation in modern sex ratios, and present evidence that plough countries’ male-skewed sex ratios are achieved through a mix of in-utero sex-selection, son-based stopping rules, and increased mortality suggestive of neglect or infanticide. This cultural bias intensifies with lower fertility, even when controlling for a suite of economic and historical controls, a pattern that is not found in non-plough countries.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122685070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the organization of the Korean labor market, systemic faults in it leading to undesirable outcomes and their determinants, and consequences for workers and employers. Long-term implications for the arrangement and cohesion of society at large are discussed. The study has three specific objectives: 1) to describe the present labor relations, structure and governance of the Korean labor market through the prism of imperfect/regulated competition theory, with a focus on rigidities and systemic faults in the present organization; 2) to identify structural determinants of the faults, and their intermediate- and long-term consequences; and 3) to inform regulatory and legal reforms in order to achieve superior modes of governance and market organization. The study focuses on understanding of the role of social, structural and regulatory constraints on effective matching of workers and jobs – their sources, manifestations and consequences. Implications of market rigidities are evaluated vis-a-vis workers’ skill-acquisition decisions and outcomes, their social and inter-generational mobility, and firms’ long-term prospects. Existing policies and policy proposals are reviewed in regard to their impacts. The ultimate aim is to identify opportunities for economic regulation, legal governance and market norms to help overcome the existing faults in labor relations and market organization, and to transition to a more flexible, transparent, equitable and sustainable form of market organization.
{"title":"Labor Market Rigidities and Social Inequality in Korea: The Role of Legal, Economic and Social Governance","authors":"V. Hlasny","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2862291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2862291","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the organization of the Korean labor market, systemic faults in it leading to undesirable outcomes and their determinants, and consequences for workers and employers. Long-term implications for the arrangement and cohesion of society at large are discussed. \u0000The study has three specific objectives: \u00001) to describe the present labor relations, structure and governance of the Korean labor market through the prism of imperfect/regulated competition theory, with a focus on rigidities and systemic faults in the present organization; \u00002) to identify structural determinants of the faults, and their intermediate- and long-term consequences; and \u00003) to inform regulatory and legal reforms in order to achieve superior modes of governance and market organization. \u0000The study focuses on understanding of the role of social, structural and regulatory constraints on effective matching of workers and jobs – their sources, manifestations and consequences. Implications of market rigidities are evaluated vis-a-vis workers’ skill-acquisition decisions and outcomes, their social and inter-generational mobility, and firms’ long-term prospects. Existing policies and policy proposals are reviewed in regard to their impacts. The ultimate aim is to identify opportunities for economic regulation, legal governance and market norms to help overcome the existing faults in labor relations and market organization, and to transition to a more flexible, transparent, equitable and sustainable form of market organization.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121326990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raymond Robertson, Hongyang Di, Drusilla K. Brown, Rajeev Dehejia
Developing country labor practices and the working conditions that result from them are both generally poor and increasingly drawing attention from governments, corporations, and the popular media. This review provides an introduction to some of the leading academic literature and ideas that are important for understanding the persistence of poor labor practices and possible policies to address these conditions. The literature is reviewed with the goal of moving from the root causes of poor conditions to innovative solutions. Several such solutions, such as the Better Work program, are discussed.
{"title":"Working Conditions, Work Outcomes, and Policy in Asian Developing Countries","authors":"Raymond Robertson, Hongyang Di, Drusilla K. Brown, Rajeev Dehejia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2856292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2856292","url":null,"abstract":"Developing country labor practices and the working conditions that result from them are both generally poor and increasingly drawing attention from governments, corporations, and the popular media. This review provides an introduction to some of the leading academic literature and ideas that are important for understanding the persistence of poor labor practices and possible policies to address these conditions. The literature is reviewed with the goal of moving from the root causes of poor conditions to innovative solutions. Several such solutions, such as the Better Work program, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130058565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this paper is to determine which criteria for sales managers the most important when are choosing a candidate for the position of salesperson. That will allow students who want to build their career in sales to prepare beforehand for what will be required of them, thereby helping companies in the future hire salespersons who will be better prepared for the challenges which this profession brings. The research was conducted through a questionnaire distributed to sales managers at companies in the Republic of Macedonia. Each one of them assesses the importance of certain criteria related to formal and informal education, knowledge of foreign languages, skills, personal characteristics, etc., by using a given scale. The obtained results are presented and analyzed
{"title":"Criteria of Successful Career in Sales: Sales Managers Perspective","authors":"Violeta Cvetkoska, Filip Iliev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3282280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3282280","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this paper is to determine which criteria for sales managers the most important when are choosing a candidate for the position of salesperson. That will allow students who want to build their career in sales to prepare beforehand for what will be required of them, thereby helping companies in the future hire salespersons who will be better prepared for the challenges which this profession brings. The research was conducted through a questionnaire distributed to sales managers at companies in the Republic of Macedonia. Each one of them assesses the importance of certain criteria related to formal and informal education, knowledge of foreign languages, skills, personal characteristics, etc., by using a given scale. The obtained results are presented and analyzed","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125611811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the rapid rise of women’s education and the fall of their fertility rates in Iran, female labor force participation remains low. This paper uses twins at first birth as an instrumental variable to estimate the impact of number of children on mothers’ participation in the labor market in Iran. It finds that every additional child reduces participation of mothers in urban areas by about 2 percentage points. No effect is found in rural areas. Implications are discussed.
{"title":"Twins, Family Size, and Female Labor Force Participation in Iran","authors":"M. Majbouri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2857116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2857116","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the rapid rise of women’s education and the fall of their fertility rates in Iran, female labor force participation remains low. This paper uses twins at first birth as an instrumental variable to estimate the impact of number of children on mothers’ participation in the labor market in Iran. It finds that every additional child reduces participation of mothers in urban areas by about 2 percentage points. No effect is found in rural areas. Implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"44 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125890611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: Статья посвящена особенностям развития трудовых отношений в малом бизнесе в современное время. Большинство проблем связаны с особенностями институциональной среды, регулирующей трудовые отношения, к которым, в частности, можно отнести гипертрофированную роли неформальных институтов: традиций, обычаев, нравов, привычек людей. English Abstract: The article is devoted to features of development of labor relations in small business in modern times. Most of the problems associated with the peculiarities of the institutional environment governing the employment relationship, which, in particular, can be attributed to the hypertrophic role of informal institutions: traditions, customs, mores, habits of people.
{"title":"Особенности Трудовых Отношений в Малом Бизнесе (Features of Labor Relations in Small Business)","authors":"Александр Мазин","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2826424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2826424","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Статья посвящена особенностям развития трудовых отношений в малом бизнесе в современное время. Большинство проблем связаны с особенностями институциональной среды, регулирующей трудовые отношения, к которым, в частности, можно отнести гипертрофированную роли неформальных институтов: традиций, обычаев, нравов, привычек людей. English Abstract: The article is devoted to features of development of labor relations in small business in modern times. Most of the problems associated with the peculiarities of the institutional environment governing the employment relationship, which, in particular, can be attributed to the hypertrophic role of informal institutions: traditions, customs, mores, habits of people.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126845068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: На сегодняшний день отсутствуют объективные и достоверные данные о количестве российских кооперативов, о том, чем они занимаются и каковы перспективы их развития. По словам министра сельского хозяйства РФ, «кооперация не выполняет возлагаемых на нее задач... Нет объективных оснований говорить о выстроенной и работающей системе. Кооперативы остаются разрозненными, фрагментарными, развивающимися хаотично и зачастую абсолютно бесконтрольно». Между тем обеспечение продовольственной безопасности страны, особенно актуальное на фоне продовольственного эмбарго, требует комплексного подхода. Несмотря на то, что эта проблема будет решаться, прежде всего, за счет крупных хозяйств, потенциал сельскохозяйственной кооперации в России недооценен и используется явно недостаточно. Кроме того, кооперация, вовлекая в себя множество сельских домохозяйств, способна помочь преодолеть традиционные «болезни» российского села: бедность, безработицу, апатию, обезлюденье.English Abstract: Currently there is no objective and reliable data on the number of Russian cooperatives, about what they do and what are the prospects of their development. According to the Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, "co-operation does not perform the tasks conferred on it... There is no objective reason to talk about the architecture and operating system. Cooperatives are scattered, fragmented, chaotic and often developing completely unchecked." Meanwhile, the food security of the country, especially against the backdrop of the current food embargo requires an integrated approach. Despite the fact that this problem will be resolved, primarily due to large-scale farms, the potential for agricultural cooperation in Russia is undervalued and is used not enough. In addition, co-operation, involving a multitude of rural households, can help overcome the traditional "disease" of the Russian village: poverty, unemployment, apathy, depopulation.
{"title":"Российские Сельскохозяйственные Кооперативы: Эффективность, Особенности Внутренней Организации, Основные Проблемы (Russian Agricultural Cooperatives: Efficiency, Perks of the the Internal Organization, Basic Problems)","authors":"A. Nikulin, I. Trotsuk, A. Kurakin, A. Sobolev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2805112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2805112","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: На сегодняшний день отсутствуют объективные и достоверные данные о количестве российских кооперативов, о том, чем они занимаются и каковы перспективы их развития. По словам министра сельского хозяйства РФ, «кооперация не выполняет возлагаемых на нее задач... Нет объективных оснований говорить о выстроенной и работающей системе. Кооперативы остаются разрозненными, фрагментарными, развивающимися хаотично и зачастую абсолютно бесконтрольно». Между тем обеспечение продовольственной безопасности страны, особенно актуальное на фоне продовольственного эмбарго, требует комплексного подхода. Несмотря на то, что эта проблема будет решаться, прежде всего, за счет крупных хозяйств, потенциал сельскохозяйственной кооперации в России недооценен и используется явно недостаточно. Кроме того, кооперация, вовлекая в себя множество сельских домохозяйств, способна помочь преодолеть традиционные «болезни» российского села: бедность, безработицу, апатию, обезлюденье.English Abstract: Currently there is no objective and reliable data on the number of Russian cooperatives, about what they do and what are the prospects of their development. According to the Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, \"co-operation does not perform the tasks conferred on it... There is no objective reason to talk about the architecture and operating system. Cooperatives are scattered, fragmented, chaotic and often developing completely unchecked.\" Meanwhile, the food security of the country, especially against the backdrop of the current food embargo requires an integrated approach. Despite the fact that this problem will be resolved, primarily due to large-scale farms, the potential for agricultural cooperation in Russia is undervalued and is used not enough. In addition, co-operation, involving a multitude of rural households, can help overcome the traditional \"disease\" of the Russian village: poverty, unemployment, apathy, depopulation.","PeriodicalId":198982,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Institutions & the Labor Market (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121191029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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